Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate

Problems

Yubao Zhen

Sept , 

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Review: Axial Elastic Deformation

Saint-Venant’s Principle ( )
Axial force-displacement relation
PL
basic form: δ = EA: axial stiffness
EA
L P(x)
continuously varying loads/dimensions: δ = ∫  E(x)A(x)
dx
n
Ni Li
multi-segment prismatic bars: δ = ∑
i= Ei Ai

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Outline

. statically indeterminate problems



—— ( )
redundants ( );
degree of indeterminacy and determination
. compatibility equation —— /
. force method ——
compatibility relation in terms of forces; two variants ( )
. thermal effects ——
thermal strain/stress; application to compatibility relation

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
. Statically indeterminate
problems ( )
—— the concept

. . . . . .
 the materials. Consider, for instance, the bar AB shown i
alon
for2-14
calculationsFIG. Staticallyaxial
the internal determinate
forces bar
in both parts of
Reactions by equilibrium as for the reaction R at the base, are independent of
which the bar is made. An
P1 Most structures are more complexR
than the barreac
of
their reactions and internal forcesA cannot be found by sta
A situation is illustrated in Fig. 2-15, which shows a bar A
with
A
ends. There are now two vertical reactions (RA andfrom RB
P2 useful equation of equilibrium—the P equation for summi and
vertical direction. Since this equation contains two unk to c
sufficient for finding the reactions. Structures of this kin
as statically indeterminate. To analyze such structures w
ment the equilibrium equations with additional equatio Thi
the displacements of the structure. that
B B
To see how a statically indeterminate structure istion ana
the example of Fig. 2-16a. The prismatic bar AB is attached
R at both ends and is axially loaded RBby a force P at an interm
bili
As already discussed, the reactions RA and RB cannotrela be
alone, because
FIG. only
2-15 one equation
Statically of equilibrium
indeterminate bar is avai
leng
FIG. 2-14 Statically determinate bar
! Fvert ! 0 RA " P # RB ! 0
R = P + P R + RB = inP order to solve for th
An additional equationAis needed
RA reactions. number of
number of The additional Eqn.
equation is based
Equil. :  uponMay the observa
Copyright 2004
notIfbewe
cop
Eqn. Equil.
A : with both ends fixed does not change in length.
reaction(s):
from its supports (Fig. 2-16b), weobtain a bar that is fr
reaction(s):P  and loaded by the three forces, RA, RB, and P. These forc
unique solution to change in length by an amount
non-unique dAB, which must be equ
solution
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems dAB !Sept

0 ,   / 
Statically determinate/indeterminate ( / ( ))

criterion :
whether the reactions and internal forces can be determined solely from
equilibrium equations.

✓ yes: statically determinate ( )

. forces determined only with balance equations ( )
. properties of the materials: not involved
.  of indp. equil. eqns =  of reactions & internal forces


× no : statically indeterminate ( / )
. extra conditions other than balance equations required
. properties of the materials: involved
.  of indp. equil. eqns <  of reactions & internal forces


. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Redundant ( )

.
Redundant
.
The extra support(s) that are not necessary to keep the structure in stable
equilibrium
.

redundants can be removed while still resulting in stable structure

benefit ( ): greater strength and stiffness
statically indeterminate = statically determinate + redundants
degree of (static) indeterminacy = number of redundants
( = )

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
More examples on redundants

truss cantilever
( )
( )
unknowns:
unknowns:
 internals (two force member,
 internals (two force member) + 
) +  reactions = 
reactions (beam) = 
equil. eqn. :
equil. eqn. : 
 (nodes) × =
 of redundants: 
 of redundant: 
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Degree of static indeterminacy
Define:
Nforce =total number of unknown forces (reactions/internals)
Neqn =total number of independent equilibrium equations
degree of static indeterminacy Nidt = Nforce − Neqn

2 2 3

A A
1 1

F F
statically determinate statically indeterminate
indeterminacy =  −  =  indeterminacy=  −  = 
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
What if Nidt < ?
. N >  Ð→ statically indeterminate
idt
. Nidt =  Ð→ statically determinate
. N <  Ð→ statically unstable
idt

3 equili. eqn.
1 reaction

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Removal of redundants ( )

non-unique
ways for
redundants
truss ......
removing
removed
redundants
should be
cantilever replaced by
reactions
......

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Remarks on the degree of static indeterminacy

A A

FA(1) FA, MA(6)

B
FB(1) B
FB, MB(6)

D : indeterminacy =  D : indeterminacy = 
- +--

Degree of static indeterminacy depends on the character of the problem.

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Historical remarks

Euler was the first to analyze a statically indeterminate system

▸ A rigid table with four legs supported on an elastic foundation ()

L.M.H. Navier (French mathematician and engineer)

▸ A statically indeterminate three-bar truss ()
▸ Statically indeterminate reactions could be found only by taking into account
the elasticity of the structure

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
. Compatibility Equations
( / )

. . . . . .
 B To see how a statically indeterminate structure is analyzed, c
the example of Fig. 2-16a. The prismatic bar AB is attached to rigid s
CompatibilityR equations ( / )
at both ends and is axially loaded by a force P at an intermediate p
As already discussed, the reactions RA and RB cannot be found by
alone, because only one equation of equilibrium is available:
FIG. 2-14 Statically determinate bar
! Fvert ! 0
Equil. Eqns.: not enough RA " P # RB ! 0
An additional equation is needed in order to solve for the two un
Observation:
reactions.
P changed to other values, relative
RA
The of
position A to B equation
additional is fixed is based upon the observation tha
A with both ends fixed does not change in length. If we separate
the additional
from its supportscondition
(Fig. 2-16b), we obtain a bar that is free at bo
P
— geometric
and loaded by requirement
the three forces,on
RA,deformation
RB, and P. These forces cause
to change in length by an amount dAB, which must be equal to zer
δA/B = 
dAB ! 0
This equation, called an equation of compatibility, expresses t
compatibility
that the changeequations ( bar must
in length of the / be compatible
) with the
B
tions at the equations
geometric supports. ( )
In order to solve Eqs. (a) and (b), we must now express the co
RB kinematic equations
bility equation in terms( of the unknown
) forces RA and R
equations of between
relationships consistent acting on a( bar and its chan
deformations
the forces
FIG. 2-15 Statically indeterminate bar length are known as force-displacement relations. These relation
)
RA + RB = P

Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, Inc. All .

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.
Reserved.
. . . .
May not be copied, scanned, or duplicated, in whole or in part.
() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Force method and displacement method

apply force-displacement relations to

. compatibility equations


Ð→ flexibility/force method ( / )
(flexibilities as coefficients, forces as unknowns)

+ balance equations Ð→ forces

. balance equation
Ð→ stiffness/displacement method ( / )
(stiffnesses as coefficients, displacements as unknowns)

+ compatibility equations Ð→ deformations

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Finding the compatibility equations

. kernel of analysis:
finding the geometric contraints ( )
purely geometric Ð→ independent of materials
. number of independent compatibility equations
each released redundant ↔ an associated compatibility eqn.

. identifying contributions of each redundant force to all compatibility eqns



. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
. The force method
( )

. . . . . .
Force method — a formalized approach

essentials:
key steps:
compatibility equation right at the location of released redundant,
superposition of force-displacement relations
in terms of external loads, and
. redundants only — variant I ( I)
. all unknown forces — variant II ( II)
validity ( )
 of eqns. =  of unknown reactions/internal forces
advantage of variant I:
reactions at redundants solved directly
the prototype ( ) of unit-load method ( )

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Illustration of force method: variant I

A A A

LAC

C C
L

P P
LCB

B B B δFB
δP
FB
Release ‘support B’ δP : P alone δB : FB alone

. Compatibility: δB =  = δBP − δBFB = δP − δFB

PLAC FB L
. Load-disp.: δP = , δFB =
EA EA
LAC
. Solve the released redundant: FB = P ( )
L
LCB
. Equil.: ∑ Fy =  Ð→ FB + FA − P =  Ð→ FA = P ( )
L . . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Problem-solving procedure — variant I

. releasing redundant(s) (
 )
Ð→ statically determinate system
. replacing released redundant(s) with unknown force(s)
. writing down compatibility equation at redundants
. treating external loads and replaced forces all as external forces (
)
. applying load-displacement equation → superposition ( )
(constitutive ( )/physical equation ( ))
. solving for the redundants
. applying equilibrium equation for other reactions.

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Illustration of force method: variant II SECTION 2.4 Statically Indeterminate Structures 85

RA various forms depending upon the properties of the material. If the

RA material is linearly elastic, the equation d ! PL /EA can be used to
RA
obtain the force-displacement relations.
A A RA
Let us assume that the bar of Fig. 2-16 has cross-sectional area A
and is made of a material with A modulus E. Then the changes in lengths
a of the upper and lower segments of the bar are, respectively,
P P
R a R b
dAC ! "A" dCB ! #"B" (c,d)
C C EA EA
L C R
where the minus sign indicates a shortening of the bar.AEquations (c) and
(d) are the force-displacement relations. R
b P B
We are now ready to solve simultaneously the three sets of equations
(the equation of equilibrium, the equation of compatibility, and the force-
displacement relations). In this illustration, we begin by combining the
force-displacement relations with
B the equation of compatibility:
B B
RB
RAa RBb
RB
dAB ! dAC $ dCB ! "" # "" ! 0 (e)
EA EA
RB RB
(a) (b) Note that this equation contains the two reactions as unknowns.
staticallyFIG.indeterminate
2-16 Analysis of a statically
FBD
The next step is to solve simultaneously the equation of equilibrium
(Eq. a) and the preceding equation (Eq. e). The results are
indeterminate bar
Step : Draw FBD. ∑ F =  ∶Ð→ RB + RA − P =  R ! "P"b A
Pa
RB ! "" (2-9a,b)
Step : Compatibility Ð→ δA/B =  Ð→ δA/C + δC/B = 
L L
With the reactions known, all other force and displacement quanti-
RA LAC ties can be determined.
RB LCB Suppose, for instance, that we wish to find the
Step : Force-disp.: δA/C = δC/B =displacement
, downward − d of point C. This displacement is equal to the
C

EA elongation of EA
segment AC:
LCB Pb LACR a PabPa
Step : Solution Ð→ RA = P ( )= RB =dP!(d ! "E"A) !=" A
, "
L EA
C (2-10)
AC

L L L L
Also, we can find the stresses in the two segments of the bar directly
. . . . . .
from the internal axial forces (e.g., sAC!RA/A!Pb/AL).
() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Problem-solving procedure —— variant II

. draw FBD with all reactions: Fj ;

. analyze the axial force in each segment: Pi = Pi (Fj , Fext );
. apply the load-displacement relation for each segment;
Pi Li
δi =
Ei Ai
. write down the compatibility equation: f(δi ) = ; Ð→ f(Fj , Fext ) = 
. solve linear system:

⎧
⎪
⎪f(Fj , Fext ) =  (compatibility equation)
⎨
⎪
⎩e(Fj , Fext ) =  (equilibrium equation)
⎪
solve for all reactions: Fj .

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Comparison of two variants of force method

variant I variant II
commons . purpose
. conditions (equilibrium, compatibility, force-disp.)
. results
differences redundants first a pack of all unknowns simultaneously

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
. Examples

. . . . . .
ple 2-5
Example : ex. -, page  —— force method
A solid circular steel cylinder S is encased in a hollow circular copper tube C
Given (Figs. 2-17a and b). The cylinder and tube are compressed between the rigid
.
plates of a testing machine by compressive forces P. The steel cylinder has
solid circular steel rod S; cross-sectional area As and modulus of elasticity Es, the copper tube has area Ac
and modulus Ec, and both parts have length L.
. hollow circular copper
 ( ) tube
Determine theC;following quantities: (a) the compressive forces Ps in the
.
steel cylinder and Pc in the copper tube; (b) the corresponding compressive
compression test in S and C between rigid plates;
stresses ss and sc; and (c) the shortening d of the assembly.
. parameters: steel (Es , As , L), copper (Ec , Ac , L), load p


Pc
P
Ps

P
Solve:
Ac
. the compressive force Ps , Pc
As
C L
L S . compressive stress σs , σc Ps
. shortening δ of the assembly
P ( c
(b)
) (d)

(a) (c). . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Pc in the copper tube; (b) the corresponding compressive
nd (c) the shortening d of the assembly.
Example : (cont.)
Pc

Ps . Force-displacement relations:


Ps L Pc L
P
δs = δc =
Es As Ec Ac
c Es As
s Ð→ Ps = Pc
L
Ps
Ec Ac
. Solve Ps , Pc with balance eqn.:
Pc Es A s
Ps = P
(d) Es A s + Ec A c
Ec Ac
Pc = P
Es As + Ec Ac
(c)
.
Ps Pc
σs = , σc = (details
Solution: As Ac
e forces. inEquilibrium:
the steel cylinder and copper tube. We begin by
neglected)
plate of the assembly in order to expose the compressive PL
ing on the ∑ vert = and
steelFcylinder  Ð→ + Prespectively
Pstube,
copper c − P = (Fig. . δ = δs = δc =
s is the.resultant of the uniformly distributed stresses acting
Es As + Ec Ac
Compatibility:
on of the steel δs =Pcδisc the resultant of
cylinder, and the force
ver the cross section of the copper tube.
uilibrium. A free-body diagram of the upper plate is shown . . . . . .

s plate is subjected ()to the force P andLecture

to the unknown
: Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Example : Hibbeler’s book -, p.
Given
. A- Steel bar fixed at A;
′
. Gap ( ) BB =  mm;
. axial load P =  kN, d =  mm
Solve: Reactions at A and B

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Example : —– solution  (variant I)

Solution:
. Compatibility


. m = δP − δB
. Load-displacement relation
PLAC
δP = = . m
EA
FB LAB
δB = = . × − FB
EA
. solve for FB
Ð→ FB = . kN
. Equilibrium:


∑ Fx =  −FA + P − FB =  Ð→
FA = . kN

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Example : (cont.) —– solution  (variant II)
Solution:

. Draw FBD with reactions: FA , FB (abs. values, with senses)

. Equil. eqn.:  − FA − FB = 
′
. Compatibility: δ
B/A = ∣BB ∣ = . m


. Axial force in AC: FA (tensile); in CB: FB (compressive)

. Rewrite comp. Eqn. with load-disp.:


FA LAC FB LCB
δB/A = . m = −
EA EA
Ð→ FA × . − FB × . = .
. Solve, with equil. eqn.: Ð→ FA = . kN, FB = . kN
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
 (a) Obtain formulas for th
Example  wires CD and EF, respectively
itself.)
Given: () Rigid bar ADB pinned at A; () load P;
(b) Calculate the allowable
() two wires: CD: L , d , E , σallow = σ ; EF: L , d , E
made of =aluminum
 , σallow σ with modu
Solve: length L l ! 0.40 m. Wire EF
() Pallow (general expression) GPa, diameter d2 ! 3.0 mm, an
() Pallow with the aluminum and magnesium
CD (aluminum, ): L = . m, d =  mm, E =  respectively. GPa, σ =  MPa;
EF (magnesium, ): L = . m, d =  mm, E =  GPa, σ =  MPa;

C A
RH
L1 E
L2
A D F B

b b b
P
(a)
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
 L 1 El ! 72 GPa, diameter dl ! 4.0 mm, and
num with modulus
L2
40 m. Wire EF is made of magnesium with modulus E2 ! 45
d2 ! 3.0 mm, and lengthFL 2 ! 0.30 m. The allowable
D B
Example  (cont.) stresses in
and magnesium wires are sl ! 200 MPa and "2 ! 175 MPa, RV P
Solution (b)
b b
T1 PT2
RH
A D F B A D F B
(a) d1
d2

RV P
-6. Analysis of a (b) B'
ate structure (c)
A D F B
. Compatibility: δd 1= δ
d2
Solution
Li
) Ti (iof= equilibrium.
. Load-disp.: δi = ( Equation , ) Ð→ f T  =begin
We f Tthe analysis by drawing a free-body
EA i i B' 2-18b). In this diagram T and T are the unknown
diagram of bar AB (Fig. Li 1 2
(c) forces
introducing
tensile in the(for
flexibility axialand
wires load) = RV are(ithe
RH fiand = ,horizontal
) and vertical
components of the reaction at the support. We Ei Asee
i immediately that the structure
. Equilibrium: ∑ MisAstatically =  Ð→ indeterminate
T b + T (b)because
− P(b) there= areÐ→ + T = forces
Tunknown
four P (Tl, T2, RH,
of equilibrium. We begin the analysis by drawing a free-body
f P and R ) but onlyf P
three independent equations of equilibrium.
Solve: T =R and R are  = moments
AB (Fig. 2-18b). In this diagram T1 and T2 are the unknown
V
, the T
Taking about point A (with counterclockwise moments being
in the wires and H f + V horizontal
f and+ fvertical
 Wefsee
the reaction at the support. immediately
positive) thatthe structure
yields 
Q. : Allowable
eterminate because there load
are four T ≤ σforces
P: unknown , T ≤
(Tl,σT2,Ð→
RH ,
σ! AMA(f
y three independent equations of equilibrium. ! 0 + f )Tl b  (f
σ A!
# T2 (2b) 2 P(3b) + fT)l # 2T2 ! 3P
0  or (o)
oments about point A (withCD : P =
counterclockwise moments ,
being EF: P =
The other two f
equations,
 f in the horizontal direction
obtained by summing forces
!0 Q. :
Tl bSubstitute: P =
# T2 (2b) 2 P(3b) ! 0.
and or kN
Tl #, P
summing = 3P
.
2Tforces
2! the Ð→
kN
in (o) Pallow
vertical = .are
direction, kNof no benefit in finding T1
. . . . . .

quations, obtained by summing

()
and T .
forces 2in the Lecture
horizontal direction
: Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Sub-review on statically indeterminate problems

. three types of equations:



▸ compatibility ( / )✓
▸ constitutive (load-disp./physical) ( / )
▸ equilibrium ( )

. two variants of force method (

 )
variant I: with only redundants
variant II: using all unknowns without identifying redundants

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
. Thermal Effects
( )

. . . . . .
 Now let us return
mechanical and structural systems and are described in this
assume that the secti
mate
general rule, they are much more important temperature
in the design of"T
s
Thermal effects —— thermal strain/stress
indeterminate structures that in statically determinate
increase
ones.
the increase in any dim
dimension by the therm
stress free thermal strain ( )
Thermal Effects is L, then that dimensio

Changes in temperature produce expansion or contraction of s

materials, resulting in thermalL strains and thermal stresses. A
illustration of thermal expansion is shown in Fig. 2-19, where th
of material is unrestrained and therefore free to expand.
Equation When
(2-16) t
is a te
is heated, every element of the material undergoes the force-displacemen
thermal strai
can be used to calcu
A B directions, and consequently ∆T the dimensions of the block increas
subjected to uniform t
take corner A as a fixed reference point d T and let side AB maintain its
the prismatic bar show
FIG. 2-19 Block of material subjected to alignment, the block will have the shape shown barby
alsothe dashed
change, but lin
th
an increase in temperature For most structural materials, thermal strain eT is
usually have no effect
proportion
temperatureFIG. 2-20 Increase
change in length
!T; that is, of a In the preceding d
prismatic bar due to a uniform increase structure had no restra
in temperature (Eq. 2-16) These conditions exist
! T " #(!T )
Given no external loading, and no geometric constraints, temperature
Copyright 2004 Thomson Learning, I
variations lead to a stress freein state
which but
a is awith finite
property thermal
of the materialstrain
Maycalled the coefficient
not be copied, of
scanned, or duplic
expansion. Since strain is a dimensionless quantity, the coeffi
constitutive relation in D: σ = E(є − єT ) units
thermal expansion has
= E(є − α∆T)
equal to the reciprocal of tem
change. In SI units the dimensions of a can be expressed as ei
Observation: (the reciprocal of kelvins) or 1/°C (the reciprocal of degrees C
. temperature variation leadsThe value of a is the
to dimension same in both cases because a change in tem
changes
is numerically the same in both kelvins and degrees Celsius. I
 . if geometric constraints present, thermal
units, the dimensions of a develops
stress are 1/°F (the reciprocal of degrees Fahre
Typical values of a are listed
. in .Table .H-4 of. Appendix
. H..
() When
Lecture : Axial Load a signIndeterminate
(II) — Statically convention is needed
for Sept
Problems thermal
, strains, we
 / 
Thermal deformation

normal thermal behaviors of materials:

expand/contract when temperature increases/decreases, respectively
δT = єT L = α(∆T)L
. temperature-displacement relation
. δT : algebraic change in length
. α : linear coefficient of thermal expansion (
 )
Units: /K, /○ C , /○ F
(reciprocal of Kelvin (SI thermodynamic temperature, ),

degree Celsius ( ) and degree Fahrenheit ( )) C = (○ F − )
○

. ∆T: algebraic change of temperature
. L: original length of the member
L
(more general form: δT = ∫
α∆Tdx)

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
 AB is changed by !T1 and the temperature of bar BC is changed
Because the truss is statically determinate, both bars are free to le
Thermal
tically stresses
determinate truss or shorten, resulting in a displacement of joint B. However, there
. statically
rm temperature changedeterminate
in stresses in either
uniform bar and no
temperature reactions
changes at the thermal
produce supports.strains
This con
er applies generally to statically determinate structures; that is, u
with no corresponding stresses
.
temperature changes in the members produce thermal strains (
statically indeterminate dependschanges
corresponding on the character
in lengths)and styleproducing
without of temperature
any corresp
changes stresses. SECTION 2.5 Thermal

Bhangs in open space. CIn such case

A
uniform temperature change througho
∆T1 temperature changes may produce
structures have supports that prevent
B A which case thermal stresses D will de
atically indeterminate truss change is uniform throughout the stru
temperature changes
C To illustrate some of these ideas
∆T2 statically
two-bar indeterminate
truss ABC truss subjected
of Fig. 2-21 and a
A statically indeterminate structure may or may not d
to AB
temperatureis changed by
changes
temperature stresses, depending upon the character of the struct
!T 1 and the temper
Because the truss
the nature of the temperature changes. To illustrate some of thestill
. entire truss heated is statically
uniformly Ð→ determi
possi
FIG. 2-21 Statically determinate
considertruss the statically stress or shorten, resulting
indeterminate
free in a indisplacemen
truss shown Fig. 2-22. B
with a uniform temperaturethe change
supportsinof this stresses
structure in either
permit jointbar
D Ð→and
to move no reaction
horizonta
. heated non-uniformly stresses
each member stresses are developedapplies when the generally to statically
entire truss is heated determ uniform
members increasedevelop in length ininallproportion
temperature
. membersto their original lengt
. .
changes
.
in the
. .
members
() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Statically indeterminate problem involving thermal stresses

Extending the existing methods

. compatibility equations
. equilibrium equations
. load-displacement relation, plus the temperature-displacement relation

δT = єT L = α∆TL

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Example -, page 
A sleeve in the form of a circular tube of length L is placed around a bolt and
fitted between washers at each end (Fig. 2-24a). The nut is then turned until it is
A sleeve in the form of a circular tube of length L is placed around a bolt and fitted between
just snug. The sleeve and bolt are made of different materials and have different
washers at each end. The nut is then turned until it is just snug. The sleeve and bolt are
cross-sectional areas. (Assume that the coefficient of thermal expansion aS of
made of different materials and have different cross-sectional areas.
the sleeve is greater than the coefficient aB of the bolt.)
(a) if the temperature of the entire assembly is raised by an amount ∆T, what
(a) If the temperature of the entire assembly is raised by an amount !T,
stresses σS and σB are developed in the sleeve and bolt, respectively?
what stresses sS and sB are developed in the sleeve and bolt, respectively?
(b) What is the What isδ in
(b)increase thethe length Ld of
increase inthe
thesleeve
lengthand bolt?
L of the(assume thatbolt?
sleeve and the coefficient
of thermal expansion αS of the sleeve is greater than the coefficient αB of the bolt.)

Nut Washer Sleeve Bolt head

Bolt

(a) L

d1

()
. .

Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems

d2 . . .

Sept , 

.

 / 
cross-sectional areas. (Assume that the coefficient of thermal expansion aS of
the sleeve is greater than the coefficient aB of the bolt.)
Example -, page  (cont.)
(a) If the temperature of the entire assembly is raised by an amount !T,
what stresses sS and sB are developed in the sleeve and bolt, respectively?
(b) What is the increase d in the length L of the sleeve and bolt?

Nut Washer Sleeve Bolt head solution:

Free expansion due to ∆T:
Bolt
Sleeve: δ = αS ∆TL, Bolt: δ = αB ∆TL
(a)
Contribution of Axial force:
L
PS L
shortening of the sleeve: δ =
d1 ES A S
d2 PB L
∆T
elongation of the bolt: δ =
EB A B
Compatibility: δ = δ − δ = δ + δ
Equilibrium: PS = PB
(b) d
Solve:
d4 (αS − αB )(∆T)ES AS EB AB
PS = PB =
d3 ES AS + EB AB
Stresses: (omitted)
PB PS Elongation:
(αS ES AS + αB EB AB )(∆T)L
δ=
ES AS + EB AB
(c)

Solution
Because the sleeve and bolt are of different materials, they will elongate by
. . . . . .
different amounts when heated and allowed to expand freely. However, when
they are held together by
() the assembly, free expansion
Lecturecannot occur
: Axial Loadand thermal
(II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Hibbeler’s book, Example -, p. 
Given: . Two A- steel posts, one -T aluminum post;
. L =  mm; . T = ○ C . load  kN/ m × . m =  kN
Solve: forces in each post if T = ○

(δal)T
90kN Initial Position (δst)T (δal)F
(δst )F
δst = δal
Final Position

steel aluminum
Fst Fal Fst

. Equilibrium: ∑ Fy =  Ð→ Fst + F −  kN = 
al
. Compatibility: δst = δ
al
where: δst = −(δst )T + (δst )F , δal = −(δal )T + (δal )F
. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Example -, p.  (cont.)

(repeated)
Compatibility: δst = δal
where: δst = −(δst )T + (δst )F , δal = −(δal )T + (δal )F
. Plugin temperature-disp.:


αst =  × − /○ C, αal =  × − /○ C,

(δst )T = αst (T − T )L, (δal )T = αal (T − T )L
and force-displacement relations (steps neglected)
Ð→ Fst = .Fal − . kN
. Solve:


with Equil. (repeated): Fst + Fal −  kN = 

we get:
Fst = −. kN (tension),
Fal =  kN (compression)

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Concept of misfit strain ( )

Misfits: a member is manufactured with its length slightly different from its
prescribed length, then it will not fit into the structure in its intended manner.

C C E
A D L A D L F L
B B

P P
statically determinate, statically indeterminate,
with a small misfit with a small misfit

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Concept of prestrain ( ) and prestress ( )

Prestrains:
in a case where misfit are intentionally created in order to introduce strains
into structure at the time it is built. These pre-existing strains before any loads
are applied are referred to as prestrains.
Prestresses:
those accompanying the prestrains
Procedure for analysis
very similar to those previously covered ones

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Sub-review: procedure for analysis

. determine first the property of the structure

. statically determinate/indeterminate?
. if indeterminate, the degree of indeterminacy
. setup a proper compatibility equation
. apply force/temperature-displacement relations and
. equilibrium equations

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Summary

statically determinate/indeterminate problems

redundants; degree of static indeterminacy
method of analysis on statically indeterminate problems
. force/flexibility method ✓
. displacement/stiffness method;
three equations for problem solving:
▸ compatibility
▸ equilibrium
▸ load-displacement (constitutive)

thermal stresses
temperature-displacement relation: δT = єT L = α∆TL

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 
Homework 

Chap. -, , , 

Due: .. (Sat.)

to Teaching Assistant Zewei Li ( ) (L)

. . . . . .

() Lecture : Axial Load (II) — Statically Indeterminate Problems Sept ,   / 