Rational Numbers

3 2 5
EXAMPLE 2. () Subtractfrom 3
(i) Subtract
7
fron 5
(2 3 2 3
Solutton ()|, 4
+additive inverse of
4
(8 +(-9)} -1
12 12
2 -5
(i) + additive inverse of
5 7
5
additive inverse of is
7

(-14 +25) 11
35 35
-13
EXAMPLE 3. The sum of two rational numbers is -5.f one of them is find the other.
6
Solution Let the other number be x. Then,
-13) = -5 -13
x=-5+ additive inverse of
6

(-30 +13)
6

-17
’ x =
6
-17
Hence, the required number is
6
-7
EXAMPLE 4. What number should be added to to get 9
Solution Let the required number to be added be x. Then,
-7 4 4
+X = ’ X=+ additive inverse of
8
4 (32 + 63) 95
’ x= 72 72
95
Hence, the required number is
72
7 -11-2
EXAMPLE 5. Evaluate 5+ *
5 3
Using the commutative and associative laws, it follows that we may arrange the
Solution
terms in any manner suitably. Using this rearrangement property, we have:
3 7 -11-2
+ + -

53 5 3
{3 +(-11)} + {(7+(-2)} -8 5
+
5 3 5 3
(-24 +25) 1

15 15
-5
EXAMPLE 6. Simplify: +
9
+
21

Solution Using the rearrangement property, we have:

12
Mathematics for Class 8

MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

For any two rationals a C
b
and we define:

x
C
(axc)
b d (bxd)

SOLVED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE1. Find each of the following products:
5 -7 3 -15 -3
(9 (ii) (i) X
3 7 8 5 4 8

Solution We have:
( 2-5 2x(-5) -10
3 7 3x7 21
-7 3 (-7) ×3 -21
(ii)
8 5 8x5 40
(iii) -15 X -3 (-15)x(-3) 45
4 4x8 32
EXAMPLE 2. Find each of the followingproducts:
-3 14 13 -18 -11 -51
() (i) (üi)
7 5 6 91 44
Solution We have:

(i)
-3 14 (-3)x 142 -6
75 17x5 5
l3
(ii) -18 13 x (-18) -(13' x18°) -3
6 91 6x91 (6, x91,) 7

-11 -51 (-11) x(-51) H x517 17

(iü)x 44 9x 44 8, x 444 12

PROPERTIES OF MULTIPLICATION OF RATIONAL NUMBERS

Property 1(Closure Property): The product of two rational numbers is always a rational
number.
C a
If and C
are any two rational numbers then is also a
d b d rational number.
1
EXAMPLES (1) Consider the rational numbers and 7 Then.
2
(1x5) 5
which is a rational number.
(2x7) 14
-3 5
(ü) Consider the rational numbers Then,
14
-3 (-3) x 5 -15
which is a rational number.
7 14 7x14 98
-4 -7
(iüi) Consider the rational numbers and Then,
5
28
which is a rational number.
5 5x3 15
 Rational Numbers 13

Property 2 (Commutative Law): Two rational numbers can be multiplied in any order.
C
Thus, for any rational numbers and we have
d

b
3 5
EXAMPLES (i) Let us consider the rational numbers and Then,
4 7
3 5 (3x 5) 15 (5x 3) 15
and
7 (4x7) 28 (7x 4) 28

-2 6
(ii) Let us consider the rational numbers 5 and 7 Then,
-2 6 (-2) x 6 -12 6 6x(-2) -12
and
5 5x7 35 7×5 35
-2
5
-2 -5
(iii) Let usconsider the rational numbers and .Then,
3 7
(-2) x (-5) 10 (-5)x(-2) 10
and
3x7 21 7x3 21

Property 3 (Associative Law): While multiplying three or more rational numbers, they can be
grouped in any order.
a C e
Thus, for any rationals b'd and we have

e
-X
d ds
-5 -7
EXAMPLE Consider the rationals and- We have
2 4
5 (35 x 1) 35
2 2x4 (8 x3) 24

5 -5 X (-7) x1 -5 (-5)x (-7) 35

-12)
and
4x3 (2x12) 24

Property 4 (Existence of Multiplicative ldentity):

For any rational number we have

1is called the multiplicative identity for rationals.

3
EXAMPLESs (i) Consider the rational number 4 Then, we have
(3x1) (1 x 3) 3
(4×1) 4
and
()-) (lx 4) 4
 20
Mathenatics for Class 8

An Important Result:
J*and ybe two rational numbers such thatx<y then 2 x+y) is arational number between
X and y.

EXAMPLE1. Find arational number lying between,and ,

Solution Required number =

1/2+3 5
2 6 12
5 1
Hence.
12 is arational number lying between and 2
EXAMPLE 2. Find three rational numbers luing between 3and 4.
Solution Arational number between 3 and 4 7
is(3+4) =7
2
Then, 3<-<4.

Arational number between 3 and

13
4
Arational number 7 4
betweenand 4 =
15

13 7 4
3< 15
4
<< -<4.
2 4

Hence, the required numbers are 13 7

and
15
4'2 4

ALTERNATIVE METHOD OF FINDING LARGE NUMBER OF

RATIONAL NUMBERS RATIONAL NUMBERS BETWEEN TWO GIVEN
EXAMPLE 3. Find20 rational numbers -5 5
betuween 6
and
Solution LCM of6 and 8 is 24.
-5 -5x4 -20
Now, 5 5x3 15
6 6x4 24 and
8 8x3 24
Rational numbers lying between -5
and
5
are
6
-19 -18 -17 -16
-1 0 1 2 3
24 24 24' 24 **24 24 24 24 14
Out of these 20 may be taken. 2424
EXAMPLE4. Find 15 ratlonal numbers between -2 and 0.
20
Solutior We rnay write, 2 and 0
10
Patinal Tiitnbtr lyinp between-2 and Oare
30 Mathematics for Class 8

EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate:
-2
-3
(ii)4-2 ()
()

Solution We have:
33 27
23 8
-2
12 1
42 16
(iü) =6 =36.

(iv) =1.

LAWS OF EXPONENTS

Let a be any rational number, and mand n beany integers. Then, we have:
b
m+n
(1)

n m-n
(i1)

mn
(iiü)

(iv) and f(a/b)]" (a/b)

[(c/d) (c/d)n
n

(v) b
, wheren is a positive integer.

(vi) =1.

SOLVED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE1. Evaluate:
-4 3
() 5-3
(iv) (-2)-5
Solution We have:
1
(1) 5-3
53 125

=3 = 81.
23
53 125
 Exponents 31

1 1
(iv) (-2)5 1 -1
(-2)5 -25 -32 32

m (-4) 44 256
34 34 81
EXAMPLE 2. Evaluate:
-2 -3 2
x
3
(i) (iw)
5
Solution We have:
3
9\3+2
(1)

2)5 25 32
3 35 243
A\3+(-3)

42 16
72 49
-3
n(-3)+(-2)
(iii)

5
2 32
3 g5 243
2 g\-3)+2
(iv)

-2 -3
4
EXAMPLE3. Evaluate x

Solution We have:
-2 2 3
3
X
5 3

82 53 64 125 125
X
64 9

EXAMPLE 4. Evaluate

Solution We have:
32 Mathematics for Class 8

(-7)* (-5) 7 x52 :: -7) =7 and (-5)2

21 72 2x72 =5
7 x5 49 x25 1225
2 16 16

2
EXAMPLE 5. Evaluate

Solution We have:

=(-4)° x(-4)²
=(-4)8+2) = (-4) =-4 =-1024.
3

EXAMPLE 6. Evaluate

Solution We have:
3
2x (-3)

(-2) 26 64

EXAMPLE7.
- 36 729

Simplify:
() (2x5-lj-!+ 4

Solution We have:

(1) (2-x5 +4-1

-J -)-(9)-)
= (10x 4) = 40.

(i1) (4-!.

(2 +1) 3
8
-) 4

EXAMPLE 8.
Simplify
Solution We have:

G0-0--G - (2 +3 +4') = (4 +9
+16) = 29.
EXAMPLE9. By what number should 2 be multiplied so that the product is
 Mathematics for Class S
34
5
5 5 5)
which
ind the value of xfor 3 (3
4 )2-1
4) 4
xfor which
N0. Find the value of 9
multiplied so that the product becomes 9?
what number should (-6) be -2
11. By 3
4
-2) be
should be divided sothat the quotient Imay 27
12. By what number 3

13. If5x* 25 = 125. find the value of x.

standard form
written as (m x 10") is said to be in
NUMBERS IN STANDARD FORM A number and n is either a positive or o
decimal number such that l< m<10
j m is a
negative integer.
I. EXPRESSING VERY LARGE NUMBERS IN STANDARD FORM

SOLVED EXAMPLES

EXAMPLE 1. Express each of the following numbers in standardform:

(i) 6872 (ii) 140000 (iü) 15360000000

Solution We may write:

(i) 6872 = 6.872x1000 = (6.872 x 10).
(ii) 140000 = 14 x10000 = (1.4 x10 ×10*) = (l.4 x10).
(iii) 15360000000 = 1536 ×10000000 = (1.536 x1000 × 10)
= (1.536 x10° x10")= (1.536 x10'°).
EXAMPLE 2. The diameter of the sun is (1.4x10)m and the diameter of the earth is
(1.2756 x 10)m. Show that the diameter of the sun is nearls 100 times the
diameter of the earth.
Solution We have:
diameter of the sun 1.4 x109 1.4x102 14000
diameter of the earth 1.2756 x107 1.2756 12756 x100 =100 (nearly).
(diameter of the sun) = 100 x (diameter of the earth).
EXAMPLE 3. In a stack there are 4 books each of thickness 24 mm and 6 paper sheets each oj
thickness 0.015 mm. What is the total thickness of the stack in standard form?
Solution Total thickness of the stack
= (24x 4) mm + (0.015 x 6) mm
=96 mm +0.090 mm= (96.090) mm

= (96.09) mm=
9609 9.609 x 1000
mm = mm
100 100
9.609 x 103
mm = (9.609 x 10) mm.
102
Hence. the total thickness of the stack is (9.609 x 10) mm.
 Exponents 36
EXAMPLE4. The distance between sun and
earth
earth and moon is (3.84 x 108) m. is(l 496 y 10)m and the distance between
Durngsolar eclinse moon comes in
earth and sun. At that time uhat is the
distance between moon and sunrbetween
Solution Required distance
= {(1.496 x
10")-(3.84
1496 x 1o!!
x1o)} m

103 -(3.84 x10)} m

=(1496 ×10)-(3.84 x 10*}m

={(1496 -3.84) x10}m =(1492.16x 10°) m.
Hence, the distance between moon and sun is
(1492.16 x10°) m.
EXAMPLE5. Write each of the following numbers in
(i) 4.61x105 usual jorm:
(i) 2.514 x 10 (iüi) 2.0001 x 10
Solution We have:
461
(i) 4.61 x105 x105= 461 x105 = 461 x 105-2)
100 102
= (461 x10) = (461 ×1000) = 461000.
(ii) 2.514×107 2514 x10 = 2514 x 107 = 2514 x10(7-3)
1000 10
=(2514x10*)= (2514 x 10000) = 25140000.
20001 20001x 108 = 2000l x108-4)
(iiü) 2.0001 × 108 = x10° =
10000 10
= (20001l x10*)=200010000.
II, EXPRESSING VERY SMALL NUMBERS IN STANDARD FORM
EXAMPLE 6. Express each of the following numbers in standard form:
(i) 0.00002 (ii) 0.000000061 (ii) 0.00000000837

Solution We may write:

2
(i) 0.00002 =(2x10 ).
105
61 6.1x10 6.1 (6.1x10).
(iü) 0.000000061 =
109 10 10
837 8.37 x 100 8.37 x102
(ii) 0.00000000837 = 1011 10!!
10!1
8.37 8.37
= (8.37 x10).
1041-2) 109
0.00001275 m.
of ared blood cellis 0.000007 m and that ofa plantcell is
The size
EXAMPLE7. haf of plantcell in size.
Show that a red blood cellis
Solution We have:
cell= 0.000007 m = m =(7x 10 °)m.
Size ofa red blood 10°
1275 (1.275x 10
= 0.00001275
m m = m

Size ofaplant cell 10 108

1.275 1.275
m= m =(1.275 x 10 )m.
10(8-9) 10
44
Mathematics for Class 8

SOLVED EXAMPLES
EXAMPLE 1. Give reason to show that none of the numbers given below is a perfect sauo
(i 2162 (ii)6843 (tii)9637 (iv) 6598
Solution We know that a number ending in 2, 3, 7 or 8is never a perfect square.
Hence, none of the numbers 2162, 6843. 9637 and 6598 is a perfect square.
EXAMPLE 2. Give reason to show that none of the numbers 640, 81000and 3600000 i
perfect square.
Solution We know that a number ending in an odd number of zeros is never a perfect square
So, none of thenumbers 640, 81000 and 3600000 is a perfect square.
EXAMPLE 3. State whether the square of the given number is even or odd:
(i) 523 (ii) 654 (iii) 6776 (iv) 7025
Solution We know that the square of an odd number is odd and the square of an even number
is even.
(i1) 523 is odd = (523) is odd.
(ii) 654 is even ’ (654) is even.
(iii) 6776 is even (6776) is even.
(iv) 7025 is odd ’ (7025) is odd.
EXAMPLE 4. Without adding, find the sum:
(i) (1 +3 +5+7+9+11) (ii) (1 +3 +5+7+9+11+13 +15 +17)
Solution We have
(i) (1 +3 +5+7 +9+11)= sum of first 6 odd
numbers = 6 =36.
(ii) (1 +3 +5+7+9+11+13 +15 +17) = sum of
first 9 odd numbers = 9 = 81.
EXAMPLE5. Express:
(i) 64 as the sum of 8 odd natural
(iü) 121 as the sum of11 odd
numbers.
natural numbers.
Solution We know that n is equal to the sum of
first n odd natural numbers.
(i) 64 =8 sum of 8odd
natural numbers =(1
(ii) 121 = (11) = Sum of first 11 odd +3+5+7+9+11+13 +15).
natural numbers
= (1+3+5 +7+9
+11+13 +15 +17 +19 + 21).
EXAMPLE 6. Find the Pythagorean triplet whose
smallest member is 12.
Solution For every natural number m> 1,
(2m, m -l, m +1) is a
Putting 2m =12, we get m=6. Pythagorean triplet.
Thus, we get the triplet (12, 35, 37).
EXAMPLE 7. Evaluate [(337) -(336)).
Solution We have (n +1) -n = (n+1) +n.
Taking n=336 and (n +1) = 337, we get
(337) - (336) = (337 + 336) = 673.
EXAMPLE8. Using the identity (a + b)' - (a' +2ab + b ),evaluate:
()(609)2 (i) (725)2
 Nquares and Squar Roota
Sutio? We have:
() (609) (600 9)'-(600)26009(
-(30000008008) 370881
() (7251-(700+ 5-(7o02700-25(261
(190000 35000 +625)-25625
EXAMPLE9 Using the identits a b) (u' ab b'),evaluate
()(491| (0(289)
Solutiorn We have:
(1) (49) (500 9)(5002x500× 9 (9)
(250000 -9000 8)-24I081
(i)(289) (300 800y300x 0'
(90000 6600 +2)-83521
PRODUCT OF TWO cONSECUTIVE ODD OR CONSECUTIVE EVEN NUMBERS
EXAMPLE 10. Evaluate () 49x51 (i) 30 32.
Solution We have:
()49x 51=(50- )x(50 +1)
-I(50)--(2500-)-2499.
(i) 30 x 32 =(31-1)x (31+ )
-|(31)°-T'-(961- ) 960.
SUMMARY
PROPERTIES OF PERFECT SQUARES

1. Anumber ending in 2, 3, 7or 8 is never pertet squre,

2. A number ending in an odd uniber of zeros is ever pertt squate,

3. The Square of an even unber is even.

4. The square of an odd numlber is odl.
frction.
5. The square ol aproper racion is smaller than he
n} (un ) .
6. For every natural nunber n, we lhave{nt)
7. Sum of first rn odd nalural nun1bers n.
8. If m, n, p are natural umbers such that ( n') p. then(pn, n, p) is Called a
Pythagoreantriplet.
> 1. (2m, n"-1, )is ayuoren riple.
9. For every natural number
(1) (a-b) (a )2ab)
10. (1) (a +b)² =(a' +b'+2ab)

EXERCISE 3B
is a pertect suuare:
1. Give reason to show that none ol he numbeTS given below
(i1) 5963 (11) 8457 (iv) 9468
(1) 5372
(vi) 64000 (vil) 2500000
(v) 360
even numbers?
2. Which of the following are squares of
(11) 441 (il) 900 (iv) 625
(1) 196
(v) 324
 47
Siquares and tyuare Hta

In Column II. underlinethe units dipjt of the number obtained nStep 2 and rarry
oveT the tens digjt of it to Colunn I and ad it to thr value of '
S1ep 4 Underline the number obtalned in Step 3in Column 1
The underlined dipjts gve the required square number
EXAMPLE 1. Find the square of (1) 47 0) B6.
Soiution (1)Given nurnber = 47. (0)) Olve) number 86.
a = 4 and b =7,

a (2axb) (2/axhb)
16 56 49 64 96 36
-6 +4 +9 +3
22 60 73 99

.47 = 2209. (B6) 7396.

2. Diagonal method for squaring a nurnber
EXAMPLE 2 Find the square of 39 by ustny the diagoral rnethod.
Solutior
it into 4
The gven IuInber contains two digjts. So, draw a square and divide
subsquares as shown below. Write down the digjts 3 and 9. horlzontally and
vertically. as shown below.

Ses 2 Multiply each dígt on the left of the square with each dígjt on the top, one by one.
Write the product ín the corresponding subsquare.
0 above the
If the pI Oduct isa one-digitnurnber, write it below the diagonal and put
diagonal. above the diagonal and
In case the product is a two-digit nurnber, write the tens digit
the units digit below the diagonal.
Se: 3 Starting below the lowest diagonal, surn the digits díagonally.
over the tens
If the surn is a two-digt number, underline the units digit and carry
digit to the next diagonal.
Underlint all the digits in the surn above the topmost diagonal.
The underlined digjts gve the required squart number.

(39 =1521.
 Squares and Square Roots 49

Bindthe value of each of the following, using the diagonal method:

5. (67)2 6. (86) 8. (256
7. (137)

SQUARE ROOTS
Square root The square root of a number x is that number which when multiplied by itsel
gives x as the product.
We denote the square root of a number x by vx.
Clearly, N4 -2, 9 =3. 16 = 4, V25 -5, etc.

Square Root of a Perfect Square by the Prime Factorisation Method

When a given number is a perfect square, we find its square root by the following steps:
Step 1. Resolve the given number into prime factors.
Step 2. Make pairs of similar factors.
Step 3. Take the product of the prime factors, choosing onefactor out of every pair.

ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES
2324
EXAMPLE1. Find the.square root of 324. 2162
By prime factorisation, we get 3 81
Solution
3 27
324 = 2x2 x3 x3x3 x3. 3 9
V324 = (2x3x3) = 18. 33

EXAMPLE 2. Find the square root of 1764. 2 1764

2 882
Solutiorn By prime factorisation, we get 3 441
3 147
1764 = 2x2x3 x3x 7x7. 7 49
1764 =2x3×7 = 42. 7

EXAMPLE3. Evaluate v4356. 2 4356

22178
Solution By prime factorisation, we get 31 1089
3 363
4356 = 2x2x3x3x1lxl1.
121
V4356 =(2x3x1l) = 66. 11

EXAMPLE 4. Evaluate vll025. 5 11025

5 2205
Solution By prime factorisation, we get 3 441
3 147
11025 =55x33×717. 7 49
V11025 = (5x3x7) = 105. 7 7
50
Mathematics for Class &

EXAMPLE5. In an auditorium, the number of rows is equal to the number of chairs tn each rou.
f the capacityof the auditorium is 2025, find the number of chairs in each row.
Solution Let the number of chairs in each row be x. 5 2025
Then, the number of rows = x. 5 405
Total number of chairs in the auditorium =(xxx) =x. 3 81
3 27
But, the capacity of the auditorium = 2025 (given). 3 9
x = 2025 3 3
=5x5x 3x3 ×3x3
’ X= (5 x 3x3) = 45.
Hence, the number of chairs in each row = 45.
EXAMPLE 6. Findthe smallest number by which 396 must he multiplied so that the product
becomes a perfect square.
Solution By prime factorisation, we get 2396
396 = 2x2x3x3 x11. 2198
3 99
It is clear that in order to get a perfect square, one more 11 is required. 3 33
So, the given number should be multiplied by 11 to make the product a
1
perfect square.
EXAMPLE 7. Find the least square number divisible bu each one of 8, 9 and 10.
Solution The least number divisible by each one of 8. 9, 10 is their LCM. 28. 9, 10
4. 9, 5
Now, LCM of 8, 9, 10 = (2 x 4x9x5) =360.
By prime factorisation, we get 2360
2 180
360 = 2 x2× 2x3 x3x5 2 90
3 45
To make it a perfect square it must be multiplied by (2 x5), i.e., 10. 3 15
5 5
Hence, required number= (360 x10) = 3600.
1

EXERCISE 3D
Find the square root of each of the following numbers by
factorisation: using the method of prime
1. 225 2. 441 3. 729 4. 1296
5. 2025 6. 4096 7. 7056
9. 9216 8. 8100
10. 11025 11. 15876
13. Find the smallest number by which 252 12. 17424
must be multiplied to get a perfect square. Also.
find the square root of the perfect square so obtained.
14ind the smallest number by which 2925 must be divided to
find the square root of the perfect square so obtained. obtain a perfect square. Also.
18 1225 plants are to be planted in a
garden in such a way that each row contains as
many plants as the number of rows. Find the number of
each row.
rows and the number of plants in
The students of a class arranged a picnic. Each student
the number of studentsin the class. If the total contributed as many rupees as
the class.
contribution is ? 1156, find the strength of
17 ind the least square number which is exactly divisible by each of the
numbers 6. 9. 15
and 20.
 52
Mathematics for Class &

EXAMPLE 3. Eualuate /16384.

Solutton Marking periods and using the long-division method. we have:
1 1 63 84 (128
-1
22 63
44
248 1984
-1984

W16384 -128.
EXAMPLE 4. Evaluate 10609.
Solution Marking periods and using the long-division method, we
have:
1 06 09 (103
-1
203 609
-609
X

10609 M03.
EXAMPLE 5.
Evaluate 66049.
Solution Marking periods and using the
long-division method, we have:
2 6 60 49
(257
4
45
260
-225
507 3549
-3549
X

V66049 =257.
EXAMPLE 6. Find the cost of
fencing costs ? 35erecting
afence
per metre. around asquarejield whose area is 9
Solution Area of the square field = (9 x hectares if
10000) m = 90000 m'.
Length of each side of the field =
90000 m = 300 m.
Perimeter of the field = (4×300) m = 1200 m.
Cost of fencing =(1200 x 35) = 42000.
EXAMPLE7. What least number must be
subtracted rom 7250 to get a perfect square? Also
find the square root of this perfect
square.
 Squares and Square Roots 53

Solution Let us uy to fìnd the square root of

7250.
72 50 (85
-64
165 850
-825
25
This shows that (85) is less than 7250 by
25.
So. the least number to be
subtracted from 7250 is 25.
Required perfect square number = (7250 - 25)= 7225.
And. 7225 = 85.
EXAMPLE 8. Find the greatest number of four digits which is a perfect square.
Solution Greatest number of four digits = 9999.
Let us try to find the square root of 9999.

9 99 99 (99
81
189 1899
-1701
198

This shows that (99) is less than 9999 by 198.

So. the least number to be subtracted is 198.

Hence, the required number is (9999 -198) = 9801.

perfect square?
EXAMPLE 9. What least number must be added to 5607 to make the sum a
Find this perfectsquare and its square root.
5607.
Solution We try to find out the square root of

56 07 (74
-49
144 707
-576
131

(74)<5607 < (75).

We observe here that (5625-5607) = I8
reauired number to be added = (75)-5607 =
The
the required perfect square = 5625 and \5625 - 75.
Clearly,
perfecI square. Find the square root
EXAMPLE 10. Findthe least number of six digits wnicn ts a
of this number.
Wich is not a perfect square.
Solution The least number of six digits = IO0000,
which when added to 100000 gives a perfect
the least number
Now, we must find required number.
square. This perfect squàre is the
square root of 100000.
Now, we find out the
 Squares and Square Roots 55

SOLVED EXAMPLES
EXANPLE
1.
Evaluate v42.25.
Solution Using ne avmsion method we mav find the sruare rnnt of the given nurmbel a
shown below.

6 42.25 (6.5
-36
125 625
-625
42.25 =6.5
EXAMPLE2. Evaluate 1.96.

Solution Using the division method we Tnay find the square root of the given nurnber a5
shown below.

1.96 (1.4
-1
24 96
-96

V1.96 = 1.4

EXAMPLE 3. Evaluate v6.4009.

square root of the given number as
Solution Using the division method we may find the
shown below.

2 6.4009 (2.53
-4
45 240
-225
503 1509
-1509
X

V6.4009 =2.53

EXAMPLE 4. Evaluate /0.4225.

may find the square root of the given number as
we
Solution Using the division method
shown below.
60.42 25 (.65
-36
125 625
-625
X

VO.4225 =0.65
decimal
to certain places of
To find the
value square root correct up decimal, we shallIfind it up to 3 places of
If the required correct up totwo places of
square Toot is of decimal.
decimal and then round it off up totwo places of decimal, we shall
find it
up
is required correct up tothree places decimal, and
Similarly,
to 4
if the square rootthen
of decimal and
round it off up to tlree places of
So on.

places
 Squares and Square Roots 57

SOLVED EXAMPLES
|441
EXAMPLE1. Evaluate
V961
|441 V441
Solutlon We have
\961 V961
Now, we find the square roots of 441 and961, as shown below.

2 4 41 (21 3 961 (31

4
41 41 61 61
-41 -61

Thus, 441=21 and V961 =31

441 J441 21
V961 /961 31
56
EXAMPLE 2. Find the square root of 1
169
56 225
Solutlon
169 169

56 225 J225
V169 169 V169
below.
We find the square roots of 225 and 169 separately, as given

1 2 25 (15 169 (13

-1 -1

25 125 23 69
-125 -69

V225 - 15 and V169 = 13

56 225 225 15
V169 169 W169 13 13

V243
EXAMPLE3. Find the value of
J363
Solutiorn We have
/243 243 81 V81 9

V363 V363 V121 W121 11

EXAMPLE 4. Find the value of 45 x /20.

Solution We have
S45 x20 =/45 x20 =V3x3x5x 2x 2x5
=J3x3 x 2x2 x5x5 =(3 x2 x5) =30.
116
Mathematics for Class 8

Solution We have
(1) 7
25 x100 9%= 28%.
5 5
(i1) 125 1%.
=x100|% 2
%= 62
2
11 550
(ii)
6
100|% 3
%=183%.
3

EXAMPLE 4. Convert the ratio 3: 4 to percentage.

Solution We haye
3
3:4 = % =75%.

EXAMPLE 5.
Express 36% as a ratio.
Solution 36 9
36% = =9:25.
100 25

EXAMPLE 6. 2
Which is largest in l6%,
3 15
and 0.12?

Solution We may write

16%
3 =50 % (50 -X - 1 ) 1
3 100 6
=0.166...

2
=0.133... and third number is 0.12.
15

Clearly, 0.166.. is the largest.

2
Hence, 16%
3
is largest.
EXAMPLE 7. (i) What per cent of 120 is 90?
(i) What per cent of 1 kg is 5 g?
(iii) What per cent of 3.5Lis 150 mL?
90
Solution (1) Required percentage =
120
x100 |% =75%.
5
(iü) Required percentage = 1000
x100 |% =0.5%.
150
(ii) Required percentage 3.5 x 1000 x100 % =4%.
7

EXAMPLE8. Find 7 % of 2400.

2

Solution We have
15 1
7-% of 2400 =
2 2 100
-x 2400= 180.
 LAMLE If 26% of a
number is 65. find the Percentage 117

Let tlhe
required number be x. Then.number.
26% of x = 65 26
100 XX=65

X =65 x100
250.
26
Hence. the required
number is
EXANPLE t0
Sarita spends 65% of her 250.
month. what is her monthlysalary and the rest she saves. If she saves ?2940 per
Sation Let her monthly salary?
salary x.
be
Money spent bv her = 65% of x =xx 65 13x
100 20

Monev saved= x 13x

20 20
7x
= 2940 ’ 20
20 X =2940 x 8400.
7

Sarita's monthly salary = 8400.

EXAMPLE 11. Ina class, the girls are 60% of the total number of studentsand the boys are 18 in
number. How mans students are there in the class?
Soution Let the total number of students in the class be x.

Percentage of girls = 60%.

Percentage of boys = 40%.
40 2x
number of bovs = 40% of x= Xx-100 5
2x 18x5
=18 = x= = 45.
5 2

Hence. the total number of students in the class is 45.

the net increase
ELANPLE 12 A number is increased by 20% and then decreased by 20%. Find
or decrease per cent?
Solutior Let the given number be x.
120 6x
Increased number = 120% of x XX
100 5
6x 6x 80 24x
Decreased number = 80% of 5 5 100 25

24x
Net decrease = N
25 25

x 1x100 % = 4%.
Net decrease per cent =
X

25 x
Hence, net decrease per cent = 4%.
118
Mathematics for Class 8
marks and
EXAMPLE 13. In an marks to pass. Rahul gets 185
fails busexamination,
one requires 40% marks?
15 marks. What are the maxinum
Solution Let the maximum
marks be x.
Pass marks = (185 +15) = 200.
40% of x = 200 40 XX=200
100
100
X=200 x 500.
40
Hence, maximum marks = 500.
EXAMPLE 14. on house rentand 60%
ut her total monthlu salaru. Mrs Gupta spends 20%
2800, what is her total
hie rest on household exnenditure. If she saves
monthly salary?
Solution Let the total monthly salary of Mrs Gupta be x.
Money spent as house rent = 20% ofx
20
=xx 100 5
4x
Remainder =x-= 5

4x
Money spent on household expenditure = 60% of
5

4x 60 12x
5 100 25
4x 12x 8x
Savings= 5 25 25
8x 25
25
2800 ’ x=2800x: 8 =8750.
Hence, the total monthly salary of Mrs Gupta is 8750.
EXAMPL 15/ The price of sugar goes up by 20%. By how much per cent
must a
reduce her consumption of sugar so that the expenditure on sugarhousewife
the sanme? remains
Solution Let the consumption of sugar originally be l unit and let its cost be
R 100.
New cost of 1unit = ? 120.
Now, ? 120 yield 1unit of sugar.
5
7100 will yield -x 100unit
120 unit of sugar.
6

1
Reduction in consumption unit
6

1
reduction % in consumption =
6 x100|% =50 % =16-%.
3