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Worksheet 4 Modals Relative Clauses and Reported Speech

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142 views4 pages

Worksheet 4 Modals Relative Clauses and Reported Speech

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III.

Grammar: Summary and Exercises

3. Modals

Modal Verbs in English

Modal verbs are auxiliary verbs that express the speaker's attitude towards the action or state
described by the main verb. They convey various meanings, such as ability, possibility,
necessity, permission, or obligation. Unlike regular verbs, modal verbs do not change their form
according to the subject and are followed by the base form of the main verb.

Common Modal Verbs and uses:

1. Can - ability, possibility, permission


o I can swim. (ability)
o You can use my phone. (permission)
2. Could - past ability, polite requests, hypothetical situations
o I could run fast when I was younger. (past ability)
o Could you help me? (polite request)
o We could go out if it stops raining. (hypothetical situation)
3. May - permission, possibility
o You may leave early. (permission)
o It may snow tonight. (possibility)
4. Might - possibility (less certain than "may")
o We might win the game. (possibility)
5. Must - obligation, strong necessity, deduction
o You must wear a helmet. (obligation)
o He must be tired after the long flight. (deduction)
6. Shall - suggestions, future intention (formal or old-fashioned)
o Shall we go for a walk? (suggestion)
o I shall return soon. (future intention)
7. Should - advice, expectation, obligation
o You should study for the exam. (advice)
o The train should arrive by now. (expectation)
8. Will - future intention, determination, promises
o I will call you tomorrow. (future intention)
o We will succeed no matter what. (determination)
9. Would - polite requests, hypothetical situations, past habits
o Would you like some coffee? (polite request)
o I would travel if I had more money. (hypothetical situation)
o He would always tell stories. (past habits)
10. Ought to - moral obligation, advice
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o You ought to apologize. (moral obligation)


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Exercise 3.1: Complete the sentences with appropriate modal auxiliaries


1. You _______ (study) harder if you want to pass the exam.
a) must b) could c) might d) can
2. He _______ (go) to the party, but he hasn’t decided yet.
a) must b) should c) might d) can
3. We _______ (leave) early tomorrow to catch the train.
a) must b) could c) can’t d) should
4. You _______ (bring) a jacket; it’s going to be cold tonight.
a) might b) must c) should d) could
5. They _______ (be) at home now because their car is in the driveway.
a) can b) must c) might d) should
6. I _______ (help) you with your homework if I have time this evening.
a) could b) can c) might d) must
7. You _______ (not drive) without a license. It’s illegal.
a) can b) should c) must not d) might not
8. We _______ (not make) any noise during the meeting. The manager will be upset.
a) can’t b) must not c) might not d) should
9. She _______ (take) the train instead of driving. It would be faster.
a) must b) could c) can’t d) should
10. He _______ (speak) four languages fluently.
a) must b) should c) can d) might

Exercise 3.2: Fill in the blank spaces with the correct modal auxiliaries

1. She _______ (finish) the project by tomorrow if she works overtime.

a) can b) should c) might d) must

2. We _______ (not eat) in this restaurant; it’s closed for renovation.


a) can’t b) shouldn’t c) must not d) might not
3. You _______ (wear) a suit to the interview, it’s important to dress formally.
a) should b) could c) must d) might
4. They _______ (travel) to Europe next summer. They haven’t decided yet.
a) should b) can c) might d) must
5. I _______ (call) you later tonight to confirm the meeting time.
a) must b) should c) can d) might
6. We _______ (go) to the beach if it doesn’t rain.
a) must b) should c) could d) can
7. He _______ (not speak) English very well, but he understands some basic phrases.
a) can b) must c) might d) can’t
8. You _______ (leave) your keys on the table; I’ll be back soon.
a) can b) must c) might d) should
9. I _______ (finish) my homework before I go out to play.
a) can b) must c) should d) might
2

10. She _______ (be) at the office by now; her car was parked outside.
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a) can b) must c) might d) should


4. Relative Clauses

Relative clauses add information about a noun or pronoun, often introduced by relative
pronouns (who, whom, whose, which, that).

Types:

1. Defining (restrictive): Essential information.


o The book that you lent me is fascinating.
2. Non-defining (non-restrictive): Extra, non-essential information (set off by commas).
o My brother, who lives in Paris, is visiting us.

Omission of relative pronouns:

 Possible in defining clauses when the relative pronoun functions as the object:
o The movie (that) we watched was thrilling.

Exercise 4.1 Join the following 10 pairs of sentences with appropriate relative pronouns:

1. The book is on the table. It is mine.


2. I met a woman yesterday. She works at the library.
3. The car is very expensive. It belongs to my uncle.
4. The teacher is very friendly. She teaches mathematics.
5. The movie was exciting. We watched it last night.
6. I have a friend. His brother lives in Paris.
7. The house is beautiful. It is located by the beach.
8. The musician is famous. His song is very popular.
9. The city is very old. I was born there.
10. The man is my neighbor. He helped me with my luggage.

5. Reported Speech

Reported speech involves conveying what someone has said without quoting them directly.
Verb forms and pronouns typically shift to reflect the time and context change.

Tense Changes:

1. Present to Past:
3

o Direct: "I am happy."


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o Reported: She said (that) she was happy.


2. Past to Past Perfect:
o Direct: "I went to the park."
o Reported: He said (that) he had gone to the park.

Modal changes:

 Will → Would
 Can → Could
 May → Might

No tense change:

 When the reporting verb is in the present:


o She says, "I am hungry." → She says (that) she is hungry.
 Universal truths:
o He said, "The Earth orbits the Sun." → He said (that) the Earth orbits the Sun.

Exercise 5.1 Rewrite the Following Direct Speech into Reported Speech

1. "I am planning to go to the gym tomorrow," she said.


2. "We will arrive at 6 p.m.," they told us.
3. "Can you pass me the salt, please?" he asked.
4. "I have been waiting for an hour," she complained.
5. "Do you want to join us for dinner?" John asked.
6. "I am studying for my exams," she said.
7. "Please bring me a coffee," he requested.
8. "I haven’t seen that movie yet," she said.
9. "We are having a meeting at 3 o'clock," he told me.
10. "I will send the email by tomorrow," she promised.

5.2 Exercise :Instructions: Rewrite the following sentences in reported speech

1. "I have been working on this project for months," she said.
2. "You should have called me earlier," he said to her.
3. "If I had known about the meeting, I would have attended," she explained.
4. "I will have completed the report by next week," he assured us.
5. "Why didn’t you inform me about the problem sooner?" she asked him.
6. "It might rain tomorrow," he said.
7. "I had already left when you called," she told me.
8. "By this time next year, I will have finished my degree," he said.
9. "I wish I had studied harder for the test," she admitted.
10. "Had I known about the traffic, I would have left earlier," he confessed.
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