Aula 5-Cont
Aula 5-Cont
Passive Sensors
Active Sensors
February 2018
Summary
1 Transducer and Sensor Classication
Mensurand vs Output
Operating mode
Transduction principle
2 Passive Sensors
Resistive sensors
Potentiometers
Strain gauges
Inductive sensors
Capacitive sensors
3 Active Sensors
Thermoelectric sensors
Piezoelectric sensors
Photoelectric sensors
M. V. Correia INSB EBE0179, Biomedical Sensors
Transducer and Sensor Classication Mensurand vs Output
Passive Sensors Operating mode
Active Sensors Transduction principle
Operating Mode
Signal modulators (or passive): require an energy source in addition to the mensurand
input
resistive
inductive
capacitive
Signal generators (or active): output an electrical signal directly from the mensurand
without any other energy source
thermoelectric
piezoelectric
photoelectric
magnetic
...
M. V. Correia INSB EBE0179, Biomedical Sensors
Transducer and Sensor Classication Mensurand vs Output
Passive Sensors Operating mode
Active Sensors Transduction principle
Resistive principle
Potentiometers
Construction details
Practical limitations
Real potentiometers
Strain Gauges
Most common type consists of a resistive material (metal wire or deposited lm or
semiconductor bar) bonded to a matrix and to which two terminals are attached
When it undergoes a compression or a tensile stress within the limits of elasticity its
resistance varies due to variations in length, cross-section and resistivity of the wire
When glued to the material to be studied, it can detect very small displacements
(nanometers)
dR dl dρ
= (1 + 2µ) +
R l ρ
having a dimensional eect and a piezoresistive eect.
M. V. Correia INSB EBE0179, Biomedical Sensors
Transducer and Sensor Classication
Passive Sensors Resistive sensors
Active Sensors
Gauge factor
Balance condition
vout = 0 if R1 R3 = R2 R4
Four gauges
Two gauges
One gauge
G
vo = Vs 2+G vo = Vs G2 vo = Vs G
Bridge Calibration
Assess volumetric changes in limbs arising from cardiac pulsations (systolic pressure)
Further reading