AP PHYSICS 1 Test Booklet

Unit 5.1 Momentum and Impulse

1. An object of known mass with speed travels toward a wall. The object collides with it and bounces away
from the wall in the opposite direction in which the object was initially traveling. The wall exerts an average force
on the object during the collision. A student must use the equation to determine the change in
momentum of the object from immediately before the collision to immediately after the collision. Which side of the
equation could the student use to determine the change of the object's momentum?
(A) , because the mass of the object and the initial speed of the object are known.
(B) , because the average force exerted on the object during the collision is known.
Either side of the equation may be used because the mass of the object, the initial speed of the object, and the
(C)
average force exerted on the object during the collision are known.
Neither side of the equation may be used because there are too many unknown quantities before, during, and
(D)
after the collision.

2. In an experiment, an object is released from rest near and above Earth’s surface. A student must determine the
relationship between the direction of the gravitational force exerted on the object and the change in momentum
caused by that force. What data could the student collect to determine the magnitude and direction of the
gravitational force and the change in momentum of the object? Justify your choices. Select two answers.
The mass of the object, because it is required to determine the force due to gravity exerted on the object, and
(A) the velocity of the object the instant before it reaches Earth’s surface, because it is required to determine the
change in velocity of the object.
The mass of the object, because it is required to determine the force due to gravity exerted on the object, and
(B)
the distance fallen by the object, because the force is exerted during the entire falling distance.
The velocity of the object the instant before it reaches Earth’s surface, because it is required to determine the
(C) change in velocity of the object, and the acceleration of the object, because it is required to determine the
force due to gravity exerted on the object.
The distance fallen by the object, because the force is exerted during the entire falling distance, and the
(D)
acceleration of the object, because it is required to determine the force due to gravity exerted on the object.

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Unit 5.1 Momentum and Impulse

3.

A student conducts an experiment in which an object travels across a horizontal surface while for a net force is
applied to a object that initially travels with a speed of . Data collected from the experiment are used
to create the graph of the magnitude of the applied force exerted on the object as a function of time is shown. All
frictional forces are considered to be negligible. Can the student use the graph and the known data to determine the
momentum of the object after the force has been applied?
Yes, because the average force exerted on the object can be used with the time interval of to determine
(A)
the change in momentum of the object by using .
Yes, because the area bound by the best-fit line and the horizontal axis from to can be used to
(B)
determine the change in momentum of the object.
(C) No, because the data is too scattered to determine the average force that is exerted on the object.
No, because the student needs to know the direction that the force is applied to the object because the applied
(D)
force will be in the same direction as the change in momentum of the object.

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Unit 5.1 Momentum and Impulse

4.

Cart with a mass of travels at a constant speed of to the right on a horizontal surface, as shown in
the figure. Cart then collides with cart with a mass of that is initially at rest. The force exerted on
cart by cart as a function of time is shown in the graph, where is the instant of initial contact
between the carts. As a result of the collision, cart moves to the right with a speed of . All frictional forces
are considered to be negligible. A student must determine the final speed and direction of cart and considers
using the following equations.

Equation 1:

Equation 2:

Identify and justify which equation or equations the student can use.
Only equation 1, because the momentum lost by cart is gained by cart . This change in momentum can
(A)
be determined using the graph.
Only equation 2, because the force is exerted only on cart , so there is no information about the force
(B)
exerted on cart .
Equation 1 and equation 2, because the system is closed and all quantities are known except for the final
(C)
speed of cart .
(D) Neither equation, because there are too many unknown quantities.

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Unit 5.1 Momentum and Impulse

5.

An object of mass collides with an object of mass that is at rest, as shown in the figure. A graph of the
force as a function of time that the object exerts on the object is shown. After the collision, the
object has a speed of , and the object has a speed of . A student must determine the initial speed
of the object. Which of the following options shows the correct substitutions into the equation
so that the initial speed of the unknown object can be determined?
, because the maximum force exerted on the object
(A)
must be considered.
, because the average force exerted on the object
(B)
must be considered.
, because the difference in mass and the maximum
(C)
force exerted on the object must be considered.
, because the difference in mass and the
(D)
average force exerted on the object must be considered.

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Unit 5.1 Momentum and Impulse

6. Ball of mass and ball of mass travel toward each other on a horizontal surface. Both balls
travel with a constant speed of until they collide. During the collision, ball exerts an average force with a
magnitude of for on ball . Which of the following best predicts ball momentum after the collision?
(A) Ball will travel at a speed less than in the same direction of travel as before the collision.
(B) Ball will travel at a speed less than in the opposite direction of travel as before the collision.
(C) Ball will travel at a speed greater than in the opposite direction of travel as before the collision.
(D) Ball motion cannot be predicted because the impulse on it is not known.

Scenario Number Final Velocity of Cart Final Velocity of Cart

Cart of mass travels along a horizontal surface with a constant speed in the positive horizontal direction. Cart
then collides with cart of mass , which was initially at rest. After the collision, cart has a positive velocity.
Immediately after the collision, cart and cart could have one of three final velocities that are indicated in the table. In
all scenarios, the total momentum of the two-cart system is the same before and after the collision.

7.

Assume that the collision in each scenario is elastic. A graph of the magnitude of the force exerted on Cart as a
function of time for scenario 1 is shown. During which interval of time does the magnitude of the momentum of
Cart change the most?
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Unit 5.1 Momentum and Impulse

(A) to
(B) to
(C) to
(D) The change in momentum is the same for each time interval listed.

8. A student drops an object from rest above a force plate that records information about the force exerted on the
object as a function of time during the time interval in which the object is in contact with the force plate. Which of
the following measurements should the student take, in addition to the measurements from the force plate, to
determine the change in momentum of the object from immediately before the collision to immediately after the
collision?
(A) The mass of the object
(B) The final speed of the object
(C) The distance fallen by the object
(D) The student has enough information to make the determination.

A student plans to conduct an experiment in which the momentum of a two-object system can be determined immediately
before and after a collision takes place. The student slides block at an unknown constant speed toward an identical
block, block , that is initially at rest, as shown in the figure. There is negligible friction between the blocks and the
surface.

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Unit 5.1 Momentum and Impulse

9.

The student conducts a second experiment in which the magnitude of the force exerted on block from block is
measured over the time in which the collision takes place. A graph of the force as a function of time is shown. In a
third experiment, the student creates a collision such that the force exerted on block from block is constant for
. Which of the following constant forces, if exerted on block from block , would produce the same
change in momentum as is shown by the graph?
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)

10. A student must determine a nonzero change in momentum of an object for a specific interval of time. Which of the
following experiments could the student conduct? Select two answers.
Drop a ball of known mass above a motion detector, and record the final speed of the ball before it reaches
(A)
the motion sensor.
Drop a coffee filter of known mass from a known height above a motion sensor, and record the terminal
(B)
speed of the coffee filter as it falls.
Pull a block of known mass across a rough surface with a spring such that the block travels at a constant
(C)
speed for as measured by a stopwatch. Record the force necessary to pull the block at a constant speed.
Give a block of known mass an initial velocity so that it slides across a rough surface in front of a motion
(D)
detector, slows down, and eventually stops. Use the motion detector to record the initial velocity of the block.

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Unit 5.1 Momentum and Impulse

11. A student must conduct an experiment in which a block is pulled across a horizontal surface by a spring scale so
that a nonzero change in momentum of the block can be determined for a specific time interval. The student also has
access to measuring tools that are found in a typical physics laboratory. Which of the following experiments could
the student conduct to determine the change in momentum of the cart? Select two answers.
Attach the spring scale to the block, and pull the block at a constant speed as it travels across the horizontal
(A) surface. Record the force that the spring scale exerts on the block. Use a stopwatch to determine the time that
the block is in motion.
Attach the spring scale to the block, and pull the block so that its speed increases as it travels across the
(B) horizontal surface. Record the force that the spring scale exerts on the block. Use a stopwatch to determine
the time that the block is in motion.
Attach the spring scale to the block, and pull the block so that its speed increases as it travels across the
(C) horizontal surface. Use the motion detector to record the speed of the block at the beginning of the time
interval and at the end of the time interval. Use a mass balance to measure the mass of the block.
Attach the spring scale to the block, and pull the block so that its speed increases as it travels across the
horizontal surface. Use the motion detector to record the speed of the block at the beginning of the time
(D)
interval and at the end of the time interval. Use a meterstick to measure the distance traveled by the block in
the given time interval.

12.
Experiment Mass of Object Magnitude of Net Time that Force Is Initial Velocity Final Velocity
Number Force Applied

An object is used in three different experiments so that a student can analyze the motion of the object when a net
force is exerted on it. The data obtained from the three experiments are shown in the table. How can the student use
the data to determine the relationship between the object’s change in momentum and the direction of the net force
exerted on the object?
Observe that the magnitude of the net force and the amount of time that the force is applied remain the same
(A) in each experiment. Therefore, the net force changes the momentum of the object in the same direction for all
experiments.
Observe that the magnitude of the net force, the amount of time that the force is applied, and the mass of the
(B) object remain the same in each experiment. Therefore, the net force changes the momentum of the object in
the same direction for all experiments.
Observe the direction of the velocity vectors for the initial and final velocity measurements for each
(C) experiment. If the final velocity is negative, the net force changes the momentum in the opposite direction of
motion. If the final velocity is positive, the net force changes the momentum in the same direction of motion.
The student can calculate the change in the velocity of the object for each experiment. If the object decreases
its speed or changes direction, the net force changes the momentum in the opposite direction of motion. If the
(D)
object increases its speed and travels in the same direction, the net force changes the momentum in the same
direction of motion.

13. An object of mass travels in the positive direction with a speed of . The object collides with a second
object that exerts an average net force over an interval of time such that the object comes to rest. Which of the
following best predicts the change in momentum for the object?

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Unit 5.1 Momentum and Impulse

(A) The change in momentum is in the negative direction.

(B) The change in momentum is in the positive direction.
(C) The change in momentum is zero.
The direction of the change in momentum cannot be determined without knowing the value of the average
(D)
force and time in which the force is exerted.

14.

A student conducts three experiments in which a cart of mass is pushed along a horizontal surface of negligible
friction for by an applied force. The graph shows the force as a function of time for each experiment. Which of
the following correctly ranks the greatest change in the cart’s momentum from to ?
(A) Experiment Experiment Experiment
(B) Experiment Experiment Experiment
(C) Experiment Experiment Experiment
(D) Experiment Experiment Experiment

15. A ball, of mass 1.0kg, is released from rest above a horizontal surface. The ball falls downward and collides with
the surface with a speed of . The average force exerted during the collision is over a time interval of
. Which of the following best predicts what will happen to the ball immediately after the collision?
(A) The ball will come to rest on the surface.
(B) The ball will bounce up from the surface with a speed lower than what it had before the collision.
(C) The ball will bounce up from the surface with the same speed as it had before the collision.
(D) The ball will bounce up from the surface with a speed greater than what it had before the collision.

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