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Electrostatics

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17 views17 pages

Electrostatics

Uploaded by

asd5 777
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© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Electric Charge and Electric Field

Static Electricity; Electric Charge

Objects can be charged by rubbing


Static Electricity; Electric Charge

Charge comes in two types, positive and


negative; like charges repel and opposite
charges attract
Electric Charge in the Atom
Atom:
Nucleus (small, massive,
positive charge)
Electron cloud (large, very
low density, negative
charge)
Electric Charge in the Atom
• All ordinary matter contains both
positive and negative charge.
• You do not usually notice the
charge because most matter
contains the exact same number of
positive and negative charges.
• An object is electrically neutral
when it has equal amounts of both
types of charge.
Electric Charge
• Objects can lose or gain electric charges.
• The net charge is also sometimes called
excess charge because a charged object has
an excess of either positive or negative
charges.
• A tiny imbalance in either positive or negative
charge on an object is the cause of static
electricity.
• Electric charge is a property of tiny particles
in atoms.
• The unit of electric charge is the coulomb
(C).
• A quantity of charge should always be
identified with a positive or a negative sign.
Conductors and Insulators
All materials contain electrons.
The electrons are what carry the current in a conductor.

The electrons in insulators are not free to move—they are


tightly bound inside atoms.
▪A semiconductor has a few free electrons and atoms
with bound electrons that act as insulators.
Coulomb’s Law
Experiment shows that the electric force between two charges is proportional to
the product of the charges
and inversely proportional
to the distance between
them.
Coulomb’s Law
Coulomb’s law relates the force between two single
charges separated by a distance.
Force (F) depends on charge (q)
F  q1 ; F  q2
Force depends on the inverse square of the distance
(r) between the charges
F  1/r2
F  (q1 q2)/r2

r
F
q1 q2
F=K 2 -
r q2 - F
q1
Coulomb’s Law

The force is along the line


connecting the charges, and is
attractive if the charges are
opposite, and repulsive if they are
the same.
Coulomb’s Law
Unit of charge: coulomb, C
The proportionality constant in Coulomb’s law is then:
k = 8.988 × 109 N∙m2/C2
Charges produced by rubbing are typically around a microcoulomb:
1 µC = 10−6 C
Coulomb’s Law
The proportionality constant k can also be written in terms of ε0, the permittivity
of free space:

(16-2)
Conservation of Charge

Electric charge is conserved—the arithmetic sum of the total charge cannot


change in any interaction.
Quantization of charge
Calculate the Force
Consider three point charges located at the corners of a right triangle as shown
in Figure. Find the resultant force exerted on q3 .

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