CHAPTER-13 KTG

I . MULTIPLE CHOICE QUESTIONS

1. Which of the following can be the basis of separating a mixture of gases?
(a) Graham’s law of diffusion (b) Avogadro’s law
(c) Charle’s law (d) Boyle’s law
2. In the equation, PV = RT, the V refers to the volume of:
(a) 1 g of a gas (b) 1 mole of a gas
(c) 1 kg of gas (d) any amount of gas
3. Gases deviate from perfect gas behaviour because their molecules
(a) are polyatomic (b) are of very small size
(c) don’t attract each other (d) interact with each other through intermolecular forces
4. The law of equipartition of energy is applicable to the system whose constituents are:
(a) in orderly motion (b) at rest
(c) in random motion (d) moving with constant speed
5. The monoatomic molecules have only three degrees of freedom because they can possess
(a) only translatory motion (b) only rotatory motion
(c) both translatory and rotatory motion (d) translatory, rotatory and vibratory motion
6. In kinetic theory of gases, it is assumed that:
(a) the collisions are not perfectly elastic.
(b) the molecular collisions change the density of the gas.
(c) the molecules don’t collide with each other on the well.
(d) between two collisions the molecules travel with uniform velocity.
7. What is the number of degrees of freedom of an ideal diatomic molecule at ordinary temperature?
(a) 3 (b) 5 (c) 7 (d) 6
8. A man is climbing up a spiral type of staircase. His degrees of freedom are:
(a) 1 (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) more than 3
9. The energy associated with each degree of freedom of a gas molecule is
(a) zero (b) 1/2 kT (c) kT (d) 3/2 kT
10. The mean K.E. of a monoatomic gas molecule is
(a) zero (b) 1/2 kT (c) kT (d) 3/2 kT

II . ASSERTION REASON TYPE QUESTIONS

Choose the correct option from the following:
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true but R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false and R is also false
1. Assertion (A): The number of degrees of freedom of a linear triatomic molecule is 7.
Reason (R): The number of degree of freedom depends on number of particle in the system.
2. Assertion (A): Absolute zero is not the temperature corresponding to zero energy.
Reason (R): The temperature at which no molecular motion eases is called absolute zero temperature.
3. Assertion (A): The ratio of specific heat of a gas at constant pressure and specific heat at
constant volume for a diatomic gas is more than that for a monatomic gas.
Reason (R): The molecules of a monatomic gas have more degree of freedom than those of a diatomic gas.
4. Assertion (A): Air pressure in a car tyre increases during driving.
Reason (R): Absolute zero degree temperature is not zero energy temperature.
5. Assertion (A): Specific heat of a gas at constant pressure is greater than its specific heat at constant volume.
Reason (R): At constant pressure, some heat is spent in expansion of the gas.
6. Assertion (A): The total translational kinetic energy of all the molecules of a given mass of an ideal gas is
1.5 times the product of its pressure and its volume.
Reason (R): The molecules of a gas collide with each other and the velocities of the molecules change due to
collision.
7. Assertion (A): Mean free path of gas molecules varies inversely as density of the gas.
Reason (R): Mean free path of gas molecules is defined as the average distance travelled by a molecule
between two successive collisions.
8. Assertion (A): Vibrational energy of diatomic molecule corresponding to each degree of freedom is kBT.
Reason (R) : For every molecule, vibrational degree of freedom is 2.
9. Assertion (A) : An undamped spring-mass system is simplest free vibration system.
Reason (R) : It has three degrees of freedom.
10. Assertion(A): The kinetic energy of an O2 molecule will be equal to the kinetic energy of a H2 molecule.
Reason (R) : Oxygen and hydrogen gases at the same temperature.

III . CASE STUDY QUESTIONS

Case Study – 1
Boyle’s law is a gas law which states that the pressure exerted by a gas (of a given mass, kept at a constant
temperature) is inversely proportional to the volume occupied by it. In other words, the pressure and volume
of a gas are inversely proportional to each other as long as the temperature and the quantity of gas are kept
constant. For a gas, the relationship between volume and pressure (at constant mass and temperature) can be

P ∝ (1/V) Where P is the pressure exerted by the gas and V is the volume occupied by it. This proportionality
expressed mathematically as follows.

can be converted into an equation by adding a constant, k.

Charles law states that the volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to the absolute temperature at
constant pressure. The law also states that the Kelvin temperature and the volume will be in direct proportion
when the pressure exerted on a sample of a dry gas is held constant. Charles law and Boyle’s law applied to
low density gas only. The total pressure of a mixture of ideal gases is the sum of partial pressures. This is
Dalton’s law of partial pressures
1) Boyle’s law is obeyed by high as well as low density gases. True or False?
a) True b) False
2) Charles law is states that volume of an ideal gas is directly proportional to temperature at constant
a) Temperature b) Pressure c) Volume d) None of these
3) State Daltons law of partial pressures
4) State Boyle’s law.
5) State Charles law.
Case Study – 2
Pressure of an Ideal Gas: according to kinetic theory of gases pressure is given by
P = v2
where, n is number of molecules,V the volume, m is mass, nm is the density and v2 is mean squared speed.
Though we choose the container to be a cube, the shape of the vessel really is immaterial.
The average kinetic energy of a molecule is proportional to the absolute temperature of the gas; it is
independent of pressure, volume or the nature of the ideal gas. This is a fundamental result relating
temperature, a macroscopic measurable parameter of a gas (a thermodynamic variable as it is called) to a
molecular quantity, namely the average kinetic energy of a molecule. The two domains are connected by the
Boltzmann constant and given by E = kBT.
Where kB is Boltzmann constant having value of 1.38x10-23 joule per Kelvin.
We have seen that in thermal equilibrium at absolute temperature T, for each translational mode of motion,
the average energy is ½ kB T. The most elegant principle of classical statistical mechanics (first proved by
Maxwell) states that this is so for each mode of energy: translational, rotational and vibrational. That is, in
equilibrium, the total energy is equally distributed in all possible energy modes, with each mode having an
average energy equal to ½ kB T. This is known as the law of equipartition of energy.
Accordingly, each translational and rotational degree of freedom of a molecule contributes ½ k B T to the
energy, while each vibrational frequency contributes 2 × ½ kB T = kB T, since a vibrational mode has both
kinetic and potential energy modes.
1) Boltzmann constant has value of
a) 1.38 x 10-23 joule per Kelvin. b) 1.38 x 10-28 joule per Kelvin.
-30
c) 1.38 x 10 joule per Kelvin. d) None of these
2) SI unit of Boltzmann constant is given by
a) Joules per meter b) Joules per Kelvin
c) Joules per Newton d) None of these
3) According to kinetic theory, give the formula for pressure of an ideal gas.
4) According to kinetic theory what is average kinetic energy of molecules of ideal gas?
5) What is law of equipartition of energy?
Case Study – 3
Monatomic Gases: The molecule of a monatomic gas has only three translational degrees of freedom. Thus, the
average energy of a molecule at temperature T is
(3/2) kBT. The total internal energy of a mole of such a gas is U = (3/2) RT.
The molar specific heat at constant volume cv is given by Cv = dU/dT = (3/2) R
For an ideal gas, Cp – Cv = R
where Cp is the molar specific heat at constant pressure. Thus, Cp= (5/2) R
The ratio of specific heats is γ= cp/cv = 5/3.
Diatomic Gases: a diatomic molecule treated as a rigid rotator, like a dumbbell, has 5 degrees of freedom: 3
translational and 2 rotational. Using the law of equipartition of energy, the total internal energy of a mole of
such a gas
is U = (5/2) RT.
The molar specific heat at constant volume cv is given by Cv = dU/dT = (5/2) R
For an ideal gas, Cp – Cv = R
where Cp is the molar specific heat at constant pressure. Thus, Cp= (7/2) R
The ratio of specific heats is γ (for rigid diatomic) = cp/cv = 7/5.
For non-rigid diatomic molecules, they have additional mode of vibrations. Therefore
γ= cp/cv = 9/7
Polyatomic Gases: In general, a polyatomic molecule has 3 translational, 3 rotational degrees of freedom and
a certain number (f) of vibrational modes. According to the law of equipartition of energy, it is easily seen
that one mole of such a gas has
Cv = (3+f) R and Cp = (4+f) R and γ = (4+f)/ (3+f).
1) For monatomic molecules ratio of specific heats is γ
a) 5/3 b) 7/5 c) 9/5 d) None of these
2) For diatomic rigid molecules ratio of specific heats is γ
a) 5/3 b) 7/5 c) 9/5 d) None of these
3) For diatomic non rigid molecules ratio of specific heats is γ is
a) 5/3 b)7/5 c)9/7 d)None of these
4) Give cp and cv values and ratio of specific heat for monoatomic gas molecules.
5) Give cp and cv values and ratio of specific heat for polyatomic gas molecules
IV. TWO MARK QUESTIONS
1. Given Samples of 1 cm3 of Hydrogen and 1 cm3 of oxygen, both at N. T. P. which sample has a larger
number of molecules?
2. What is Mean free path?
3. A tank of volume 0.3m3 contains 2 moles of Helium gas at 200C. Assuming that helium behaves as an ideal
gas, Find the total internal energy of the system.
4. Air pressure in a car tyre increases during driving? Why?
V. THREE MARK QUESTIONS
1. If a system of nine particles has speeds of 5,8,12,12,12,14,14,17 and 20 m / s. Find
1) the average speed of the particles 2) their rms speed
2. Determine the volume of 1 mole of any gas at S. T. P., assuming it behaves like an ideal gas?
3. Estimate the total number of air molecules (inclusive of oxygen, nitrogen, water vapour and other
constituents) in a room of capacity 25.0 m3 at a temperature of 270C.
VI. NUMERICALS
1. Estimate the fraction of molecular volume to the actual volume occupied by oxygen gas at STP.’ Take the
diameter of an oxygen molecule to be 3 A.
2. Molar volume is the volume occupied by 1 mol of any (ideal) gas at standard temperature and pressure
(STP: 1 atmospheric pressure, 0°C). Show that it is 22.4 litres.
3. An O2 cylinder of volume 30 litres has an initial gauge pressure of 15 atm and a temp of 27°C. After some
oxygen is withdrawn from the cylinder, the gauge pressure drops to 11 atm and its temp drops to 17°C.
Estimate the mass of O2 taken out of the cylinder. (R = 8.31 J mol-1 K-1, molecular mass of O2 = 32 u.)
4. Three vessels of equal capacity have gases at the same temperature and pressure. The first vessel contains
neon (monoatomic), the second contains chlorine (diatomic), and the third contains uranium hexafluoride
(polyatomic). Do the vessels contain equal number of respective molecules? Is the root mean square speed
of molecules the same in the three cases? If not, in which case is vrms the largest?
5. An air bubble of volume 1.0 cm3 rises from the bottom of a lake 40 m deep at a temperature of 12°C. To
what volume does it grow when it reaches the surface, which is at a temperature of 35°C.
6. Estimate the average thermal energy of a helium atom at (i) room temperature (27°C), (ii) the temperature
on the surface of the Sun (6000 K), (iii) the temperature of 10 million kelvin (the typical core temperature
in the case of a star)