_ 7) SYSTEM OF PARTICLES AND ROTATIONAL MOTION id Body: Rigid body is one Rigi Rigid body is one for which the distances betw pody do not change even though there are forces on then ee paries OF the A rigid body is fi ee Arid body is fixed at one point or along a line can have onl jine along 1 body is fixed is termed as it eee Ex: Rotation about of a fixed axis, Meee 1) A Ceiling fan 2) A Potter’ c 's wheel 3) AG Bis ; ) A Giant wheel ete. A rigid body not fixed in same way can have cither pure translati ee ee aie sane pure translation or a combination of In pure translation, eve: i , every particl pee particle of the body moves with the same velocity at any In rotational motion, each ES ich particle of a body describes a circle with centre on the Other examples for rotational motion a: Bears ; A spinning top (The point of contact of the top with the ground is fixed): The movement of the axis of the top around the vertical is called precession An oscillating table fan (The pivot of the fan, point ‘O’ is fixed) Centre of mass: Centre of mass of a system of particles is the point where the entire mass of the system can be assumed to be concentrated. Consider 2 particles of masses mi& mz respectively at @ distance x; & x2 Tespectively from the origin ‘O’ Let C be the centre of mass of the system which is at a distance %’ from O.x is given by mas mate 1f2 particles have the same mass then, m, = m2 = m ‘Therefore, x =™2+™#2 x= mE 2m genes f mass lies exactly midway between them. ‘Thus, for 2 particles of equal mass, the centre o If 3 particles having the masses mi, m.& ms lies in a x-y con C14) plane and the positions of 3 particles are (x1, yi), (x2, y2) and (xs, y3)- ‘Then the centre of mass of the system of the 3 particles is defined and located by the coordinates (x, y) given by “= (imgxy + max max) amt mat my _ my, + maya mays) y = att mart m+ m+ For the particles of equal mass, m= m2 = ™s =m p eapemaym ss) (mye mist my) Mhareitone t= m+m+m m+m+m my + Ye Ys) mix, +x2+ 3) Seer 3m am 99Simplified NCERTL puc Physi Study Material xettutn, y.ntntn ‘Thus for 3 particles of equal mass, the centre of mass the triangle formed by the particles. Pepeiienresane control of cet tem in SPA vers at (X.¥,2) Position of centre of mass of system of m particles ®: ¢ of mass is For a system of n particles distributed in space, the centr Where ee (5) =mueny eh Ee eee = a Where M=m, +m. : tm, is the total mass of the system, m; 1S the mass of the i‘*particle located at (x1,¥1 71) rector of the centre of mass. Let 7j be the position vector of it*particle and R be the position ve We have F=xbtystak and R=xXt+ yj+Zk Then = Haz (8) The coordinates of the centre of mass are ap’ ya Basmery —Eaamet and 2 amis -(9) proximately given by Position of centre of mass of rigid body: If? is the position vector for an element of mass dm, R=ZSrdm X-coordinate of R, X=7,Jxdm y-coordinate of R, Y= fydm z-coordinate of R, Z = 7, f zdm If the centre of mass is chosen as the origin of the coordinate system, = 0 ie. Bf xdm = 5S yam =ZSzdm=0 Jf xdm =f ydm =fzdm=0 we can write Position of centre of mass of thin rod: Consider a thin rod whose width and breadth (for rectangular rod) or radius (for cylindrical rod) is much smaller than its length. 4m am The origin O is taken to be the geometric centre of the rod and x-axis along the length of the rod. It is found that for ‘every element dm of the rod at x, there is an element of a ‘same mass at (—x). _ The net contribution of such pair of elements to the integral J xdm is zero. we get fxdm = 0. of a thin rod lies at the geometric centre, of the centre of mass, we can writeauplified NCERT I PUC Physics St ly Material MV = m0, + mada ton 4 many Where v) is the velocity of ie a ocity of the 1* particle, Va is th ci a ai © velocity of the 2st particle and v is the Differentiate with respect to time, M remains wie gmt yy masta ate MA = Mi, + Mag boost mi Where ai& a3 are acceleration of 18 2na of the system of particles From Newton's second law of mo of motion, the fo: ajand F2=ma az ian Therefore, MA= Fy + Fat... MA & F, Where Few represents the sum of all external free, The above equation states that the cent, all the mass of the system was concentrat forces were applied at that point Particle and A is acceleration of the centre of mass ree acting on the I* particle is given byF: = m, fed at the centre of mass and all the external Linear momentum of a tances momento of rye of parce cet of From Newton's Il law, F = {2 where F is the force on the particle For the pia rero of ‘n’ particles, the linear momentum of the system is defined as the vector sum of all individual particles of the system. Therefore P= Py + Peteveee +P = mi + martes tmMntn P= MV Thus, the total momentum of a system of particles is equal to the product of the total mass of the system and the velocity of its centre of mass. P = MV. On differentiating with respect to time we get 22 =“#* 2 = Ma Sm Few This is the statement of Newton's II law extended to a system of particles. Sum of external forces acting on a system of particles is zero “=0 or P= constant Vector product or cross product of 2 vectors: Vector product is defined as the product of magnitudes of the 2 vectors and the sine of the angle between them. It is in the direction perpendicular to the plane containing the 2 vectors. Then Ax B = AB sind Where A& B are magnitudes of A & B and 9 is the angle between the 2 vectors. The magnitude of ¢ = AB sind, c is perpendicular to the plane containing A & B. Vector product is not commutative: The magnitude of both 4 x B = Ax is the same (AB @) also both of them are perpendicular to the plane of 4 &B. But the rotation of the right Jed screw in case A xB is from A to B, where in case of # x Ait is from B to A. r product or cross product is not commutative. kx k=0 n: Motion of an object along a circular path with constant speed is form circular motion, continuously changes its direction at 1 an object possesses variable velocity.TLPUC Physics 1 angular Angular displacement [Angular distance}{A0]: of time is callec The angle described by the radius vector in a given interY displacement ae Its SI unit is radian Angular velocity (Angular speed) (w) (Angular frequency): city ‘The rate of change of angular displacement is called anguler velor™ w=% weer | The S. I Unit is radian / second Angular acceleration («): The rate of change of angular velocity is c = (MeL T= | ‘The SI unit as radian / second? Relation between angular velocity and near velocitY Re: Consider an object moving in a circular path of radins Rwith a throut {@) and linear speed V. Let the object moves from A to B iP time 4S on the circumference Let 4@ be the angular displacement 48 = = ailed angular acceleraion (uinear speed) (#1 Derive V= uniform angular velocity igh a small distance a0 Angular velocity w = %2 25) at) Tea w = 2 (Since V- Vv = Ro Period of revolution (or) time period (T): , 5 ‘The time taken by a body to complete one revolution 1S called p* period. Frequency of revolution: Note: -% watef Va Ro Relation between linear acceleration and angular acceleration eal ‘The relation between linear velocity v ‘and angular velocity # is given byV=rw Differentiate both sides with respect to time ware +) =r ae =" ar tw 5 do Bit tedaracctleration (ai=“t;endiangular acceleration ar riod of revolution (or) time ‘The number of oscillations Pompletediby.a body in.one second Vv = 2nfR (1) a=ar Kinematic equations of rotational motion of « body with ® uniform acceleration: Rotational motion equations | Linear motion equations @ = @o + at v=vo tat @ = Oo + wot + 1/2at? X= Xo + Vot + % at? w= a2 + 24 @- O) v= voit 2a (x= Xo 0= Initial angular velocity @ = Final angular velocity (angular vel a = angular acceleration 6» = Initial angular displacement 6 = Final angular displacement (angular displacement in ‘t’ sec) a 102 Jocity after ‘t’ second) Mo? wt par wht eo cor i