MATH 146: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS MAPUA UNIVERSITY

REVIEWER IN CALCULUS 1 INSTRUCTOR: JEZZA B. BAYOT

CHAPTER 1: LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS Example : lim
√ √
(radicals: multiply by the conjugate
The concept of limits is the fundamental of differential →

calculus. When evaluating the limit of a function at a given of the term with √𝑥
value, simply replace the value by the indicated limit, then
solve for the value of the function:
Example: Evaluate the limit of lim
→
𝑥 −4 2 −4 4−4 0
lim → → =
→ 𝑥−2 2−2 2−2 0
However, 0/0 is in indeterminate form, so to solve this Example ∶ lim ( (complex fraction: multiply by the
)
→
equation, we need to manipulate the equation by factoring denominator)
in the given 1 1 3−𝑥
− 3−𝑥 −1(𝑥 − 3) −1
lim →
( )( )
->
( )( )
lim 𝑥 3 → 3𝑥 = = =
→ ( ) ( ) → (𝑥 − 3) 𝑥 − 3 3𝑥(𝑥 − 3) 3𝑥(𝑥 − 3) 3𝑥
Cancel like terms (𝑥 − 2) −1 −1 1
lim 𝑥 + 2 = 2 + 2 = 4 lim = =−
→ 3𝑥 3(3) 9
→
Therefore, we can say that:
CHAPTER 3: SQUEEZE THEOREM
lim =4
→ The squeeze theorem is used on limit problems where the
Theorem 1: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑘 is a constant, then the values of usual algebraic methods and manipulations are not
𝑓(𝑥) remain ixed at 𝑘 as 𝑥 values approach a: effective.
lim 𝑘 = 𝑘 However, it requires that you be able to “squeeze” your
→
Example: lim 3 = 3 problem in between two other “simpler” fractions whose
→
Theorem 2: If 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝑎 is a function, then the values of limit are easily computable and equal.
𝑓(𝑥) remain ixed at 𝑎 as 𝑥 values approach a: The method of squeezing is used to prove that f(x)=L as
lim 𝑥 = 𝑎 𝑥 → 𝑐 by “trapping or squeezing” f between two functions,
→ whose limits are known.
Example : lim 𝑥 = 4 Assume that 𝑓, 𝑔, 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ℎ satisfy 𝑔(𝑥) ≤ 𝑓(𝑥) ≤ ℎ(𝑥)
→
Two- sided Limits: and lim 𝑔(𝑥) = lim ℎ(𝑥) = 𝐿
→ →
The limit of a function is called two-sided limit if it requires then lim 𝑓(𝑥) = 𝐿
the values of 𝑓(𝑥) to get closer and closer to a number as →

the values of x are taken from either side of x=a. For example:
However, some functions exhibit different behaviors on the
two sides of an x-value, in which case it is necessary to
distinguish whether values of “x” near “a” are on the left
side or on the right side of “a” for purposes of investigating
limiting behavior. If the left-hand limit and the right-hand
limit of a function exist at a point but are not equal, then Example:
the function is discontinuous at that point

As x approaches 0 from the right, the values of 𝑓(𝑥)

Example:
approach a limit of 1 [in fact, the values of are exactly 1 for
all such ], and similarly, as x approaches 0 from the left, the
values of 𝑓(𝑥) approach a limit of -1. We denote these
limits by writing

Formal CHAPTER 4: DIFFERENTIATION OF ALGEBRAIC

De inition of One-Sided Limits FUNCTIONS
If the values of 𝑓(𝑥) can be made as close as we like to 𝐿 by 1. Derivative of a Constant
taking values of 𝑥 suf iciently close to 𝑎 (but greater than Theorem: The derivative of a constant function
is 0; that is, if c is any real number, then
𝒂), then we write:
𝑑
[𝑐] = 0
𝑑𝑥
2. Derivatives of Power Functions
If the values of 𝑓(𝑥) can be made as close as we like to 𝐿 by Theorem: ( Power Rule) If n is a positive integer,
taking values of 𝑥 suf iciently close to 𝑎 (but less than 𝒂), then
then we write 𝑑
[𝑥 ] = 𝑛𝑥
𝑑𝑥
In words, to differentiate a power function, decrease the
constant exponent by one and multiply the resulting power
function by the original exponent .
CHAPTER 2: EVALUATION OF LIMITS OF FUNCTIONS
𝐸𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒: 𝐷𝑖𝑓𝑓𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑙𝑙𝑜𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑦.
To evaluate limits, we substitute the limit/value to the
1. y = (3x − 10𝑥 + 15)
given equation
y' = 5(3x − 10𝑥 + 15) (6x-10)
Example: lim[𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4]
→ 5
lim 𝑥 + 2𝑥 − 4 = 5 + 2(5) − 4 = 25 + 10 − 4 = 31 2. G(𝑥) =
→ x-1
MATH 146: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS MAPUA UNIVERSITY
REVIEWER IN CALCULUS 1 INSTRUCTOR: JEZZA B. BAYOT

5 5 125
G'(𝑥) = 3 − = −3
x-1 (𝑥 − 1) (𝑥 − 1)
3. y = [(3x + 1)(4𝑥 − 5)]
y' = 4[(3x + 1)(4𝑥 − 5)] [(3x + 1)(4) + (4𝑥 − 5)(3)]
y' = 4[(3x + 1)(4𝑥 − 5)] (12x + 4 + 12x-15)
y = 4(24x-11) [(3x + 1)(4𝑥 − 5)] Example:
4. . y ' = 3x − 10𝑥 + 15 Find 𝑑𝑦𝑑𝑥 of 𝑦=ln(tan x)
y' = 6x − 10 1
𝑦 = sec 𝑥 = 2csc (2𝑥)
tan (𝑥)
CHAPTER 5: DIFFERENTIATION OF LOGARITHMIC Tip: Try to ind ln x if x is other trigonometric function
FUNCTIONS
NATURAL LOGARITHMS
CHAPTER 7: DIFFERENTIATION OF EXPONENTIAL
Logarithms to the base e = 2.718 are called natural
logarithms (from the Latin word Logarithmic Naturalis or FUNCTION
Napieran logarithms). The exponentia l function with base a, a > 0 and
log 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑛 𝑥 𝒂 ≠ 1, is de ined by y = 𝒂𝒙 where x is a real number.
COMMON LOGARITHMS 𝑆𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 the exponentia l function is the inverse of
Logarithms to the base 10 are called common logarithms. logarithmi c function, y = 𝒂𝒙 𝑚𝑎𝑦 𝑎𝑙𝑠𝑜 be written as
log 10 𝑥 = 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑥 𝑥 = 𝒍𝒐𝒈 𝑦.
DERIVATIVE OF EXPONENTIAL FUNCTION
The derivative of the exponential function for any given
base and any differentiable function of u.
For any given base a:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(𝑎 ) = 𝑎 (𝒍𝒏 𝑎) ; where u = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥

For base = e:
𝑑 𝑑𝑢
(𝑒 ) = 𝑒 ; where u = 𝒇(𝒙)
𝑑𝑥 𝑑𝑥
Example:
CHAPTER 6: DIFFERENTIATION OF TRIGONOMETRIC
FUNCTIONS
𝑅𝑒 𝑐 𝑎𝑙𝑙:
𝑇𝑟𝑖𝑔𝑜𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑟𝑖𝑐 Identities
𝐴. 𝑅𝑒 𝑐 𝑖𝑝𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑎𝑙 Identities
1 1
1. 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 = ⇔ csc x =
𝑐𝑠𝑐 𝑥 sin x
1 1
2. 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 = ⇔ sec x =
𝑠𝑒𝑐 𝑥 cos x
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 1
3. 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥 = =
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑥 1
4. 𝑐𝑜𝑡 𝑥 = =
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑥 𝑡𝑎𝑛 𝑥
DERIVATIVES OF TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
For the differentiation formulas of the trigonometric
functions, all you need to know is the differentiation
formulas of sin u and cos u. Using these formulas and the
differentiation formulas of the algebraic functions, the CHAPTER 8: Indeterminate Forms
differentiation formulas of the remaining functions, that is, Types of Indeterminate Forms
tan u, cot u, sec u and csc u may be obtained. A. Primary Form (Type 1)
If u is a differentiable function of x, then the following are a.
differentiation formulas of the trigonometric functions b. ∞/∞
B. Secondary Form (Type 2)
a. 0. ∞
b. ∞ − ∞
c. 0 , ∞ , 1
How to solve Indeterminate Forms?
1. Evaluate the limit and identify what type of form
2. Transform into Primary form.
a. For Primary form 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∞/∞, directly
Example:
apply the L’Hopitals rule and derive the
numerator and denominator separately.
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓′(𝑥)
lim = lim
→ 𝑔(𝑥) → 𝑔′(𝑥)

b. For Secondary Forms 0. ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∞ − ∞

Example: transform it into primary forms. Apply
LHR
 Transform to primary form by
expressing simple to complex
fractions or;
MATH 146: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS MAPUA UNIVERSITY
REVIEWER IN CALCULUS 1 INSTRUCTOR: JEZZA B. BAYOT
 trigonometric functions into
their equivalents
𝑓(𝑥) 𝑓 (𝑥) Chapter 10: Application of Derivatives: Analysis of
lim 𝑓(𝑥). 𝑔(𝑥) = lim = lim Functions (Extrema and Concavity)
→ → 1 → 1
𝑔(𝑥) 𝑔 (𝑥) INCREASING and DECREASING FUNCTIONS
The term increasing, decreasing, and constant are used to
d. For Secondary Forms 0 , ∞ , 1 describe the behavior of a function as we travel left to right
transform it irst to secondary forms along its graph. An example is shown below.
0. ∞ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ∞ − ∞ by letting y for the
function and applying logarithm to bring CONCAVITY
down the exponent. transform it into two ways to characterize the concavity of a differentiable f
primary forms before applying LHR. on an open interval: f is concave up on an open interval if
its tangent lines have increasing slopes on that interval and
3. Apply the L’Hopitals rule and ind the limit. Repeat is concave down if they have decreasing slopes.
LHR until the limit is not in indeterminate form f is concave up on an open interval if its graph lies above
the its tangent line and concave down if it lies below its
Example #1: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒙𝒄𝒔𝒄𝟐𝒙] tangent lines.
𝒙→𝟎
Step 1. Evaluate the limit and identify what type
lim[𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑥] = 0[𝑐𝑠𝑐0] = 0. ∞ (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 2) INFLECTION POINTS
→ The points where the curve changes from concave up to
Step 2. Transform to primary form by using an
concave down or vice-versa are called points of in lection.
equivalent trigonometric function
It is a point on a curve where the concavity changes.
𝑥 0 0
lim[𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑥] = lim[ ]= = (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 1)
→ → 𝑠𝑖𝑛2𝑥 𝑠𝑖𝑛0 0
Chapter 11: Application of Derivatives: Optimization
Step 3. Apply LHR and ind the limit
Problems (Two similar problems will appear on the test)
lim[ ] = lim[ ]=lim[ ]= =
→ → → ( )( ) ( )
Example 1.
Final Answer: lim[𝑥𝑐𝑠𝑐2𝑥] = A rectangular ield of ixed area is to be enclosed and
→
Example #2: Evaluate 𝐥𝐢𝐦[𝒙𝒍𝒏𝒙] divided into three lots by parallels to one of the sides. What
𝒙→𝟎
would be the relative dimensions of the ield to make the
Step 1. Evaluate the limit and identify what type o
amount of fencing a minimum?
lim[𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥] = 0[𝑙𝑛0] = 0. ∞ (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 2)
→
Step 2. Transform to primary form by using an
equivalent complex fraction
[ ]
lim[𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥] = lim = = (𝑇𝑦𝑝𝑒 1)
→ →

Step 3. Apply LHR and ind the limit

[ ] ( )
lim[ ] = lim =lim[ ] = lim[−𝑥] = 0
→ → → →

Final Answer: lim[𝑥𝑙𝑛𝑥] = 0

→

CHAPTER 9: Application of Derivatives: Slope of a curve,

tangent, and normal lines
De inition: Consider a point 𝑄 𝑥 , 𝑓(𝑥 ) on the curve 𝑦 =
𝑓(𝑥), that is distinct from the point 𝑃 𝑥 , 𝑓(𝑥 ) , and
computing the slope 𝑚 of the secant line through P and Q
we get,
𝑓(𝑥 ) − 𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑚=
∆𝑥
Since ∆𝑥 = x − x ,
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑚=
∆𝑥
Suppose that 𝑥 is in the domain of the function 𝑓, the
tangent line to the curve 𝑦 = 𝑓(𝑥) at the point 𝑃 𝑥 , 𝑓(𝑥 )
is the line with the equation:
𝑦 − 𝑓(𝑥 ) = 𝑚(𝑥 − 𝑥 )
Where:
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 )
𝑚 = lim
∆ → ∆𝑥
Therefore: Example 2: Divide 120 into two parts such that the product
𝑓(𝑥 + ∆𝑥) − 𝑓(𝑥 ) 𝑑𝑦 of one part and the square of the other is a maximum. Find
𝑚 = lim = the numbers.
∆ → ∆𝑥 𝑑𝑥
The derivative of a function represents the slope of its 𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑥 = be one part
tangent line at any given point. 120-x = be the other part
Example #: Find the slope of the =3𝑥2−2𝑥+1 at point M
(1,3) = 𝑏𝑒 the product of one part and the square of the other part
y’=6x-2
𝑚 = 6𝑥 − 2 Equation: M = (120-x)𝑥
At (1,3) dM = (120-x)(2𝑥) + 𝑥 (−1)
𝑚 = 6(−1) − 2 =-8 dM = 240x -2𝑥 − 𝑥
MATH 146: DIFFERENTIAL CALCULUS MAPUA UNIVERSITY
REVIEWER IN CALCULUS 1 INSTRUCTOR: JEZZA B. BAYOT
dM = 240x -3𝑥
𝑑 𝑀
𝑼 𝒔𝒊𝒏 g the 2nd derivative test = 240 − 6𝑥
𝑑𝑥
𝑑 𝑀
when 𝑥 = 80; = 240 − 6(80) = (−) →
𝑑𝑥
∴ 𝒎𝒂𝒙 i mum
𝑑 𝑀
when 𝑥 = 0; = 240 − 6(0) = (+) →∴ 𝒎𝒊𝒏 i mum
𝑑𝑥
answer: 𝑥 = 80 and 120-x = 4

Chapter 12: Related Rates

There are many problems in which we are concerned with the

Example #3:
rate of change of two or more related variables with respect to
time, in which it is not necessary to express each of these
variables directly as function of time. For example, we are
given an equation involving the variables x and y, and that
both x and y are functions of the third variable t, where t
denotes time.
The derivative of a function represents the rate of change of
the function with respect to its independent variable. The rates
at which two or more quantities change are related through an
equation

For Course Outcome 3, Kindly review your Quiz 3

Example #3: A man on a wharf of 20 feet above the water

pulls in a rope, to which a boat is attached, at the rate of 4
ft/sec. At what rate is the boat approaching the wharf
when there is 25 feet of rope out?