1.

DIFFERENTIATION

Let us Study

• Derivatives of Composite functions. • Geometrical meaning of Derivative.

• Derivatives of Inverse functions • Logarithmic Differentiation
• Derivatives of Implicit functions. • Derivatives of Parametric functions.
• Higher order Derivatives.

Let us Recall

• The derivative of f (x) with respect to x, at x = a is given by

• The derivative can also be defined for f (x) at any point x on the open interval as

. If the function is given as y = f (x) then its derivative is written as

• For a differentiable function y = f (x) if δx is a small increment in x and the corresponding increment

in y is δy then .

• Derivatives of some standard functions.

y = f (x) y = f (x)

c (Constant) 0 sec x sec x tan x

xn nxn−1
1 1 cosec x − cosec x cot x
− 2
x x cot x − cosec2 x
1 n ex ex
−
xn xn+1
ax a x log a
1
log x
x
sin x cos x
cos x − sin x 1
log a x
tan x sec2 x x log a

Table 1.1.1

1
Rules of Differentiation :
If u and v are differentiable functions of x such that
(i) y = u ± v then (ii) y = uv then

u
(iii) y= where v ≠ 0 then
v

Introduction :
The history of mathematics presents the development of calculus as being accredited to Sir Isaac
Newton (1642-1727) an English physicist and mathematician and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibnitz (1646-
1716) a German physicist and mathematician. The Derivative is one of the fundamental ideas of calculus.
It's all about rate of change in a function. We try to find interpretations of these changes in a mathematical
way. The symbol δ will be used to represent the change, for example δx represents a small change in the
variable x and it is read as "change in x" or "increment in x". δy is the corresponding change in y if y is
a function of x.
We have already studied the basic concept, derivatives of standard functions and rules of
differentiation in previous standard. This year, in this chapter we are going to study the geometrical
meaning of derivative, derivatives of Composite, Inverse, Logarithmic, Implicit and Parametric functions
and also higher order derivatives. We also add some more rules of differentiation.

Let us Learn

1.1.1 Derivatives of Composite Functions (Function of another function) :

So far we have studied the derivatives of simple functions like sin x, log x, e x etc. But how about
the derivatives of sin , log sin (x2 + 5) or e tan x etc ? These are known as composite functions. In
this section let us study how to differentiate composite functions.
1.1.2 Theorem : If y = f (u) is a differentiable function of u and u = g (x) is a differentiable function of
x such that the composite function y = f [g (x)] is a differentiable function of x then .

Proof : Given that y = f (u) and u = g (x). We assume that u is not a constant function. Let there be a
small increment in the value of x say δx then δu and δy are the corresponding increments in u and
y respectively.
As δx, δu, δy are small increments in x, u and y respectively such that δx ≠ 0, δu ≠ 0 and δy ≠ 0.

We have .
Taking the limit as δx → 0 on both sides we get,

2
 As δx → 0, we get, δu → 0 (⸪ u is a continuous function of x)

. . . . . (I)

Since y is a differentiable function of u and u is a differentiable function of x.

we have,

and . . . . . (II)

From (I) and (II), we get

. . . . . (III)

The R.H.S. of (III) exists and is finite, implies L.H.S.of (III) also exists and is finite

. Then equation (III) becomes,

Note:

1. The derivative of a composite function can also be expressed as follows. y = f (u) is a differentiable
function of u and u = g (x) is a differentiable function of x such that the composite function
y = f [ g (x)] is defined then
.

2. If y = f (v) is a differentiable function of v and v = g (u) is a differentiable function of u and u = h (x)

is a differentiable function of x then

3. If y is a differentiable function of u1, ui is a differentiable function of ui+1 for i = 1, 2, ..., n−1 and un
is a differentiable function of x, then

This rule is also known as Chain rule.

3
1.1.3 Derivatives of some standard Composite Functions :

dy dy
y y
dx dx
[ f (x)] n n [ f (x)] n−1 ⋅ f '(x) cot [ f (x)] − cosec2 [ f (x)]⋅ f '(x)
f '(x)
cosec [ f (x)] − cosec [ f (x)] ⋅ cot [ f (x)] ⋅ f '(x)
√ f (x) 2√ f (x)
a f (x) a f (x) ⋅ log a ⋅ f '(x)
1 n ⋅ f '(x)
− e f (x) e f (x) ⋅ f '(x)
[ f (x)]n [ f (x)] n+1
f '(x)
sin [ f (x)] cos [ f (x)]⋅ f '(x) log [ f (x)]
cos [ f (x)] − sin [ f (x)]⋅ f '(x) f (x)
tan [ f (x)] sec2 [ f (x)]⋅ f '(x) f '(x)
log a [ f (x)]
sec [ f (x)] sec [ f (x)] ⋅ tan [ f (x)] ⋅ f '(x) f (x) log a
Table 1.1.2
SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.

(i) y = √ x2 + 5 (ii) y = sin (log x) (iii) y = e tan x
3
(iv) log (x5 + 4) (v) 53 cos x − 2 (vi) y=
(2x2 − 7)5
Solution : (i) y = √ x2 + 5
Method 1 : Method 2 :
Let u = x2 + 5 then y = √ u , where y is We have y = √ x2 + 5
a differentiable function of u and u is a Differentiate w. r. t. x
differentiable function of x then
. . . . . (I)
[Treat x2 + 5 as u in mind and use the formula
Now, y = √ u
of derivative of √ u ]
Differentiate w. r. t. u

and u = x2 + 5

Differentiate w. r. t. x
du d 2
= (x + 5) = 2x
dx dx
Now, equation (I) becomes,

4
(ii) y = sin (log x)
Method 1 : Method 2 :
Let u = log x then y = sin u, where y is We have y = sin (log x)
a differentiable function of u and u is a Differentiate w. r. t. x
differentiable function of x then
[sin (log x)]
. . . . . (I)
[Treat log x as u in mind and use the formula
Now, y = sin u of derivative of sin u]
Differentiate w. r. t. u

= cos u and u = log x

Differentiate w. r. t. x
1
=
x
Now, equation (I) becomes,

Note : Hence onwards let's use Method 2.

(iii) y = e tan x (iv) Let y = log (x5 + 4)
Differentiate w. r. t. x Differentiate w. r. t. x
[e tan x] [log (x5 + 4)]

3
(v) Let y = 53 cos x − 2 (vi) Let y =
(2x2 − 7)5
Differentiate w. r. t. x
Differentiate w. r. t. x
[53 cos x − 2]
dy
= 53 cos x − 2 · log 5 × (3 cos x − 2)
dx
dy
= − 3 sin x · 53 cos x − 2 · log 5
dx

5
Ex. 2 : Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.
(i) y = √ sin x3 (ii) y = cot2 (x3) (iii) y = log [cos (x5)]
(iv) y = (x3 + 2x − 3)4 (x + cos x) 3 (v) y = (1 + cos2 x) 4 × √ x + √tan x
Solution :

(i) y= √ sin x3 (ii) y = cot2 (x3)

Differentiate w. r. t. x Differentiate w. r. t. x

= 2 cot (x3) [cot (x3)]

= 2 cot (x3)[− cosec2 (x3)] (x3)
= − 2 cot (x3)cosec2 (x3)(3x2)
dy
∴ ∴ = − 6x2 cot (x3)cosec2 (x3)
dx

(iii) y = log [cos (x5)]

Differentiate w. r. t. x
dy
= (log [cos (x5)])
dx

dy
∴ = − tan (x5) (5x4) = − 5x4 tan (x5)
dx

(iv) y = (x3 + 2x − 3)4 (x + cos x) 3

Differentiate w. r. t. x

= (x3 + 2x − 3)4 ⋅ (x + cos x) 3 + (x + cos x) 3⋅ (x3 + 2x − 3)4

6
 = (x3 + 2x − 3)4 ⋅3 (x + cos x) 2 ⋅ (x + cos x) + (x + cos x) 3⋅ 4(x3 + 2x − 3)3 ⋅ (x3 + 2x − 3)

= (x3 + 2x − 3)4 ⋅3 (x + cos x) 2 (1 − sin x) + (x + cos x) 3 ⋅ 4(x3 + 2x − 3)3 (3x2 + 2)

dy
∴ = 3(x3 + 2x − 3)4 (x + cos x) 2 (1 − sin x) + 4 (3x2 + 2) (x3 + 2x − 3)3 (x + cos x)3
dx
(v) y = (1 + cos2 x) 4 × √ x + √tan x
Differentiate w. r. t. x

Ex. 3 : Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.

(i) y = log3 (log5 x) (ii)

(iii) (iv)

(v) (vi)

7
Solution :
(i) y = log3 (log5 x)

= log3 = log3 (log x) - log3 (log 5)

∴ y = - log3 (log 5)
Differentiate w. r. t. x

[Note that log3(log 5) is constant]

(ii)

∴ [ ⸪ log e = 1]

Differentiate w. r. t. x

8
(iii)

∴
Differentiate w. r. t. x

(iv)

∴
Differentiate w. r. t. x

(v) (vi)
y = a cot x [⸪ alog a f (x) = f (x)]
Differentiate w. r. t. x

[⸪ alog a f (x) = f (x)] (a cot x )
= sin2 x + cos2 x = a cot x log a · (cot x)
∴ y =1
Differentiate w. r. t. x =a cot x log a (− cosec2 x)

− cosec2 x· a cot x log a

Ex. 4 : If f (x) = √ 7g (x) − 3 , g (3) = 4 and g' (3) = 5, find f ' (3).

Solution : Given that : f (x) = √ 7g (x) − 3

Differentiate w. r. t. x

For x = 3, we get
35 7
= = [Since g (3) = 4 and g' (3) = 5]
2(5) 2

10
Ex. 5 : If F (x) = G {3G [5G(x)]}, G(0) = 0 and G' (0) = 3, find F' (0).
Solution : Given that : F (x) = G {3G [5G(x)]}
Differentiate w. r. t. x
F' (x) = G {3G [5G(x)]}
= G' {3G [5G(x)]}3· [G [5G(x)]]
= G' {3G [5G(x)]}3·G' [5G(x)] 5· [G(x)]

F' (x) = 15·G' {3G [5G(x)]}G' [5G(x)] G' (x)

For x = 0, we get
F' (0) = 15·G' {3G [5G(0)]}G' [5G(0)] G' (0)
= 15·G' [3G (0)]G' (0)·(3) [⸪ G(0) = 0 and G' (0) = 3]
= 15·G' (0)(3)(3) = 15·(3)(3)(3) = 405
Ex. 6 : Select the appropriate hint from the hint basket and fill in the blank spaces in the following
paragraph. [Activity]
"Let f (x) = sin x and g (x) = log x then f [g(x)] = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and
g [ f (x)] = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ . Now f ' (x) = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and g' (x) = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
The derivative of f [g(x)] w. r. t. x in terms of f and g is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _.

Therefore [ f [g(x)]] = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.

The derivative of g [ f (x)] w. r. t. x in terms of f and g is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _.

Therefore [g [ f (x)]] = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _."

cos (log x)
Hint basket : { f ' [g(x)]·g' (x), , 1, g' [ f (x)]·f ' (x), cot x, √ 3,
x
1
sin (log x), log (sin x), cos x, }
x
1 cos (log x)
Solution : sin (log x), log (sin x), cos x, , f ' [g(x)]·g' (x), , 1, g' [ f (x)]·f ' (x), cot x, √ 3.
x x

EXERCISE 1.1

(1) Differentiate w. r. t. x.
5
(i) (x3 − 2x − 1) (ii) (v)

(iii) (iv) (vi)

11
(2) Differentiate the following w.r.t. x
(xv)
(i) cos (x2 + a2) (ii)

(iii) (iv) (xvi)

cot3[log (x3)]
3x+3
(v) (vi) 5sin
(vii) cosec (√cos x) (viii) log [cos (x3 − 5)] (xvii)

(x) cos2 [log (x2 + 7)]

2 x − 2 cos2 x
(ix) e3 sin
(xi) tan [cos (sin x)] (xii) sec[tan (x4 + 4)] (xviii)

(xiii) elog [(log x) − log x2 ]

(xiv) sin √sin √x
2

(xix) y = (25)log5 (sec x) − (16)log4 (tan x)

(xv) log[sec (e )] x2
(xvi) loge2 (log x)
(xx)
(xvii) [ log [log(log x)]]
2

(xviii) sin2 x2 − cos2 x2

(4) A table of values of f, g, f ' and g' is given
(3) Differentiate the following w.r.t. x
x f (x) g(x) f '(x) g'(x)
(i) (x2 + 4x + 1)3 + (x3 − 5x − 2)4
5 8
2 1 6 −3 4
(ii) (1 + 4x) (3 + x − x2)
4 3 4 5 −6
(iii) (iv) 6 5 2 −4 7

(v) (1 + sin2 x)2 (1 + cos2 x)3 (i) If r(x) = f [g(x)] find r' (2).
(vi) √cos x + √cos √x (ii) If R(x) = g[3 + f (x)] find R' (4).

(vii) log (sec 3x + tan 3x) (viii) (iii) If s(x) = f [9 − f (x)] find s' (4).
(iv) If S(x) = g [ g(x) ] find S' (6).
(ix)
(5) Assume that f ' (3) = − 1, g' (2) = 5, g (2) = 3
(x) (xi)
and y = f [g(x)] then
(xii) log [tan3 x·sin4 x·(x2 + 7) ]
7

(6) If , f (1) = 4, g (1) = 3,

(xiii) f ' (1) = 3, g' (1) = 4 find h' (1).
(7) Find the x co-ordinates of all the points on
the curve y = sin 2x − 2 sin x, 0 ≤ x < 2π
(xiv) where 0.

12
(8) Select the appropriate hint from the hint basket and fill up the blank spaces in the following
paragraph. [Activity]
"Let f (x) = x2 + 5 and g (x) = ex + 3 then Therefore [ f [g(x)]] = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and
f [ g (x)] = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and
= _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
g [ f (x)] =_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
The derivative of g [ f (x)] w. r. t. x in terms of
Now f '(x) = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ and
f and g is _ _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _.
g' (x) = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
The derivative of f [g (x)] w. r. t. x in terms Therefore [g [ f (x)]] = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
of f and g is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
and = _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _."

Hint basket : { f ' [g(x)]·g' (x), 2e2x + 6ex, 8, g' [ f (x)]· f ' (x), 2xe x +5, − 2e6, e2x + 6ex + 14, e x +5 + 3, 2x, ex}
2 2

1.2.1 Geometrical meaning of Derivative :

Consider a point P on the curve f (x). At x = a, the
coordinates of P are (a, f (a)). Let Q be another point on the
curve, a little to the right of P i.e. to the right of x = a, with
a value increased by a small real number h. Therefore the
coordinates of Q are ((a + h), f (a + h)). Now we can calculate
the slope of the secant line PQ i.e. slope of the secant line
connecting the points P (a, f (a)) and Q ((a + h), f (a + h)), by
using formula for slope.
Slope of secant PQ
Fig. 1.2.1

Suppose we make h smaller and smaller then a + h will approach a as h gets closer to zero, Q will
approach P, that is as h → 0, the secant coverges to the tangent at P.

∴ (Slope of secant PQ) = = f ' (a)

So we get, Slope of tangent at P = f ' (a) ..... [ If limit exists]
Thus the derivative of a function y = f (x) at any point P (x1, y1) is the slope of the tangent at that
point on the curve. If we consider the point a − h to the left of a, h > 0, then with R = ((a − h), f (a − h))
we will find the slope of PR which will also converge to the slope of tangent at P.
For Example : If y = x2 + 3x + 2 then slope of the tangent at (2,3) is given by

Slope = (2x + 3)(2,3) = 2 (2) + 3) ∴ m=7

13
1.2.2 Derivatives of Inverse Functions :
We know that if y = f (x) is a one-one and onto function then x = f ( y) exists. If f −1 ( y) is
−1

differentiable then we can find its derivative. In this section let us discuss the derivatives of some inverse
functions and the derivatives of inverse trigonometric functions.
x+2
Example 1 : Consider f (x) = 2x − 2 then its inverse is f −1 (x) = . Let g(x) = f −1 (x).
2
d d 1
If we find the derivatives of these functions we see that [ f (x)] = 2 and [g (x)] = .
dx dx 2
These derivatives are reciprocals of one another.

Example 2 : Consider y = f (x) = x2 . Let g = f −1.

∴ g ( y) = x = √ y
1
∴ g' ( y) = also f ' (x) = 2x
2√y
d d d
Now [g ( f (x))] = = 1 and g [ f (x)] = x ∴ [g ( f (x))] = (x) = 1
dx dx dx
1 1 1
At a point ( x, x2 ) on the curve, f ' (x) = 2x and g' ( y) = = = .
2√y 2x f '(x)

1.2.3 Theorem : Suppose y = f (x) is a differentiable function of x on an interval I and y is One-one, onto and
dy d −1 1 dx dy
≠ 0 on I. Also if f −1( y) is differentiable on f (I ) then [ f ( y)] = or = where ≠ 0.
dx dy f '(x) dy dx

Proof : Given that y = f (x) and x = f −1 (y) are differentiable functions.

Let there be a small increment in the value of x say δx then correspondingly there will be an
increment in the value of y say δy. As δx and δy are increments, δx ≠ 0 and δy ≠ 0.
δx δy
We have, × =1
δy δx
δx δy
∴ = , where ≠0
δy δx
Taking the limit as δx → 0, we get,

as δx → 0, δy → 0,
. . . . . (I)

Since y = f (x) is a differentiable function of x.

14
 dy
we have, and ≠ 0 . . . . . (II)
dx
From (I) and (II), we get
. . . . . (III)

δx
exists and is finite. ∴ lim
dy dx
As ≠ 0, δy→0 = exists and is finite.
dx δy dy
dx dy
Hence, from (III) = where ≠0
dy dx
An alternative proof using derivatives of composite functions rule.
We know that f −1 [ f (x)] = x [Identity function]
Taking derivative on bothe sides we get,
d d
[ f −1 [ f (x)]] = (x)
dx d dx
i.e. ( f −1)' [ f (x)] [ f (x)] = 1
dx
i.e. ( f −1)' [ f (x)] f ' (x) = 1
1
∴ ( f −1)' [ f (x)] = . . . . . (I)
f ' (x)
So, if y = f (x) is a differentiable function of x and x = f −1 ( y) exists and is differentiable then

( f −1)' [ f (x)] = ( f −1)' ( y) =

dx dy
and f ' (x) =
dy dx
∴ (I) becomes
dx dy
= where ≠0
dy dx

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : Find the derivative of the function y = f (x) using the derivative of the inverse function
x = f −1 ( y) in the following
(i) (ii) (iii) y = ln x
Solution :
(i)
We first find the inverse of the function y = f (x), i.e. x in term of y.
y3 = x + 4 ∴ x = y3 − 4 ∴ x = f −1 ( y) = y3 − 4
dy
= =
dx

for x ≠ −4

15
 (ii)
We first find the inverse of the function y = f (x), i.e. x in term of y.
2
y2 = 1 + √ x i.e. √ x = y2 − 1, ∴ x = f −1 ( y) = ( y2 − 1)
dy
= =
dx

(iii) y = log x
We first find the inverse of the function y = f (x), i.e. x in term of y.
y = log x ∴ x = f −1 ( y) = e y
dy 1 1 1
= = = y = ln x = .
dx e e x

Ex. 2 : Find the derivative of the inverse of Ex. 3 : Let f and g be the inverse functions of
function y = 2x3 − 6x and calculate its each other. The following table lists a
value at x = −2. few values of f, g and f '
Solution : Given : y = 2x3 − 6x x f (x) g(x) f '(x)
Diff. w. r. t. x we get, 1
dy −4 2 1
= 6x2 − 6 = 6 (x2 − 1) 3
dx
dx 1 −4 −2 4
we have, =
dy find g' (−4).
dx 1 Solution : In order to find g' (−4), we should first
∴ =
dy 6 (x − 1)
2 find an expression for g' (x) for any input
at x = − 2, x. Since f and g are inverses we can use
we get, y = 2(−2)3 − 6(−2) the following identify which holds for
= − 16 + 12 = − 4 any two diffetentiable inverse functions.
1
g' (x) = ... [check, how?]
f ' [g(x)]
... [Hint : f [g(x)] = x]
1 1
= ∴ g' (−4) =
6 ((−2)2 − 1) f '[g (−4)]
1 1
= 1
18 = =
f '(1) 4

16
Ex. 4 : Let f (x) = x5 + 2x − 3. Find ( f −1)' (−3).
Solution : Given : f (x) = x5 + 2x − 3
Diff. w. r. t. x we get,
f '(x) = 5x4 + 2
Note that f (x) = −3 corresponds to x = 0.
1
∴ ( f −1)' (−3) =
f ' (0)
1 1
= =
5(0) + 2 2

1.2.4 Derivatives of Standard Inverse trigononmetric Functions :

We observe that inverse trigonometric functions are multi-valued functions and because of this,
their derivatives depend on which branch of the function we are dealing with. We are not restricted to
use these branches all the time. While solving the problems it is customary to select the branch of the
inverse trigonometric function which is applicable to the kind of problem we are solving. We have to
pay more attention towards the domain and range.
π π dy 1
1. If y = sin−1 x, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, − ≤ y ≤ then prove that = , |x| < 1.
2 2 dx √1 − x2
π π
Proof : Given that y = sin−1 x, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, − ≤ y ≤
2 2
∴ x = sin y . . . . (I)
Differentiate w. r. t. y
dx d
= (sin y)
dy dy
dx
= cos y = ± √cos2 y = ± √1 − sin2 y
dy
dx
∴ = ± √1 − x2 . . . . [⸪ sin y = x]
dy
π π
But cos y is positive since y lies in 1st or 4th quadrant as − ≤ y ≤
2 2
dx
∴ = √1 − x2
dy
dy
We have =
dx
dy 1
∴ = , |x| < 1
dx √1 − x2
dy 1
2. If y = cos−1 x, −1 ≤ x ≤ 1, 0 ≤ y ≤ π then prove that =− .
dx √1 − x2
[As home work for students to prove.]

17
 dy 1
3. If y = cot−1 x, x ∈ R, 0 < y < π then =− .
dx 1 + x2
Proof : Given that y = cot−1 x, x ∈ R, 0 < y < π
∴ x = cot y . . . . (I)
Differentiate w. r. t. y
dx d
= (cot y)
dy dy
dx
= − cosec2 y = − (1 + cot2 y)
dy
dx
∴ = − (1 + x2) . . . . [⸪ cot y = x]
dy
dy
We have =
dx
dy 1 dy 1
∴ = ∴ =−
dx − (1 + x2) dx 1 + x2
π π dy 1
4. If y = tan−1 x, x ∈ R, − < y < then = . [left as home work for students to prove.]
2 2 dx 1 + x2
π dy 1
5. If y = sec−1 x, such that |x| ≥ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ π, y ≠ then = if x > 1
2 dx x√ x2 − 1
dy 1
=− if x < − 1
dx x√ x2 − 1
π
Proof : Given that y = sec−1 x, |x| ≥ 1 and 0 ≤ y ≤ π, y ≠
2
∴ x = sec y . . . . (I)
Differentiate w. r. t. y
dx d
= (sec y)
dy dy
dx
= sec y · tan y
dy
dx
∴ = ± sec y ·√tan2 y
dy
= ± sec y ·√sec2 y − 1
dx Fig. 1.2.2
∴ = ± x √ x2 − 1 . . . . . [⸪ sec y = x]
dy
We use the sign ± because for y in 1st and 2nd quadrant. sec y · tan y > 0.
Hence we choose x √ x2 − 1 if x > 1 and − x √ x2 − 1 if x < − 1
In 1st quadrant both sec y and tan y are positive.
In 2nd quadrant both sec y and tan y are negative.
∴ sec y · tan y is positive in both first and second quadrant.

18
 Also, for x > 0, x √ x2 − 1 > 0
and for x < 0, − x √ x2 − 1 > 0
dx
= x √ x2 − 1 , when x > 0, |x| > 1 i.e. x > 1
dy
= − x √ x2 − 1 , when x < 0, |x| > 1 i.e. x < − 1
dy 1
= if x > 1
dx x√ x2 − 1
dy 1
=− if x < − 1
dx x√ x2 − 1

Note 1 : A function is increasing if its derivative is positive and is decreasing if its derivative is
negative.

Note 2 : The derivative of sec−1 x is always positive because the graph of sec−1 x is always increasing.
π π dy 1
6. If y = − cosec x, such that |x| ≥ 1 and −
≤ y ≤ , y ≠ 0 then =− if x>1
2 2 dx x√ x2 − 1
dy 1
= if x<−1
dx x√ x2 − 1
[ Left as home work for students to prove ]
Note 3 : The derivative of cosec−1 x is always negative because the graph of cosec −1
x is always
decreasing.

1.2.5 Derivatives of Standard Inverse trigonometric Functions :

dy dy
y Conditions y Conditions
dx dx

−1 ≤ x ≤ 1
sin −1 x 1 1 |x| ≥ 1
, |x| < 1 π π for x > 1
√1 − x2 − ≤y≤ x√ x2 − 1 0≤y≤π
2 2 sec −1 x
1 1 π
−1 ≤ x ≤ 1 − for x < − 1 y≠
cos −1 x − , |x| < 1 x√ x2 − 1 2
√1 − x2 0≤y≤π

1 x∈R
tan −1 x 1 |x| ≥ 1
π π
1 + x2 − <y< − for x > 1 π π
2 2 cosec −1 x x√ x2 − 1 − ≤y≤
1 1 2 2
− x∈R for x < − 1
cot −1 x x√ x2 − 1 y≠0
1 + x2 0<y<π

Table 1.2.1

19
1.2.6 Derivatives of Standard Inverse trigonometric Composite Functions :
dy dy
y y
dx dx
f ' (x) f ' (x)
, | f (x)| < 1 cot −1 [ f (x)] −
sin −1
[ f (x)]
√1 − [ f (x)] 2 1 + [ f (x)]2
f ' (x)
f ' (x) , for | f (x)| > 1
− , | f (x)| < 1 sec −1
[ f (x)]
cos −1 [ f (x)] f (x) √[ f (x)] − 1 2

√1 − [ f (x)]2
f ' (x)
f ' (x) − , for | f (x)| > 1
tan −1 [ f (x)] cosec −1
[ f (x)]
1 + [ f (x)]2 f (x) √[ f (x)] − 1 2

Table 1.2.2
Some Important Formulae for Inverse Trigonometric Functions :
(1) sin−1 (sin θ) = θ, sin(sin−1 x) = x (2) cos−1 (cos θ) = θ, cos(cos−1 x) = x
(3) tan−1 (tan θ) = θ, tan(tan−1 x) = x (4) cot−1 (cot θ) = θ, cot(cot−1 x) = x
(5) sec−1 (sec θ) = θ, sec(sec−1 x) = x (6) cosec−1 (cosec θ) = θ, cosec(cosec−1 x) = x
π π π π
(7) sin−1 (cos θ) = sin−1 sin −θ = −θ (8) cos−1 (sin θ) = cos−1 cos −θ = −θ
2 2 2 2
π π π π
(9) tan−1 (cot θ) = tan−1 tan −θ = −θ (10) cot−1 (tan θ) = cot−1 cot −θ = −θ
2 2 2 2
π π
(11) sec−1 (cosec θ) = sec−1 sec −θ = −θ
2 2
π π
(12) cosec−1 (sec θ) = cosec−1 cosec −θ = −θ
2 2
1 1
(13) sin−1 (x) = cosec−1 (14) cosec−1 (x) = sin−1
x x
1 1
(15) cos−1 (x) = sec−1 (16) sec−1 (x) = cos−1
x x
1 1
(17) tan−1 (x) = cot−1 (18) cot−1 (x) = tan−1
x x
π π π
(19) sin−1 x + cos−1 x = (20) tan−1 x + cot−1 x = (21) sec−1 x + cosec−1 x =
2 2 2
x+y x−y
(22) tan−1 x + tan−1 y = tan−1 (23) tan−1 x − tan−1 y = tan−1
1 − xy 1 + xy

In above tables, x is a real variable with restrictions. Table 1.2.3

20
Some Important Substitutions :

Expression Substitutions Expression Substitutions

√1 − x2 x = sin θ or x = cos θ 2x
x = tan θ
1 + x2
√1 − x2 x = tan θ or x = cot θ
1 − x2
x = tan θ
√ x2 + 1 x = sec θ or x = cosec θ 1 + x2
a+x a−x 3x − 4x3 or 1 − 2x2 x = sin θ
or x = a cos 2θ or x = a cos θ
a−x a+x 4x3 − 3x or 2x2 − 1 x = cos θ
3x − x3
1+x 1−x x = tan θ
or x = cos 2θ or x = cos θ 1 − 3x2
1−x 1+x
2 f (x) 1 − [ f (x)]2
a + x2 a − x2 or f (x) = tan θ
or x2 = a cos 2θ or x2 = a cos θ
a − x2 a + x2 1 + [ f (x)]2 1 + [ f (x)]2

Table 1.2.4

SOLVED EXAMPLES
π
Ex. 1 : Using derivative prove that sin−1 x + cos−1 x = .
2
Solution : Let f (x) = sin−1 x + cos−1 x
. . . . . (I)
π
We have to prove that f (x) =
2
Differentiate (I) w. r. t. x
d d
[ f (x)] = [sin−1 x + cos−1 x]
dx dx
1 1
f ' (x) = − =0
√1 − x2 √1 − x2
f ' (x) = 0 ⇒ f (x) is a constant function.
Let f (x) = c. For any value of x, f (x) must be c only. So conveniently we can choose x = 0,
∴ from (I) we get,
π π π π
f (0) = sin−1 (0) + cos−1 (0) = 0 + = ⇒ c = ∴ f (x) =
2 2 2 2
π
Hence, sin x + cos x = .
−1 −1
2
Ex. 2 : Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.
(i) sin−1 (x3) (ii) cos−1 (2x2 − x) (iii) sin−1 (2x)
1 1+x
(iv) cot−1 (v) cos−1 (vi) sin2 (sin−1 (x2))
x2 2

21
Solution : (ii) Let y = cos−1 (2x2 − x)
(i) Let y = sin−1 (x3) Hence cos y = 2x2 − x . . . (I)
Differentiate w. r. t. x. Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy d dy
= (sin−1 (x3)) − sin y· = 4x − 1
dx dx dx
1 d 3 1 − 4x 1 − 4x
= · (x ) dy
= =
√1 − (x3)2 dx dx sin y √1 − cos2 y
1
= (3x2) dy 1 − 4x
√1 − x 6 ∴ = . . . from (I)
3x2 dx √1 − x2 (2x − 1)2
dy
∴ =
dx √1 − x6 Alternate Method :
If y = cos−1 (2x2 − x)
(iii) Let y = sin−1 (2x)
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy d
dy d = (cos−1 (2x2 − x))
= (sin−1 (2x)) dx dx
dx dx
−1 d
1 d = · (2x2 − x)
= x 2
·
dx
(2x) √1 − (2x − x)
2 2 dx
√ 1 − (2 )
−1
1 = · (4x − 1)
= (2x log 2) √1 − x2 (2x − 1)2
√1 − 22x 1 − 4x
dy
dy 2x log 2 ∴ =
∴ = dx √1 − x2 (2x − 1)2
dx √1 − 4x
1 1+x
(iv) Let y = cot−1 = tan−1 (x2) (v) Let y = cos−1
x2 2
Differentiate w. r. t. x. Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy d
= (tan−1 (x2)) dy d 1+x
dx dx = cos−1
1 d 2 dx dx 2
= · (x )
1 + (x2)2 dx 1 d 1+x
= − ·
dy 2x 1+x
2 dx 2
∴ = 1−
2
dx 1 + x4
1 1 d 1+x
(vi) Let y = sin2 (sin−1 (x2)) = − × ×
1−
1+x
2
1+x dx 2
2 2
= [sin (sin (x )]
−1 2
= (x )
2 2 2

∴ y = x4 √2 1 1
= − × ×
Differentiate w. r. t. x. √1 − x √2 √1 + x 2
dy d 4 dy dy 1
= (x ) ∴ = 4x 3 ∴ =−
dx dx dx dx 2 √1 − x2

22
Ex. 3 : Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.
1 − cos x
(i) cos−1 (4 cos3 x − 3 cos x) (ii) cos−1 [sin (4x)] (iii) sin−1
2
1 − cos 3x cos x
(iv) tan−1 (v) cot−1
sin 3x 1 + sin x
Solution :
(i) Let y = cos−1 (4 cos3 x − 3 cos x) (ii) Let y = cos−1 [sin (4x)]
= cos−1 (cos 3x) π
= cos−1 cos − 4x
∴ y = 3x 2
π
Differentiate w. r. t. x. ∴ y= − 4x
dy d 2
= (3x) Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dx dx dy d π
dy = − 4x = 0 − 4x log 4
∴ =3 dx dx 2
dx
dy
∴ = − 4x log 4
dx
1 − cos x 1 − cos 3x
(iii) Let y = sin−1 (iv) Let y = tan−1
2 sin 3x
2 sin2( 2x ) 2 sin2( 3x2 )
= sin−1 = tan−1
2 2 sin ( 3x2 ) cos ( 3x2 )
x
= sin−1 sin 3x
2 = tan−1 tan
x 2
∴ y= 3x
2 ∴ y=
Differentiate w. r. t. x. 2
dy 1 Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy d x
= ∴ = dy d 3x dy 3
dx dx 2 dx 2 = ∴ =
dx dx 2 dx 2
cos x 1 + sin x
(v) Let y = cot−1 = tan−1
1 + sin x cos x
[cos ( 2x ) + sin ( 2x )]2 [cos ( 2x ) + sin ( 2x )]2
= tan −1
= tan −1

cos2 ( 2x ) − sin2 ( 2x ) [cos ( 2x ) − sin ( 2x )] [cos ( 2x ) + sin ( 2x )]

cos ( 2x ) + sin ( 2x ) 1 + tan ( 2x ) x
= tan−1 = tan−1
....Divide Numerator & Denominator by cos
cos ( 2 ) − sin ( 2 )
x x
1 − tan ( 2x ) 2
π x π x
= tan−1 tan + + ∴y=
4 2 4 2
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy d π x 1 dy 1
= + = 0 + ∴ =
dx dx 4 2 2 dx 2

23
Ex. 4 : Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.
2 cos x + 3 sin x 3 sin x2 + 4 cos x2 a cos x − b sin x
(i) sin −1
(ii) cos −1
(iii) sin−1
√13 5 √a2 + b2
Solution :
2 cos x + 3 sin x 3 sin x2 + 4 cos x2
(i) Let y = sin−1 (ii) Let y = cos−1
√13 5
2 3 3 4
= sin−1 cos x + cos x = cos−1 sin x2 + cos x2
√13 √13 5 5
2 3 3 4
Put = sin α, = cos α Put = sin α, = cos α
√13 √13 5 5
4 9 9 16
Also, sin2 α + cos2 α = + =1 Also, sin2 α + cos2 α = + =1
3 13 25 25
2 2 3 3
And tan α = ∴ α = tan−1 And tan α = ∴ α = tan−1
3 3 4 4
y = sin−1 (sin α cos x + cos α sin x) y = cos−1 (sin α sin x2 + cos α cos x2)
y = sin−1 (sin x cos α + cos x sin α) y = cos−1 (cos x2 cos α + sin x2 sin α)
y = sin−1 [sin (x + α)] y = cos−1 [cos (x2 − α)]
2 3
∴ y = x + tan−1 ∴ y = x2 − tan−1
3 4
Differentiate w. r. t. x. Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy d 2 dy d 2 3
= x + tan−1 = 1+0 = x − tan−1 = 2x − 0
dx dx 3 dx dx 4
dy dy
∴ =1 ∴ = 2x
dx dx
a cos x − b sin x a b
(iii) Let y = sin−1 = sin−1 cos x − sin x
√a2 + b2 √a2 + b2 √a2 + b2
a b
Put = sin α, = cos α
√a2 + b2 √a2 + b2
a2 b2 a a
Also, sin2 α + cos2 α = + = 1 And tan α = ∴ α = tan−1
a +b
2 2
a +b
2 2
b b
y = sin (sin α cos x − cos α sin x)
−1

But sin (α − x) = sin α cos x − cos α sin x

y = sin−1 [sin (α − x)]
a
∴ y = tan−1 −x
b
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy d a dy
= tan−1 −x = 0−1 ∴ = −1
dx dx b dx

24
Ex. 5 : Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.
2x 1
(i) sin−1 (ii) cos−1 (2x √1− x2) (iii) cosec−1
1 + x2 3x − 4x3
2ex 1 − 9x2 2x − 2− x
(iv) tan−1 (v) cos−1 (vi) cos−1
1− e2x 1 + 9x2 2x + 2− x
3−x 5√1− x2 − 12x 2x+1
(vii) tan−1 (viii) sin−1 (ix) sin−1
3+x 13 1 + 4x
Solution :

2x (ii) Let y = cos−1 (2x √1− x2)

(i) Let y = sin −1
1 + x2 Put x = sin θ ∴ θ = sin−1 x
Put x = tan θ ∴ θ = tan−1 x ∴ y = cos−1 (2 sin θ √1− sin2 θ)
2 tan θ
∴ y = sin−1 y = cos−1 (2 sin θ √cos2 θ)
1 + tan2 θ
y = sin−1 (sin 2θ) = 2θ y = cos−1 (2 sin θ cos θ) = cos−1 (sin 2θ)
∴ y = 2 tan−1 x π π
y = cos−1 cos − 2θ = − 2θ
Differentiate w. r. t. x. 2 2
dy d π
= 2 (tan−1 x) ∴ y = − 2 sin−1 x
dx dx 2
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy 2
∴ = dy d π
dx 1 + x2 = − 2 sin−1 x
dx dx 2
dy 2×1
=0−
dx √1 − x2
dy 2
∴ =−
dx √1 − x2
1 2ex
(iii) Let y = cosec−1 (iv) Let y = tan−1
3x − 4x3 1− e2x
y = sin−1 (3x − 4x3) Put ex = tan θ ∴ θ = tan−1 (ex)
Put x = sin θ ∴ θ = sin−1 x 2 tan θ
y = tan−1
y = sin−1 (3 sin θ − 4 sin3 θ) 1 + tan2 θ
y = sin−1 (sin 3θ) = 3θ y = tan−1 (tan 2θ) = 2θ
∴ y = 3 sin−1 x ∴ y = 2 tan−1 (ex)
Differentiate w. r. t. x. Differentiate w. r. t. x.

[tan−1 (ex)]
dy d dy d
= 3 (sin−1 x) =2
dx dx dx dx
dy 3 dy 2 d x 2ex
∴ = ∴ = (e ) =
dx √1 − x2 dx 1 + (ex)2 dx 1− e2x

25
 1 − 9x2 2x − 2− x
(v) Let y = cos−1 (vi) Let y = cos−1
1 + 9x2 2x + 2− x
1 − (3x)2 2x (2x − 2− x) . . . [Multiply &
y = cos −1
y = cos−1
1 + (3x)2 2x (2x + 2− x) Devide by 2x]

Put 3x = tan θ ∴ θ = tan−1 (3x) 22x − 1 1 − (2x)2

y = cos −1
= cos −
−1

1 − tan2 θ 22x + 1 1 + (2x)2

∴ y = cos−1
1 + tan2 θ Put 2x = tan θ ∴ θ = tan−1 (2x)

y = cos−1 (cos 2θ) = 2θ 1 − tan2 θ

∴ y = cos−1 − = cos−1 [− cos 2θ]
1 + tan θ
2
y = 2 tan−1 (3x)
y = cos [cos (π − 2θ)] = π − 2θ
−1

Differentiate w. r. t. x.
y = π − 2 tan−1 (2x)
= 2 [tan−1 (3x)]
dy d
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dx dx
[π − 2 tan−1 (2x)]
dy d
dy 2 d =
= 2
(3x) dx dx
dx 1 + (3x) dx
dy 2 d x 2·2x·log 2
dy 6 =0− 2
(2 ) = −
∴ = dx 1 + (2x) dx 1 + 22x
dx 1 + 9x2
dy 2x+1 log 2
∴ =−
dx 1 + 22x

3−x
(vii) Let y = tan−1
3+x
1 x
Put x = 3 cos 2θ ∴ θ = cos−1
2 3
3 − 3 cos 2θ 3(1 − cos 2θ) 2 sin2 θ
∴ y = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1
3 + 3 cos 2θ 3(1 + cos 2θ) 2 cos2 θ

y = tan−1 (√tan2 θ) = tan−1 (tan θ)

1 x
y = θ = cos−1
2 3
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy 1 d x
= · cos−1
dx 2 dx 3
1 1 d x 1 1 1
=− =− × ×
2 1−
x 2 dx 3 2 9− x2
3
3 9

1 1 1
− × 9−x ×
=
2 √ 3
2

3
dy 1
∴ =−
dx 2√9 − x2

26
 5√1− x2 − 12x
(viii) Let y = sin−1
13
Put x = sin θ ∴ θ = sin−1 x
5 cos θ − 12 sin θ
y = sin−1 5√1− sin θ − 12 sin θ = sin−1 5√cos θ − 12 sin θ = sin−1
2 2
∴
13 13 13
5 12
∴ y = sin−1 cos θ - sin θ
13 13
5 12
Put = sin α, = cos α
13 13
25 144
Also, sin2 α + cos2 α = + =1
169 169
5 5
And tan α = ∴ α = tan−1
12 12
y = sin (sin α cos θ − cos α sin θ) = sin−1 [sin (α − θ)] = (α − θ)
−1

5
∴ y = tan−1 − sin−1 x
12
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy d 5 1
= tan−1 − sin−1 x = 0 −
dx dx 12 √1 − x2
dy 1
∴ =−
dx √1 − x2
2x+1 2·2x
(ix) Let y = sin−1 = sin −1
1 + 4x 1 + (2x)2
Put 2x = tan θ ∴ θ = tan−1 (2x)
2 tan θ
∴ y = sin−1 = sin−1 (sin 2θ) = 2θ = 2 tan−1 (2x)
1 + tan θ
2

Differentiate w. r. t. x.
2 2
= 2 [tan−1 (2x)] =
dy d d x
x 2
· (2 ) = (2x·log 2)
dx dx 1 + (2 ) dx 1 + 22x
dy 2x+1 log 2
∴ =−
dx 1 + 4x

Ex. 6 : Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.

4x 7x
(i) tan−1 (ii) tan−1
1 + 21x2 1 − 12x2
b sin x − a cos x 5x + 1
(iii) cot−1 (iv) tan−1
a sin x + b cos x 3 − x − 6x2

27
Solution :
4x 7x
(i) Let y = tan−1 (ii) Let y = tan−1
1 + 21x2 1 − 12x2
7x − 3x 3x + 4x
=tan−1 =tan−1
1 + (7x) (3x) 1 − (3x) (4x)
y = tan−1 (7x) − tan−1 (3x) y = tan−1 (3x) + tan−1 (4x)
Differentiate w. r. t. x. Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy d dy d
= [tan−1 (7x) − tan−1 (3x)] = [tan−1 (3x) + tan−1 (4x)]
dx dx dx dx
d d d d
= [tan−1 (7x)] − [tan−1 (3x)] = [tan−1 (3x)] + [tan−1 (4x)]
dx dx dx dx
1 d 1 d 1 d 1 d
= 2
· (7x) − 2
· (3x) = 2
· (3x) + 2
· (4x)
1 + (7x) dx 1 + (3x) dx 1 + (3x) dx 1 + (4x) dx
dy 7 3 dy 3 4
∴ = − ∴ = +
dx 1 + 49x 1 + 9x2
2
dx 1 + 9x2
1 + 16x2

b sin x − a cos x a sin x + b cos x

a
b + cot x
(iii) Let y = cot−1
= tan
−1
= tan −1
a sin x + b cos x b sin x − a cos x 1 − ( ab ) (cot x)
a a π

= tan−1 + tan−1 (cot x) = tan−1 + tan−1 tan −x
b b 2
a π
y = tan−1 + −x
b 2
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy d a π
= tan−1 + −x
dx dx b 2

d a d π d
= tan−1 + − (x)
dx b dx 2 dx
= 0 + 0 − 1
dy
∴ =−1
dx
5x + 1 5x + 1 5x + 1
(iv) Let y = tan−1 = tan−1 = tan−1
3 − x − 6x2
1 + 2 − x − 6x2
1 − (6x2 + x − 2)
5x + 1 5x + 1

= tan−1 = tan−1
1 − (6x2 + 4x − 3x − 2) 1 − [2x(3x + 2) − (3x + 2)]
5x + 1 (3x + 2) + (2x − 1)

= tan−1 = tan−1
1 − (3x + 2)(2x − 1) 1 − (3x + 2)(2x − 1)

28
 y = tan−1 (3x + 2) + tan−1 (2x − 1)
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
dy d
= [tan−1 (3x + 2) + tan−1 (2x − 1)]
dx dx
d d
= [tan−1 (3x + 2)] + [tan−1 (2x − 1)]
dx dx
1 d 1 d
= 2 · (3x + 2) + 2 · (2x − 1)
1 + (3x + 2) dx 1 + (2x − 1) dx
dy 3 2
∴ = 2 +
dx 1 + (3x + 2) 1 + (2x − 1)2

EXERCISE 1.2

(1) Find the derivative of the function y = f (x) (6) Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.
using the derivative of the inverse function (i) tan−1 (log x) (ii) cosec−1 (e−x )
x = f −1 ( y) in the following (iii) cot−1 (x3) (iv) cot−1 (4x )
(i) y = √x (ii) y = 2 − √x 1 + x2
(v) tan−1 (√x) (vi) sin−1
(iii) (iv) y = log (2x − 1) 2
3
(v) y = 2x + 3 (vi) y = ex − 3 (vii) cos−1 (1 − x2) (viii) sin−1 (x 2 )
x
(vii) y = e2x − 3 (viii) y = log2 (ix) cos3 [cos−1 (x3)] (x) sin4 [sin−1 (√x)]
2
(2) Find the derivative of the inverse function of (7) Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.
cot−1 [cot (ex )]
2
the following (i)
(i) y = x2·ex (ii) y = x cos x 1
(ii) cosec−1
(iii) y = x·7x (iv) y = x2 + log x cos (5x)
(v) y = x log x 1 + cos x
(iii) cos−1
(3) Find the derivative of the inverse of the 2
following functions, and also find their value
1 − cos (x2)
at the points indicated against them. (iv) cos−1
2
(i) y = x5 + 2x3 + 3x, at x = 1
1 − tan ( 2x )
(ii) y = ex + 3x + 2, at x = 0 (v) tan −1

(iii) y = 3x + 2 log x , at x = 1
2 3 1 + tan ( 2x )
(iv) y = sin (x − 2) + x2, at x = 2 1
(vi) cosec−1
(4) If f (x) = x3 + x − 2, find ( f −1)' (0). 4 cos3 2x − 3 cos 2x
(5) Using derivative prove 1 + cos ( 3x )
π (vii) tan −1
(i) tan−1 x + cot−1 x = sin ( 3x )
2
π sin 3x
(ii) sec−1 x + cosec−1 x = . . . [for | x | ≥ 1]
2 (viii) cot−1
1 + cos 3x

29
 cos 7x 1 − x2
(ix) tan −1
(iii) sin−1 (iv) sin−1 (2x √1 − x2)
1 + sin 7x 1 + x2
1 + cos x ex − e −x
(x) tan −1 (v) cos−1 (3x − 4x3) (vi) cos−1
1 − cos x ex + e −x
1
1 − 9x 4x + 2
(xi) tan (cosec x + cot x)
−1
(vii) cos−1 (viii) sin−1
1 + 9x 1 + 24x
1 + sin ( 4x3 ) + 1 − sin ( 4x3 )
(xii) cot−1 1 − 25x2 1 − x3
(ix) sin−1 (x) sin−1
1 + sin ( 4x3 ) − 1 − sin ( 4x3 ) 1 + 25x2 1 + x3
5
(8) Differentiate the following w. r. t. x. 2x 2 1 − √x
(xi) tan−1 (xii) cot−1
4 sin x + 5 cos x 1 − x5 1 + √x
(i) sin−1
√41 (10) Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.
√3 cos x − sin x 8x 1 + 35x2
(ii) cos−1 (i) tan−1 (ii) cot−1
2 1 − 15x2 2x
cos √x + sin √x 2√x 2x + 2
(iii) sin−1 (iii) tan−1 (iv) tan−1
√2 1 + 3x 1 − 3(4x)
3 cos 3x − 4 sin 3x 2x a2 − 6x2
(iv) cos−1 (v) tan−1 (vi) cot−1
5 1 + 22x + 1 5ax
3 cos (ex) + 2 sin (ex) a + b tan x
(v) cos −1
(vii) tan−1
√13 b − a tan x
10 5− x
(vi) cosec−1 (viii) tan−1
6 sin (2 ) − 8 cos (2x)
x
6x − 5x − 3
2

(9) Differentiate the following w. r. t. x. 4 − x − 2x2

(ix) cot−1
1 − x2 2x 3x + 2
(i) cos−1 (ii) tan−1
1 + x2 1 − x2

1.3.1 Logarithmic Differentiation

The complicated functions given by formulas that involve products, quotients and powers can often
be simplified more quickly by taking the natural logarithms on both the sides. This enables us to use
the laws of logarithms to simplify the functions and differentiate easily. Especially when the functions
are of the form y = [ f (x)]g(x) it is recommended to take logarithms on both the sides which simplifies to
log y = g(x). log [ f (x)], now it becomes convenient to find the derivative. This process of finding the
derivative is called logarithmic differentiation.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : Differentiate the following w. r. t. x.

(x2 + 3)2
3
(x3 + 5)2 2
ex (tan x) 2
x

(i) (ii) 3
(2x2 + 1)3 (1 + x2) 2 cos3 x
30
 3 5 2
(iii) (x + 1) 2 (2x + 3) 2 (3x + 4) 3 for x ≥ 0 (iv) xa + xx + ax (v) (sin x)tan x − xlog x

Solution :
(x2 + 3)2 3 (x3 + 5)2
(i) Let y =
(2x2 + 1)3
Taking log of both the sides we get,
2
(x2 + 3)2 3 (x3 + 5)2 (x2 + 3)2 (x3 + 5) 3
log y = log = log 3
(2x2 + 1)3 (2x2 + 1) 2
2 3
= log (x2 + 3)2 (x3 + 5) 3 − log (2x2 + 1) 2
2 3
= log (x2 + 3)2 + log (x3 + 5) 3 − log (2x2 + 1) 2
2 3
log y = 2 log (x2 + 3) + log (x3 + 5) − log (2x2 + 1)
3 2
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
d d 2 3
(log y) = 2 log (x2 + 3) + log (x3 + 5) − log (2x2 + 1)
dx dx 3 2
1 dy d 2 d 3 d
= 2· [log (x2 + 3)] + · [log (x3 + 5)] − · [log (2x2 + 1)]
y dx dx 3 dx 2 dx
2 d 2 d 3 d
= 2 · (x2 + 3) + 3 · (x3 + 5) − · (2x2 + 1)
x + 3 dx 3(x + 5) dx 2(2x2 + 1) dx
dy 2 2 3
= y 2 (2x) + (3x2
) − (4x)
dx x +3 3(x3 + 5) 2(2x2 + 1)

(x2 + 3)2 3 (x3 + 5)

2
dy 4x 2x2 6x
∴ = + − 2
dx (2x2 + 1)3 x + 3 (x + 5) 2x + 1
2 3

2 x
ex (tan x) 2
(ii) Let y = 3
(1 + x2) 2 cos3 x
Taking log of both the sides we get,
2 x
ex (tan x) 2 2 x 3
log y = log 3 = log ex (tan x) 2 − log (1 + x2) 2 (cos x)3
(1 + x ) (cos x)3
2 2

x 3
2
= log ex + log (tan x) 2 − log (1 + x2) 2 + log (cos x)3
x 3
= x2 log e +
log (tan x) − log (1 + x2) − 3 log (cos x)
2 2
x 3
∴ log y = x2 + log (tan x) − log (1 + x2) − 3 log (cos x)
2 2

31
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
d d 2 x 3
(log y) = x + log (tan x) − log (1 + x2) − 3 log (cos x)
dx dx 2 2
1 dy d 2 x d d x 3 d d
= (x ) + · [log (tan x)] + log (tan x) − [log (1 + x2)] − 3 [log (cos x)]
y dx dx 2 dx dx 2 2 dx dx
x 1 d 1 3 d 3 d
= 2x + · · (tan x) + log (tan x) − · (1 + x2) − · (cos x)
2 tan x dx 2 2(1 + x ) dx 2
cos x dx
x 1 3 3
= 2x + ·(cot x) (sec2 x) + log (tan x) − ·(2x) − (− sin x)
2 2 2(1 + x )2
cos x
x cos x 1 1 3x
= 2x + × × + log (tan x) − + 3 tan x
2 sin x cos2 x 2 1 + x2
dy x 1 3x
= y 2x + + log (tan x) − + 3 tan x
dx 2 sin x cos x 2 1 + x2
2 x
dy ex (tan x) 2 1 3x
∴ = 3 2x + x cosec 2x + log (tan x) − + 3 tan x
dx (1 + x2) 2 cos3 x 2 1 + x2
3 5 2
(iii) Let y = (x + 1) 2 (2x + 3) 2 (3x + 4) 3
Taking log of both the sides we get,
3 5 2
log y = log (x + 1) 2 (2x + 3) 2 (3x + 4) 3
3 5 2
= log (x + 1) 2 + log (2x + 3) 2 + log (3x + 4) 3
3 5 2
log y = log (x + 1) + log (2x + 3) + log (3x + 4)
2 2 3
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
d d 3 5 2
(log y) = log (x + 1) + log (2x + 3) + log (3x + 4)
dx dx 2 2 3
1 dy 3 d 5 d 2 d
· = · [log (x + 1)] + · [log (3x + 2)] + · [log (3x + 4)]
y dx 2 dx 2 dx 3 dx
3 d 5 d 2 d
= · (x + 1) + · (3x + 2) + · (3x + 4)
2(x + 1) dx 2(3x + 1) dx 3(3x + 4) dx
dy 3 5 2
= y + (3) + (3)
dx 2(x + 1) 2(3x + 1) 3(3x + 4)
dy 3 5 2 3 15 2
∴ = (x + 1) 2 (2x + 3) 2 (3x + 4) 3 + +
dx 2(x + 1) 2(3x + 1) 3x + 4
(iv) Let y = xa + xx + ax
Here the derivatives of xa and ax can be found directly but we can not find the derivative of xx
without the use of logarithm. So the given function is split in to two functions, find their derivatives
and then add them.

32
 Let u = xa + ax and v = xx
∴ y = u + v, , where u and v are differentiable functions of x.
dy du dv
= + . . . . . (I)
dx dx dx
Now, u = xa + ax
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
du d a d
= (x ) + (ax)
dx dx dx
du
= axa −1 + ax log a . . . . . (II)
dx
And, v = xx
Taking log of both the sides we get,
log v = log xx
log v = x log x
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
d d
(log v) = (x log x)
dx dx
1 dv d d
= x (log x) + log x (x)
v dx dx dx
dv 1
= v x × + log x (1)
dx x
dv
= xx [1 + log x] . . . . . (III)
dx
Substituting (II) and (III) in (I) we get,
dy
= axa−1 + ax log a + xx [1 + log x]
dx
(v) Let y = (sin x)tan x − xlog x
Let u = (sin x)tan x and v = xlog x
∴ y = u − v, , where u and v are differentiable functions of x.
dy du dv
= − . . . . . (I)
dx dx dx
Now, u = (sin x)tan x , taking log of both the sides we get,
log u = log (sin x)tan x ∴ log u = tan x log (sin x)
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
d d
(log u) = [tan x log (sin x)]
dx dx
1 du d d
= tan x [log (sin x)] + log (sin x) (tan x)
u dx dx dx
1 d
= tan x· · ·(sin x) + log (sin x)·(sec2)
sin x dx

33
 du 1
= u tan x· ·(cos x) + sec2 x·log (sin x)
dx sin x
du
= (sin x)tan x [tan x·cot x + sec2 x·log (sin x)]
dx
du
= (sin x)tan x [1 + sec2 x·log (sin x)] . . . . . (II)
dx
And, v = xlog x
Taking log on both the sides we get,
log v = log (xlog x)
log v = log x log x = (log x)2
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
d d
(log v) = [(log x)2]
dx dx
1 dv d
= 2 log x (log x)
v dx dx
dv 2 log x 2xlog x log x
=u = . . . . . (III)
dx x x
Substituting (II) and (III) in (I) we get,
dy 2xlog x log x
= (sin x)tan x [1 + sec2 x·log (sin x)] −
dx x

1.3.2 Implicit Functions

Functions can be represented in a variety of ways. Most of the functions we have dealt with so far
have been described by an equation of the form y = f (x) that expresses y solely in terms of the variable
x. It is not always possible to solve for one variable explicitly in terms of another. Those cases where it
is possible to solve for one variable in terms of another to obtain y = f (x) or x = g (y) are said to be in
explicit form.
If an equation in x and y is given but x is not an explicit function of y and y is not an explicit function
of x then either of the variables is an Implicit function of the other.

1.3.3 Derivatives of Implicit Functions

1. Differentiate both sides of the equation with respect to x (independent variable), treating y as a
differentiable function of x.
dy dy
2. Collect the terms containing on one side of the equation and solve for .
dx dx

34
 SOLVED EXAMPLES

dy
Ex. 1 : Find
if
dx
(i) x5 + xy3 + x2y + y4 = 4 (ii) y3 + cos (xy) = x2 − sin (x + y)
(iii) x2 + e xy = y2 + log (x + y)
Solution :
(i) Given that : x5 + xy3 + x2y + y4 = 4
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
d 5 d d 2 d d
(x ) + (xy3) + (x y) + ( y4) = (4)
dx dx dx dx dx
d d d d d
5x4 + x ( y3) + y3 (x) + x2 (y) + y (x2)+ 4y3 ( y) = 0
dx dx dx dx dx
dy dy dy
5x4 + x (3y2) + y3 (1) + x2 + y (2x)+ 4y3 =0
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
x2 + 3xy2 + 4y3 = − 5x4 − 2xy − y3
dx dx dx
dy
(x2 + 3xy2 + 4y3) = − (5x4 + 2xy + y3)
dx
dy 5x4 + 2xy + y3
∴ =− 2
dx x + 3xy2 + 4y3

(ii) Given that : y3 + cos (xy) = x2 − sin (x + y)

Differentiate w. r. t. x.
d d d 2 d
( y3) + [cos (xy)] = (x ) − [sin (x + y)]
dx dx dx dx
d d d
3y2 ( y) − sin (xy) (xy) = 2x − cos (x + y) (x + y)
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
3y2 − sin (xy) x + y(1) = 2x − cos (x + y) 1 +
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
3y2 − x sin (xy) − y sin (xy) = 2x − cos (x + y) − cos (x + y)
dx dx dx
dy dy dy
3y2 − x sin (xy) + cos (x + y) = 2x + y sin (xy) − cos (x + y)
dx dx dx
dy
[3y2 − x sin (xy) + cos (x + y)] = 2x + y sin (xy) − cos (x + y)
dx
dy 2x + y sin (xy) − cos (x + y)
∴ =
dx 3y2 − x sin (xy) + cos (x + y)

35
(iii) Given that : x2 + e xy = y2 + log (x + y)
d d
Recall that g ( f (x) ) = g' ( f (x) ) · f (x)
dx dx
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
d d xy d 2 d
(x2) + [e ] = (y ) + [log (x + y)]
dx dx dx dx
d dy 1 d
2x + e xy (xy) = 2y + (x + y)
dx dx x + y dx
dy dy 1 dy
2x + e xy x + y(1) = 2y + 1+
dx dx x + y dx
dy dy 1 1 dy
2x + xe xy + ye xy = 2y + + ·
dx dx x + y x + y dx
1 dy dy 1 dy
2x + ye xy − = 2y − xe xy + ·
x+y dx dx x + y dx
1 1 dy
2x + ye xy − = 2y − xe xy +
x+y x + y dx
2x (x + y) + ye (x + y) − 1
xy
2y (x + y) − xexy (x + y) + 1 dy
=
x+y x+y dx
dy 2x (x + y) + ye (x + y) − 1
xy
∴ =
dx 2y (x + y) − xexy (x + y) + 1
dy y
Ex. 2 : Find xm·yn = (x + y) m + n , then prove that = .
dx x
Solution : Given that : xm·yn = (x + y) m + n
Taking log on both the sides, we get
log [xm·yn] = log [(x + y) m + n]
m log x + n log y = (m + n) log (x + y)
Differentiate w. r. t. x.
d d d
m (log x) + n (log y) = (m + n) [log (x + y)]
dx dx dx
m n dy m + n d
+ · = · (x + y)
x y dx x + y dx
m n dy m + n dy
+ · = · 1+
x y dx x + y dx
m n dy m + n m + n dy
+ · = + ·
x y dx x + y x + y dx
n dy m + n dy m + n m
· − · = −
y dx x + y dx x + y x

36
 n m + n dy m + n m
− = −
y x + y dx x + y x
n (x + y) − (m + n) y dy (m + n) x − m (x + y)
=
y (x + y) dx x (x + y)
nx + ny − my − ny dy mx + nx − mx − my
=
y dx x
nx − my dy nx − my
=
y dx x
dy y
∴ =
dx x
pxm − qym dy y
Ex. 3 : If sin = r , then show that = , where r is a constant.
pxm + qym dx x
pxm − qym
Solution : Given that : sin =r
pxm + qym
pxm − qym
m = sin −1 r
px + qy m

pxm − qym
m = t . . . . . . [ Let t = sin −1 r ]
px + qym
pxm − qym = ptxm + qtym

pxm − ptxm = qym + qtym

p (1 − t) xm = q (1 + t) ym
p (1 − t) m

ym = x
q (1 + t)
p (1 − t)

ym = s·xm . . . . . . (I) . . . . . . Let s =
q (1 − t)
Differentiate w. r. t. x
d d
( ym ) = s ( xm )
dx dx
dy
mym −1 = s·mxm −1
dx
dy x m −1
= s· m −1 xm −1
dx y
dy y m x m −1

= m × m −1 . . . . . . [ From (I)]
dx x y
dy y
∴ =
dx x

37
 x3 + y3 dy x2 tan2 a
Ex. 4 : If sec −1 = 2a , then show that = , where a is a constant.
x3 − y3 dx y2
x3 + y3
Solution : Given that : sec −1
= 2a . . . . . [We will not eliminate a, as answer contains a ]
x3 − y3
x3 − y3
∴ cos −1 = 2a
x3 + y3
x3 − y3
3 = cos 2a
x + y3
x3 − y3 = x3 cos 2a + y3 cos 2a
x3 − x3 cos 2a = y3 cos 2a + y3
x3 (1 − cos 2a) = y3 (1 + cos 2a)
1 − cos 2a 3
y3 = x
1 + cos 2a
2 sin2 a 3
y = x 3
2 cos2 a
y3 = (tan2 a) x3 . . . . . . (I)
Differentiate w. r. t. x
d d 3
( y3) = (tan2 a) (x )
dx dx
dy
3y2 = (tan2 a) 3x2
dx
dy x2 tan2 a
∴ =
dx y2

dy sec2 x
Ex. 5 : If y = tan x + tan x + √ tan x + ... ∞ , then show that = .
dx 2y − 1

Solution : Given that : y = tan x + tan x + √ tan x + ... ∞ . . . . . . . (I)

Squaring both sides, we get

y2 = tan x + tan x + √ tan x + ... ∞ , which is same as

y2 = tan x + tan x + tan x + √ tan x + ... ∞

y2 = tan x + y . . . . . . . [ From (I) ]

Differentiate w. r. t. x
d d dy
( y2) = (tan x) +
dx dx dx

38
 dy dy
2y − = sec2 x
dx dx
dy
(2y − 1) = sec2 x
dx
dy sec2 x
∴ =
dx 2y − 1

dy 1 − y2
Ex. 6 : If √ 1 − x + √ 1 − y = a (x − y) , then show that
2 2
= .
dx 1 − x2
Solution : Given that : √ 1 − x2 + √ 1 − y2 = a (x − y) . . . . . . . (I)
Put x = sin α, y = sin β
∴ α = sin−1 x, β = sin−1 y
Equation (I) becomes,
√ 1 − sin2 α + √ 1 − sin2 β = a (sin α − sin β)
cos α + cos β = a (sin α − sin β)
α+β α−β α+β α−β
2 cos cos = 2a cos sin
2 2 2 2
α−β α+β α−β
cos = a sin ⇒ cot =a
2 2 2
α−β
= cot−1 a ∴ α − β = 2 cot−1 a
2
∴ sin−1 x − sin−1 y = 2 cot−1 a
Differentiate w. r. t. x
d d d
(sin−1 x) − (sin−1 y) = (2 cot−1 a)
dx dx dx
1 1 dy
− · =0
√ 1 − x2 √ 1 − y2 dx
dy 1 − y2
∴ =
dx 1 − x2
EXERCISE 1.3
(1) Differentiate the following w. r. t. x
(x + 1)2 3
(i) (x2 + 2x + 2) 2
(x + 2)3 (x + 3)4 (iv)
(√ x + 3)3 (cos x)x
4x − 1
(ii) 3 x5·tan3 4x −1
(2x + 3) (5 − 2x)2 (v) (vi) xtan x
3
sin 3x
2

(iii) (x2 + 3) 2 ·sin3 2x·2x2 (vii) (sin x)x (viii) sin xx

39
(2) Differentiate the following w. r. t. x. (5) (i) If log (x + y) = log (xy) + p, where p is
(i) x e + x x + e x + e e (ii) x x + e x y2
x x
dy
constant then prove that =− 2.
(iii) (log x) x − (cos x) cot x dx x
(iv) x e + (log x) sin x (v) etan x + (log x) tan x
x
x −y
3 3
(ii) If log10 3 3 = 2,
(vi) (sin x)tan x + (cos x) cot x x +y
(vii) 10 x + x x + x 10
x 10 x
dy 99x2
show that =− .
π dx 101y2
(viii) [(tan x)tan x]
tan x
at x = x4 + y4
4 (iii) If log5 4 4 = 2,
dy x −y
(3) Find if
dx dy 12x3
show that =− .
(i) √ x + √ y = √ a (ii) x√ x + y√ y = a√ a dx 13y3
(iii) x + √ xy + y = 1 (iv) If e x + e y = e x + y, then
(iv) x3+ x2 y + xy2 + y3 = 81 dy
show that = − e y − x.
dx
(v) x2 y2 − tan−1 √ x2 + y2 = cot−1 √ x2 + y2
x − y5
5
π
(vi) xe y + yex = 1 (vii) e x + y = cos (x − y) (v) If sin−1 5 5 = ,
x +y 6
x
(viii) cos (xy) = x + y (ix) e e =
x−y
dy x4
y show that = .
(x) x + sin(x + y) = y − cos (x − y) dx 3y4
(vi) If xy = e x − y, then
dy y dy log x
(4) Show that = in the following, show that = .
dx x dx (1 + log x)2
where a and p are constants.
(vii) If y = cos x + cos x + √ cos x +... ∞,
(i) x7 y5 = (x + y)12
(ii) x p y4 = (x + y) p + 4, p∈N dy sin x
then show that = .
dx 1 − 2y
x5 + y5
(iii) sec = a2
x5 − y5 (viii) If y = log x + log x + √ log x +... ∞,
3x2 − 4y2
(iv) tan−1 = a2 dy 1
3x2 + 4y2 then show that = .
dx x(2y − 1)
7x4 + 5y4
(v) cos−1 = tan−1 a ...
∞

7x4 − 5y4 (ix) If y = x x , then

x

dy y2
x20 − y20 show that = .
(vi) log 20 20 = 20 dx x(1 − log y)
x +y
x7 − y7 (x) If e y = y x , then
(vii) e x7 + y7 =a
dy (log y)2
show that = .
x3 − y3 dx log y − 1
(viii) sin 3 3 = a3
x +y

40
1.4.1 Derivatives of Parametric Functions
Consider the equations x = f (t ), y = g (t ). These equations may imply a functional relation between
the variables x and y. Given the value of t in some domain [a, b], we can find x and y.
For example x = a cos t and y = a sin t. The functional relation between these two functions is that,
x2 + y2 = a2 cos2 t + a2 sin2 t = a2 (cos2 t + sin2 t ) = a2 represents the equation of a circle of radius a with
center at the origin. And the domain of t is [0, 2π]. We can find x and y for any t ∈ [0, 2π].
If two variables x and y are defined separately as functions by an inter mediating varibale t, then that
inter mediating variable is known as parameter. Let us discuss the derivatives of parametric functions.

1.4.2 Theorem : If x = f (t ) and y = g (t ) are differentiable functions of t so that y is a differentiable

dx dy dy
function of x and if ≠ 0 then = dxdt .
dt dx dt
Proof : Given that x = f (t ) and y = g (t ).
Let there be a small increment in the value of t say δt then δx and δy are the corresponding increments
in x and y respectively.
As δt, δx, δy are small increments in t, x and y respectively such that δt ≠ 0 and δx ≠ 0.
δy
Consider, the incrementary ratio , and note that δx → 0 ⇒ δt → 0 .
δy δx
δy δt δx
i.e. = δx , since ≠0
δx δt δt
Taking the limit as δt → 0 on both sides we get,
δy
δy
lim
δx→0
lim δx
= δt→0 δt
δx δt
As δt → 0, δx → 0
δy lim δy
lim
δx→0
δt
= δt→0 δx . . . . . (I)
δx lim
δt→0 δt
Since x and y are differentiable function of t. we have,
lim δx = dx and lim δy = dy exist and are finite . . . . . (II)
δt→0
δt dt δt→0
δt dt
From (I) and (II), we get
lim δy = dt
dy
δx→0 . . . . . (III)
δx dx
dt
The R.H.S. of (III) exists and is finite, implies L.H.S.of (III) also exist and finite
lim δy = dy
∴ δx→0
δx dx
Thus the equation (III) becomes,
dy
dy dx
= dt
dx
where ≠0
dx dt
dt

41
 SOLVED EXAMPLES

dy
Ex. 1 : Find
if
dx
(i) x = at 4, y = 2at 2 (ii) x = t − √t , y = t + √t
(iii) x = cos (log t ), y = log (cos t ) (iv) x = a (θ + sin θ), y = a (1 − cos θ)
(v) x = √ 1 − t 2, y = sin−1 t
Solution :
(i) Given, y = 2at 2 (ii) Given, y = t + √ t
Differentiate w. r. t. t Differentiate w. r. t. t
dy d 2 dy d 1
= 2a (t ) = 2a (2t ) = 4at. . . . . (I) = (t + √ t ) = 1 +
dt dt dt dt 2√ t
And, x = at 4 dy 2√ t + 1
= . . . . . (I)
Differentiate w. r. t. t dt 2√ t
dx d 4 And, x = t − √ t
=a (t ) = a (4t 3 ) = 4at 3. . . . . (II)
dt dt Differentiate w. r. t. t
dy dy 4at dx d 1
Now, = dx
dt
= ...[From (I) and (II)] = (t − √ t ) = 1 −
dx dt 4at3 dt dt 2√ t
dy 1 dx 2√ t − 1
∴ = = . . . . . (II)
dx t2 dt 2√ t
dy 2√t + 1
dy 2√t
Now, = dt
dx = 2√t − 1
...[From (I) and (II)]
dx dt 2√t

dy 2√ t + 1
∴ =
dx 2√ t − 1

(iii) Given, y = log (cos t )

Differentiate w. r. t. t
dy d 1 d 1 dy
= [log (cos t )] = · (cos t ) = (− sin t ) ∴ = − tan t . . . . . (I)
dt dt cot t dt cot t dt
And, x = cos (log t )
Differentiate w. r. t. t
dx d d sin (log t ) dx sin (log t )
= [cos (log t )] = − sin (log t )· (log t ) = − ∴ =− . . . . . (II)
dt dt dt t dt t
dy dy
− tan t
Now, = dx
dt
= sin (log t ) ...[From (I) and (II)]
dx dt
− t
dy t · tan t
∴ =
dx sin (log t )

42
(iv) Given, y = a (1 − cos θ) (v) Given, y = sin−1 t
Differentiate w. r. t. θ Differentiate w. r. t. t
dy d dy d 1
=a [(1 − cos θ)] = a [0 − (− sin θ)] = (sin−1 t ) =
dθ dθ dt dt √ 1 − t2
dy dy 1
= a sin θ . . . . . (I) = . . . . . (I)
dt dt √ 1 − t2
And, x = a (θ + sin θ) And, x = √ 1 − t 2
Differentiate w. r. t. θ Differentiate w. r. t. t
dx d dx d 1 d
=a
dθ
(θ + sin θ) = a (1 + cos θ) = (√ 1 − t 2 ) = · (1 − t 2)
dt dt dt 2√ 1 − t dt
2

dx dx 1 t
= a (1 + cos θ) . . . . . (II) = ·(−2t ) = − . . . . . (II)
dt dt 2√ 1 − t2 √ 1 − t2
dy dt
dy
a sin θ 1
dy
Now, = dx = ...[From (I) and dy dt √1 − t2
dx a (1 + cos θ) Now, = dx = t ... [From (I) and (II)]
dt (II)] dx −
dt √1 − t 2

dy 2 sin ( 2 ) · cos ( 2 )
θ θ
θ dy 1
∴ = = tan ∴ =−
dx 2 cos2 ( θ2 ) 2 dx t
dy π 1 1 1
Ex. 2 : Find if (i) x = sec2 θ, y = tan3 θ, at θ = (ii) x = t + , y = 2 , at t =
dx 3 t t 2
π
(iii) x = 3 cos t − 2 cos3 t, y = 3 sin t − 2 sin3 t, at t =
6
Solution :
(i) Given, y = tan3 θ
Differentiate w. r. t. θ
dy d d dy
= (tan θ)3 = 3 tan2 θ (tan θ) ∴ = 3 tan2 θ · sec2 θ . . . . . (I)
dθ d θ d θ dθ
And, x = sec θ 2

Differentiate w. r. t. θ
dx d d
= (sec2 θ) = 2 sec θ · (sec θ)
dθ dθ dθ
dx
= 2 sec θ · sec θ tan θ = 2 sec2 θ · tan θ . . . . . (II)
dθ
dy dθ dy
3 tan2 θ · sec2 θ
Now, = dx = . . . [From (I) and (II)]
dx dθ 2 sec2 θ · tan θ
dy 3
∴ = tan θ
dx 2
π
At θ = , we get
3
dy 3 π 3√ 3
π= tan =
dx θ =
3 2 3 2

43
 1 (iii) Given, y = 3 sin t − 2 sin3 t
(ii) Given, y =
t2 Differentiate w. r. t. t
Differentiate w. r. t. t
1 dy d
dy d
=
= (3 sin t − 2 sin3 t)
dt dt
dt dt t2
d
dy 2 =3 (sin t ) − 2 (sin t )3
= − 3 . . . . . (I) dt
dt t
d
1 = 3 cos t − 2(3) sin2 t (sin t )
And, x = t + dt
t = 3 cos t − 6 sin2 t (cos t )
Differentiate w. r. t. t
= 3 cos t (1 − 2 sin2 t)
dx d 1 1
= t+ =1− 2
dt dt t t dy
= 3 cos t cos 2t . . . . . (I)
dx t2 − 1 dt
=− . . . . . (II)
dt t2 And, x = 3 cos t − 2 cos3 t
2
dy dy
− t3 Differentiate w. r. t. t
Now, = dt
dx = . . . [From (I) and (II)]
dx t2 −1
dt dx d
t2
= (3 cos t − 2 cos3 t)
dy 2 dt dt
∴ =− 2 d d
dx t (t − 1) =3 (cos t) − 2 (cos3 t)
dt dt
1
At t = , we get d
2 = 3(− sin t) − 2 (3) cos2 t (cos t)
dt
dy 2
1 =− = − 3 sin t − 6 cos2 t (− sin t)
dx t= 1 1 2
2
2 2 −1
= 6 cos2 t sin t − 3 sin t
2 = 3 sin t (2 cos2 t − 1)
=− 1 1

2 4 −1 dx
= 3 sin t cos 2t . . . . . (II)
dy 2 dt
1 =− 1 3
dx t=
2 2 − 4 dy dy
3 cos t cos 2t
Now, = dt
= . . . . . [From (I)
dx dx
3 sin t cos 2t
dy 16 dt
and (II)]
1 =
dx t=
2
3 dy
∴ = − cot t
dx
π
At t = , we get
6
dy π
π = − cot =√3
dx t=
6 6

44
 1 1 1 1
Ex. 3 : If x2 + y2 = t + and x4 + y4 = t2 + 2 , then Ex. 4 : If x = a t − and y = b t + ,
t t t t
dy dy b x 2

show that x3y = − 1. then show that = .

dx dx a2y
Solution : Solution :
1 1 1
Given that, x4 + y4 = t2 + 2 . . . (I) Given that, x = a t − and y = b t +
t t t
1 x 1 y 1
And x2 + y2 = t + i.e. = t − . . . (I) and = t + . . . (II)
t a t b t
Squaring both sides, Square of (I) − Square of (II) gives,
2 1 2
(x + y ) = t +
2 2
x2 y2 1 2
1 2
t − = t − − t+
1 a2 b2 t t
x4 + 2 x2y2 + y4 = t2 + 2 + 2 1 1
t = t2 − 2 + − t2 − 2 − 2
x4 + 2 x2y2 + y4 = x4 + y4 + 2 . . . [ From (I)] t 2
t
x2 y2
2 x2y2 = 2 ∴ x2y2 = 1 . . . (II) ∴ − =−4
a2 a2
Differentiate w. r. t. x
d 2 2 d Differentiate w. r. t. x
(x y ) = (1) 1 d 2 1 d
dx dx d
· (x ) − 2 · ( y2)= (− 4)
d d a dx
2
b dx dx
x2 ( y2) + y2 (x2) = 0
dx dx 1 1 d
dy (2x) − (2y) · =0
x2 (2y) + y2 (2x) = 0 a2 b2 dx
dx 1 1 dy
dy dy 2xy2 (2x) − (2y) · =0
2x2y = − 2xy2 ⇒ =− 2 a2 b2 dx
dx dx 2x y 2y dy 2x dy b2x
1
· = ⇒ =
dy x x 2
b2 dx a2 dx a2y
=− . . . [ From (II)] dy b2x
dx x2y ∴ =
dy −1 dy dx a2y
∴ = ∴ x3y = −1
dx x3y dx

dy y
Ex. 5 : If x = √ a sin t and y = √ a cos t , then show that =− .
−1 −1

dx x
Solution : Given that, x = √ a sin t and y = √ a cos
−1 −1
t

i.e. x = √ a sin t . . . (I) and y = √ a cos . . . (II)

−1 −1
t

Differentiate (I) w. r. t. t
dx d 1 d sin−1t
= √ a sin−1 t = · (a )
dt dt 2√a sin t dt
−1

1 d
·a sin t · log a (sin−1 t )
−1
=
2√a sin
−1
t dt

45
 a sin t · log a
−1
1
= ·
2√a sin √1 − t2
−1
t

dx √a sin t· log a
−1
x log a
= = . . . (III) . . . [From (I)]
dt 2√1 − t2 2√1 − t2

Now y = √ a cos
−1
t

Differentiate (II) w. r. t. t
dy d 1 d cos−1t
= √ a cos−1 t = · (a )
dt dt 2√a cos t dt
−1

1 d
= ·a cos−1 t
· log a (cos−1 t )
2√a cos−1 t dt
a cos t · log a
−1
1
= −
2√a cos t √1 − t2
−1

dy − √a cos t· log a
−1
y log a
= = − . . . (IV) . . . [From (II)]
dt 2√1 − t2 2√1 − t2
y log a
dy −
dy dt 2√1 − t2
Now, = dx = x log a
. . . . . [From (III) and (IV)]
dx dt 2√1 − t2
dy y
∴ =−
dx x
1.4.3 Differentiation of one function with respect to another function :
dy
If y is differentiable function of x, then the derivative of y with respect to x is .
dx
du dv
Similarly, if u = f (x), v = g (x) differentiable function of x, such that = f ' (x) and = g' (x)
dx dx
du
du dx
f ' (x)
then the derivative of u with respect to v is = dv = .
dv dx
g' (x)
SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : Find the derivative of 7x w. r. t. x7.

du
Solution : Let : u = 7x and v = x7, then we have to find .
dv
du du
dx
And, v = x7
∴ = . . . (I)
dv dv
dx
Differentiate w. r. t. x
dv d 7
Now, u = 7x = (x ) = 7x6 . . . (III)
dx dx
Differentiate w. r. t. x
du d x Substituting (II) and (III) in (I) we get,
= (7 ) = 7x log 7 . . . (II) du 7x log 7
dx dx ∴ =
dv 7x6

46
Ex. 2 : Find the derivative of cos−1 x w. r. t. √1 − x2.
du
Solution : Let u = cos−1 x and v = √1 − x2, then we have to find .
dv
du du
i.e. = dx
. . . (I)
dv dv dx

Now, u = cos−1 x
Differentiate w. r. t. x
du d 1
= (cos−1 x) = − . . . (II)
dx dx √1 − x2
And, v = √1 − x2
Differentiate w. r. t. x
dv d 1 d 1
= (√1 − x2 ) = · (1 − x2
) = · (− 2x )
dx dx 2√1 − x2 dx 2√1 − x2
dv x
=− . . . (III)
dx √1 − x2
Substituting (II) and (III) in (I) we get,
1
du − du 1
√1 − x2
= x
∴ =
dv − dv x
√1 − x2
√1 + x2 − 1 2x
Ex. 3 : Find the derivative of tan −1
w. r. t. sin−1 .
x 1 + x2
√1 + x2 − 1 2x du
Solution : Let u = tan−1 and v = sin−1 , then we have to find .
x 1 + x2 dv
du
du
i.e. = dx
dv . . . (I)
dv dx
√1 + x2 − 1
Now, u = tan −1
x
Put x = tan θ ∴ θ = tan−1 x
1
−1
√1 + tan2 θ − 1 sec θ − 1 cos θ 1 − cos θ
u = tan−1 = tan−1 = sin θ = tan−1
tan θ tan θ sin θ
cos θ
θ
2 sin2 2 θ
=tan−1 = tan−1 tan
θ θ 2
2 sin 2 cos 2
θ 1
u = = tan−1 x
2 2
Differentiate w. r. t. x
du 1 d 1
= (tan−1 x) = . . . (II)
dx 2 dx 2(1 + x2)

47
 2x 2 tan θ
And, v = sin−1 = sin−1 = sin−1 ( sin 2θ) = 2θ
1+x 2
1 + tan2 θ

v = 2 tan−1 x
Differentiate w. r. t. x
dv d 2
=2 (tan−1 x) = . . . (III)
dx dx 1 + x2
Substituting (II) and (III) in (I) we get,
1
du 2(1 + x2) 1
= 2
=
dv 4
1 + x2

EXERCISE 1.4

dy (3) (i) If x = a√ sec θ − tan θ, y = a√ sec θ + tan θ,

(1) Find if
dx dy y
(i) x = at2 , y = 2at then show that =− .
dx x
(ii) x = a cot θ, y = b cosec θ (ii) If x = esin 3t, y = ecos 3t, then
(iii) x = √ a2 + m2, y = log (a2 + m2) dy y log x
show that =− .
(iv) x = sin θ, y = tan θ dx x log y
(v) x = a(1 − cos θ), y = b(θ − sin θ) t+1 t−1
1
a
1 (iii) If x = ,y= , then
(vi) x = t + , y = at + t , t−1 t+1
t dy
where a > 0, a ≠ 1 and t ≠ 0. show that y2 + = 0.
dx
2t
(vii) x = cos−1 , y = sec−1 (√ 1 + t2) (iv) If x = a cos3 t, y = a sin3 t, then
1 + t2 1
dy y
(viii) x = cos−1 (4t3 − 3t ), y = tan−1 √
1 − t2 show that =−
3
.
dx x
t
dy (v) If x = 2 cos4 (t + 3), y = 3 sin4 (t + 3),
(2) Find if
dx
π dy 3y
(i) x = cosec2 θ, y = cot3 θ, at θ = show that =− .
6 dx 2x
π (vi) If x = log (1 + t2), y = t − tan−1 t,
(ii) x = a cos3 θ, y = a sin3 θ, at θ =
3 dy √ ex − 1
show that = .
πt πt dx 2
(iii) x = t2 + t + 1, y = sin + cos ,
2 2 (vii) If x = sin−1 (e t ), y = √ 1 − e2t,
at t = 1
dy
(iv) x = 2 cos t + cos 2t , y = 2 sin t − sin 2t, show that sin x + = 0.
dx
π
at t = 2bt 1 − t2
4 (viii) If x = , y = a ,
(v) x = t + 2 sin(πt), y = 3t − cos(πt), 1 + t2 1 + t2
1 dx b2 y
at t = show that =− 2 .
2 dy a x

48
(4) (i) Differentiate x sin x w. r. t. tan x. (v) Differentiate 3x w. r. t. logx 3.
2x
(ii) Differentiate sin−1 cos x
1 + x2 (vi) Differentiate tan−1
1 + sin x
1 − x2
w. r. t. cos−1 . w. r. t. sec−1 x.
1 + x2
x (vii) Differentiate xx w. r. t. xsin x.
(iii) Differentiate tan−1
√ 1 − x2
√ 1 + x2 − 1
1 (viii) Differentiate tan−1
w. r. t. sec−1 . x
2x2 − 1
2x√ 1 − x2
1 − x2 w. r. t. tan−1 .
(iv) Differentiate cos −1
w. r. t. tan−1 x. 1 − 2x2
1 + x2

1.5.1 Higher order derivatives :

If f (x) is differentiable function of x on an open interval I, then its derivative f ' (x) is also a function
on I, so f ' (x) may have a derivative of its own, denoted as ( f ' (x))' = f '' (x). This new function f '' (x) is
called the second derivative of f (x). By Leibniz notation, we write the second detivative of
d dy d2 y
y = f (x) as y'' = f '' (x) = = 2
dx dx dx
By method of first principle
f (x + h) − f (x) dy
lim
f ' (x) = h→0 = and
h dx
f ' (x + h) − f ' (x) d2 y
f '' (x) = lim
h→0
= 2
h dx
d
[ f '' (x)] = f ''' (x).
Further if f '' (x) is a differentiable function of x then its derivative is denoted as
dx
Now the new function f ''' (x) is called the third derivative of f (x). We write the third of y = f (x) as
d d2 y d3 y
y ''' = f ''' (x) = 2
= 3
. The fourth derivative, is usually denoted by f (4) (x). Therefore
dx dx dx
d4 y
f (4) (x) = .
dx4
In general, the nth derivative of f (x), is denoted by f (n) (x) and it obtained by differentiating f (x),
dn y
n times. So, we can write the nth derivative of y = f (x) as y(n) = f (n) (x) = n . These are called higher order
dx
derivatives.

Note : The higher order derivatives may also be denoted by y2, y3, . . . , yn.

49
For example: Consider f (x) = x3 − x

Differentiate w. r. t. x
d
f ' (x) = [ f (x)] = 3x2 − 1
dx
Differentiate w. r. t. x
d
f '' (x) = [ f ' (x)] = 6x
dx
Differentiate w. r. t. x
d
f ''' (x) = [ f '' (x)] = 6
dx
Which is the slope of the line represented by f '' (x). Hence forth all its next derivatives are zero.
Note : From the above example we can deduce one important result that, if f (x) is a polynomial of
degree n, then its nth order derivative is a constant and all the onward detivatives are zeros.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : Find the second order derivative of the following :

(i) x3 + 7x2 − 2x − 9 (ii) x2 ex (iii) e2x sin 3x
(iv) x2 log x (v) sin (log x)
Solution :

(i) Let y = x3 + 7x2 − 2x − 9 (ii) Let y = x2 ex

Differentiate w. r. t. x Differentiate w. r. t. x
dy d 3 dy d 2 x
= (x + 7x2 − 2x − 9) = (x e )
dx dx dx dx
dy dy d d
= 3x2 + 14x − 2 = x2 (ex) + ex (x2)
dx dx dx dx
Differentiate w. r. t. x dy
= x2 ex + 2x ex = ex (x2 + 2x)
d dy d dx
= (3x2 + 14x − 2) Differentiate w. r. t. x
dx dx dx
d2 y d dy d x 2
2 = 6x + 14 = [e (x + 2x)]
dx dx dx dx
d2 y d d x
2 = ex (x2 + 2x) + (x2 + 2x) (e )
dx dx dx
= ex (2x + 2) + (x2 + 2x) (ex)
= (x2 + 4x + 2) ex
d2 y
2 = (x2 + 4x + 2) ex
dx

50
(iii) Let y = e2x sin 3x
Differentiate w. r. t. x
dy d 2x d d 2x
= (e sin 3x) = e2x (sin 3x) + sin 3x (e )
dx dx dx dx
dy
= e2x (cos 3x) (3) + sin 3x (e2x) (2)
dx
dy
= e2x (3 cos 3x + 2 sin 3x)
dx
Differentiate w. r. t. x
d dy d 2x
= [e (3 cos 3x + 2 sin 3x)]
dx dx dx
d2 y 2x d d 2x
= e (3 cos 3x + 2 sin 3x) + (3 cos 3x + 2 sin 3x) (e )
dx2 dx dx
= e2x [3 (− sin 3x) (3) + 2 (cos 3x)(3)] + (3 cos 3x + 2 sin 3x) e2x (2)
= e2x [− 9 sin 3x + 6 cos 3x + 6 cos 3x + 4 sin 3x]
d2 y 2x
= e [12 cos 3x − 5 sin 3x]
dx2
(iv) Let y = x2 log x (v) Let y = sin (log x)
Differentiate w. r. t. x Differentiate w. r. t. x
dy d 2 dy d
= (x log x) = [sin (log x)]
dx dx dx dx
dy d d 2 dy d
= x2 (log x) + log x (x ) = cos (log x) (log x)
dx dx dx dx dx
dy 1 dy cos (log x)
= x2 · + log x (2x) =
dx x dx x
dy Differentiate w. r. t. x
= x (1 + 2 log x)
dx d dy d cos (log x)
=
Differentiate w. r. t. x dx dx dx x
d dy d d
[cos (log x)] − cos (log x)
d
(x)
= [x (1 + 2 log x)] d2 y x dx dx
dx dx dx =
dx2 x2
d2 y d d
= x (1 + 2 log x) + (1 + 2 log x) (x) x [− sin (log x)] dx (log x) − cos(log x)(1)
d
dx2 dx dx
=
2 x2
= x · + (1 + 2 log x) (1)
x x sin (log x)
2
dy − x
− cos(log x)
= 3 + 2 log x =
dx2 x2
d2 y sin (log x) + cos (log x)
= −
dx2 x2

51
 d2 y −1 √ 1 − t
2 1 + t2 π
Ex. 2 : Find if, (i) x = cot and x = cosec−1
(ii) x = a cos3 θ, y = b sin3 θ at θ =
dx2
t 2t 4

Solution :
1 + t2 1 + t2 2t
(i) x = cot−1 √
1 − t2
and x = cosec−1 y = cosec−1 = sin−1
t 2t 2t 1 + t2
Put t = sin θ ∴ θ = sin−1 t Put t = tan θ ∴ θ = tan−1 t
2 tan θ
x = cot−1 √ = cot−1 √
1 − sin2 θ sin2 θ
y = sin−1 = sin−1 (sin 2θ) = 2θ
sin θ sin θ 1 + tan θ
2

x = cot−1 (cot θ) = θ ∴ x = sin−1 t ∴ y = 2 tan−1 t

Differentiate w. r. t. t Differentiate w. r. t. t
dx d 1 dy d 2
= (sin−1 t) = . . . (I) =2 (tan−1 t) = . . . (II)
dt dt √ 1 − t2 dt dt 1 + t2
We know that,
2
dy
dy 1 + t2 dy 2 √ 1 − t2
= dt
dx = 1
. . . [From (I) and (II)] ∴ =
dx dt
dx 1 + t2
√1 − t2
Differentiate w. r. t. x
d dy d 2 √ 1 − t2
· = ·
dx dx dx 1 + t2
d2 y
· √
d 1 − t2 dt
=2 ×
dx2 dt 1 + t2 dx
(1 + t2) dtd (√ 1 − t2) − √ 1 − t2 dtd (1 + t2) 1
=2× 2
×
(1 + t2)
dx
dt

(1 + t2) 1 d
(√ 1 − t2) − √ 1 − t2 (2t) 1
2√1 − t2 dt
=2× 2
× 1 [From (I)]
(1 + t2)
√1 − t 2

(1 + t )
2 1
(− 2t) − 2t (√ 1 − t2)
2√1 − t2
=2× × √ 1 − t2
2 2
(1 + t )
(1 + t2) −t
− 2t (√ 1 − t2)
2√1 − t2
=2× × √ 1 − t2
2 2
(1 + t )
−t (1 + t2) − 2t (1 − t2) − t − t3 − 2t + 2t3
=2× 2 =2× 2
(1 + t2) (1 + t2)
t3 − 3t
=2× 2
(1 + t2)
d2 y 2t (t2 − 3)
2 = 2
dx (1 + t2)

52
 π
(ii) x = a cos3 θ, y = b sin3 θ at θ =
4
Solution :
Given that : x = a cos3 θ y = b sin3 θ
Differentiate w. r. t. θ Differentiate w. r. t. θ
dx d d dy d d
= (a cos3 θ) = a (3) (cos2 θ) (cos θ) = (b sin3 θ) = b (3) (sin2 θ) (sin θ)
dθ dθ dθ dθ dθ dθ
dx dy
= −3a cos2 θ sin θ . . . (I) = 3b sin2 θ cos θ . . . (II)
dθ dθ

We know that,
3b sin2 θ cos θ
dy
dy
= dθ
= . . . [From (I) and (II)]
−3a cos2 θ sin θ
dx
dx dθ

dy b
∴ = − ·tan θ
dx a
Differentiate w. r. t. x
d dy b d
= − · (tan θ)
dx dx a dx
d2 y b d dθ
= − · · (tan θ) ×
dx2 a dθ dx

b 1
=− (sec2 θ) × dx
a dθ

b 1
=− (sec2 θ) × . . . [From (I)]
a −3a cos2 θ sin θ
d2 y b sec2 θ
= ×
dx2 3a2 cos2 θ sin θ
d2 y b sec4 θ
=
dx2 3a2 sin θ
π
When θ =
4
b (√2 )4
π
d2 y b sec4 4
π = π = 1
dx2 θ=
4 3a2 sin 4 3a2 √ 2

d2 y 4 √2b
π =
dx2 θ=
4
3a2

53
 d2 y
Ex. 3 : If ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 then show that = 0.
dx2
Solution : Given that ax2 + 2hxy + by2 = 0 . . . (I)
ax + hxy + hxy + by = 0
2 2

x(ax + hy) + y(hx + by) = 0

y(hx + by) = − x(ax + hy)
y ax + hy
=− . . . (II)
x hx + by
Differentiate (I) w. r. t. x
d 2 d d 2
a (x ) + 2h (xy) + b (y ) = 0
dx dx dx
dy dy
a (2x) + 2h a + y(1) + b (2y) =0
dx dx
dy dy
2 ax + hx + hy + by =0
dx dx
dy

(hx + by) = − ax − hy
dx
dy ax + hy
= −
dx hx + by
From (II), we get
dy y
∴ = . . . (III)
dx x
Differentiate (III), w. r. t. x
d dy d y
=
dx dx dx x

x dy − y(1) x yx − y
d2 y
= dx
= . . . [From (II) ]
dx2 x2 x2
d2 y y−y

∴ = =0
dx2
x2
d2 y dy
Ex. 4 : If y = cos (m cos−1 x) then show that (1 − x2) −x + m2y = 0.
dx2 dx
Solution : Given that y = cos (m cos−1 x)
∴ cos−1 y = m cos−1 x
Differentiate (I) w. r. t. x
d d
(cos−1 y) = m (cos−1 x)
dx dx
1 dy m
− · =−
√1 − y 2 dx
√ 1 − x2

54
 dy

√ 1 − x2 ·
= m √ 1 − y2
dx

Squaring both sides
2
dy

( 1 − x ) · 2
= m2 (1 − y2)
dx
Differentiate w. r. t. x
2 2
d dy dy d d

( 1 − x ) 2
+ ( 1 − x2)= m2 (1 − y2)
dx dx dx dx dx
2
dy d dy dy dy

( 1 − x )·2 · ·
2
+ (− 2x) = m2 (− 2y)
dx dx dx dx dx
dy d2 y dy 2 dy

2( 1 − x )· · 2 − 2x
2
= −2m2y
dx dx dx dx
dy
Dividing throughout by 2 we get,
dx
d2 y dy

( 1 − x2)· 2
− x = − m2y
dx dx
d2 y dy

∴ ( 1 − x )·
2
− x + m 2y = 0
dx2 dx
d2 y dy
Ex. 5 : If x = sin t, y = emt then show that (1 − x2) −x − m2y = 0.
dx2 dx
Solution : Given that x = sin t ∴ t = sin−1 x
and y = emt ∴ . . . (I) y = em sin x
−1

Differentiate w. r. t. x
dy d d
= (em sin x) = em sin x · m (sin−1 x)
−1 −1

dx dx dx
−1
dy m·em sin x
=
dx √ 1 − x2
dy

√ 1 − x2 = my . . . [From (I)]
dx

Squaring both sides
2
dy

( 1 − x ) · 2
= m2y2
dx
Differentiate w. r. t. x
2 2
d dy dy d d

( 1 − x ) 2
+ ( 1 − x2)= m2 (y2)
dx dx dx dx dx
2
dy d dy dy dy

( 1 − x )·2 · ·
2
+ (− 2x) = m2 (2y)
dx dx dx dx dx

55
 dy d2 y dy 2 dy

2( 1 − x )· · 2 − 2x 2
= 2m2y
dx dx dx dx
dy
Dividing throughout by 2 we get,
dx
2
dy dy

( 1 − x2)· 2 − x = m2y
dx dx
d2 y dy

∴ ( 1 − x2)· 2
− x − m2y = 0
dx dx

1.5.2 Successive differentiation (or nth order derivative) of some standard functions :
Successive Differentiation is the process of differentiating a given function successively for n times
and the results of such differentiation are called successive derivatives. The higher order derivatives are
of utmost importance in scientific and engineering applications.
There is no general formula to find nth derivative of a function. Because each and every function has
it's own specific general formula for it's nth derivative. But there are algorithms to find it.
So, here is the algorithm, for some standard functions.
Let us use the method of mathematical induction whereever applicable.
Step 1 :- Use simple differentiation to get 1st, 2nd and 3rd order derivatives.
Step 2 :- Observe the changes in the coefficients, the angles, the power of the function and the signs of
each term etc.
Step 3 :- Express the nth derivative with the help of the patterns of changes that you have observed.
This will be your general formula for the nth derivative of the given standard function.

SOLVED EXAMPLES

Ex. 1 : Find the nth derivative of the following :

1
(i) xm (ii) (iii) log x
ax + b
(iv) sin x (v) cos (ax + b) (vi) eax sin (bx + c)
Solution :
(i) Let y = xm Differentiate w. r. t. x
Differentiate w. r. t. x d d2 y d m−2
2
= m·(m − 1) (x )
dy d m dx dx dx
= (x ) = mxm − 1
dx dx d3 y
= m·(m − 1)·(m − 2) xm − 3
Differentiate w. r. t. x dx3
d dy d m−1 In general nth order derivative will be
=m x dn y
dx dx dx = m·(m − 1)·(m − 2)...[m − (n − 1)] xm − n
d2 y dxn
2 = m·(m − 1) xm − 2 dn y
dx
n
= m·(m − 1)·(m − 2)...[m − n + 1] xm − n
dx

56
case (i) :- If m > 0 and m > n, then
dn y m·(m − 1)·(m − 2)... [m − (n − 1)] · (m − n)... 2·1 m − n
= x
dxn (m − n) · [m − n − 1]... 2·1
dn y m!. xm − n
=
dxn (m − n)!
case (ii) :- If m > 0 and m = n, then case (iii) :- If m > 0 and m < n, then
dn y n!. xm − n n!. x0 dn y
= = = n! =0
dxn (n − n)! 0! dxn

1
(ii) Let y = (iii) Let y = log x
ax + b
Differentiate w. r. t. x
Differentiate w. r. t. x
dy d 1
= (log x) =
dy d 1 −1 d dx dx x
= = · (ax + b)
dx dx ax + b (ax + b) dx
2
Differentiate w. r. t. x
dy (− 1)·a d dy d 1
= =
dx (ax + b)2 dx dx dx x
Differentiate w. r. t. x
d2 y − 1 (− 1)1
= = 2
d dy d 1 dx2 x2 x
= (− 1)(a)
dx dx dx (ax + b)2 Differentiate w. r. t. x
dy 2
−2 d d d2 y d 1
2 = (− 1)(a) · (ax + b) = (− 1)1
dx (ax + b)3 dx dx dx2
dx x2
d2 y (− 1)2·2·1·a2 d3 y −2 (− 1)2·1·2
2 = = (− 1) 1
=
dx (ax + b)3 dx3 x3 x3
Differentiate w. r. t. x In general nth order derivative will be
d dy 2
d 1
= (− 1)2
·2·1·a 2
· dn y (− 1)n − 1·1·2·3... (n − 1)
dx dx2 dx (ax + b)3 =
dxn xn
d3 y −3 d
3 = (− 1)2·2·1·a2· · (ax + b) dn y (− 1)n − 1·(n − 1)!
dx (ax + b)4 dx =
dxn xn
d y (− 1)3·3·2·1·a3
3
3 =
dx (ax + b)4
In general nth order derivative will be
dn y (− 1)n·n·(n − 1)... 2·1·an
n =
dx (ax + b)n + 1
dn y (− 1)n·n!·an
n =
dx (ax + b)n + 1

57
(iv) Let y = sin x (v) Let y = cos (ax + b)
Differentiate w. r. t. x Differentiate w. r. t. x
dy d dy d
= (sin x) = cos x = [cos (ax + b)]
dx dx dx dx
dy π = − sin (ax + b)
d
(ax + b)
= sin + x
dx 2 dx
π
Differentiate w. r. t. x = cos + ax + b (a)
2
d dy d π dy π
= sin + x = a cos + ax + b
dx dx dx 2 dx 2
d2 y π d π Differentiate w. r. t. x
= cos + x +x
dx2 2 dx 2 d dy d π
= a cos + ax + b
d2 y π π dx dx dx 2
= sin + + x (1)
dx2 2 2
d dy d π
d2 y 2π =a cos + ax + b
= sin +x dx dx dx 2
dx2 2
d2 y π d π
Differentiate w. r. t. x = a − sin + ax + b + ax + b
dx2 2 dx 2
d d2 y d 2π
= sin +x π π
dx dx2 dx 2 = a cos + + ax + b (a)
2 2
2π
d3 y d 2π
+= cos
x +x d2 y 2π
dx3 2 dx 2 = a2
cos + ax + b
dx2 2
π 2π
= sin + + x (1) Differentiate w. r. t. x
2 2
3π d d2 y d 2 2π
d3 y = a cos + ax + b
= sin +x dx dx2 2
dx3 2 dx

In general nth order derivative will be d d2 y d 2π

= a2 cos + ax + b
dn y nπ dx dx2
dx 2
= sin + x
dxn 2 d3 y 2π d 2π
= a2 −sin + ax + b + ax +b
dx3 2 dx 2
π 2π
= a2 cos + + ax + b (a)
2 2
d3 y 3π
= a3 cos + ax + b
dx3 2

In general nth order derivative will be

dn y nπ
= an
cos + ax + b
dxn 2

58
(vi) Let y = eax sin (bx + c)
Differentiate w. r. t. x
dy d ax d d ax
= [e sin (bx + c)] = eax [sin (bx + c)] + [sin (bx + c)] (e )
dx dx dx dx
d d
= eax cos (bx + c) (bx + c) + sin (bx + c) · eax · (ax)
dx dx
= eax [ b cos (bx + c) + a sin (bx + c)]
b a
= eax √ a2 + b2 cos (bx + c) + sin (bx + c)
√ a2 + b2 √ a2 + b2
b b b
Let = sin α, = cos α, α = tan−1 . . . (I)
√a + b
2 2
√a + b
2 2 a
dy
= eax √ a2 + b2 [ sin α · cos (bx + c) + sin (bx + c) · cos α]
dx
dy 1
= eax ( a2 + b2) 2 · sin (bx + c + α)
dx
Differentiate w. r. t. x
1
d dy d ax 2
= e ( a + b2) 2 · sin (bx + c + α)
dx dx dx
1
d ax
= ( a + b ) ·
2 2 2
[e · sin (bx + c + α)]
dx
1
d d ax
= ( a2 + b2) 2 eax [sin (bx + c + α)] + [sin (bx + c + α)] [e ]
dx dx
1
d d
= ( a2 + b2) 2 eax cos (bx + c + α) (bx + c + α) + sin (bx + c + α)· eax (ax)
dx dx
1
= eax ( a2 + b2) 2 [b cos (bx + c + α) + a sin (bx + c + α)]
1 b a
= e ( a + b ) √ a2 + b2
ax 2 2 2
cos (bx + c + α) + sin (bx + c + α)
√ a2 + b2 √ a2 + b2
d2 y 2
2 = eax ( a2 + b2) 2 [sin α cos (bx + c + α) + sin (bx + c + α) cos α] . . . [ from (I) ]
dx
d2 y 2
2 = eax ( a2 + b2) 2 · sin (bx + c + 2α)
dx
Similarly,
d3 y 3
3 = eax ( a2 + b2) 2 · sin (bx + c + 3α)
dx

In general nth order derivative will be

dn y n
b
n = eax ( a2 + b2) 2 · sin (bx + c + nα) where α = tan−1 .
dx a

59
 EXERCISE 1.5

(1) Find the second order derivative of the (vii) If 2y = √ x + 1 + √ x − 1,

following : show that 4(x2 − 1) y2 + 4x y1 − y = 0.
2
(i) 2x5 − 4x3 − −9 (ii) e 2x · tan x (viii) If y = log (x + √ x2 + a2 ) ,
m
x2
d2 y
dy
(iii) e 4x · cos 5x (iv) x 3 log x show that (x2 + a2) +x
=0
dx2 dx
(v) log (log x) (iv) x x (ix) If y = sin (m cos−1 x) then show that
d2 y d2 y dy
(2) Find of the following : (1 − x )
2
−x + m2y = 0
dx2 dx2 dx

(i) x = a (θ − sin θ), y = a (1 − cos θ) (x) If y = log (log 2x), show that

(ii) x = 2at2, y = 4at x y2 + y1 (1 + x y1) = 0.

π
(iii) x = sin θ, y = sin3 θ when θ = (xi) If x2 + 6xy + y2 = 10, show that
2
π d2 y 80
(iv) x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ at θ = = 3
.
4 dx 2
(3x + y)
(3) (i)
If x = at2 and y = 2at then show that (xii) If x = a sin t − b cos t , y = a cos t + b sin t ,
d2 y
xy 2 + a = 0 d2 y x2 + y2
dx show that = − .
dx2 y3
(ii) If y = em tan x, show that
−1

d2 y dy (4) Find the nth derivative of the following :

(1 + x ) 2 + (2x − m)
2
=0 1
dx dx (i) (ax + b) m (ii)
x
(iii) If x = cos t, y = emt show that
d2 y dy (iii) e ax + b
(iv) a px + q
(1 − x2) 2 − x − m 2y = 0
dx dx
(v) log (ax + b) (vi) cos x
(iv) If y = x + tan x, show that
d2 y (vii) sin (ax + b) (viii) cos (3 − 2x)
cos2 x · 2 − 2y + 2x = 0
dx
(ix) log (2x + 3)
(v) If y = eax · sin (bx), show that
1
(x)
y2 − 2ay1 + (a + b ) y = 02 2
3x − 5
7x3 − 5y3
(vi) If sec −1
= m, (xi) y = e ax · cos (bx + c)
7x3 + 5y3
d2 y (xii) y = e 8x · cos (6x + 7)
show that 2 = 0.
dx

60
 Let us Remember

֍ If a function f (x) is differentiable at x = a then it is continuous at x = a, but the converse is not

true.
֍ Chain Rule : If y is differerentiable function of u and u is differerentiable function of x then y
dy dy du
is differerentiable function of x and = ·
dx du dx
֍ If y = f (x) is a differentiable of x such that the inverse function x = f −1( y) exists then

dy 1 dy
= , where ≠0
dx dy dx
dx
֍ Derivatives of Inverse Trigonometric functions :

f (x) sin −1 x cos −1 x tan −1 x cot −1 x sec −1 x cosec −1 x

1 1 1 1 1 1
, − , − −
f ' (x) √1 − x2 √1 − x2 1 + x2 1 + x2 x√ x2 − 1 x√ x 2 − 1
|x| < 1 |x| < 1 x∈R x∈R |x| < 1 |x| < 1

֍ This is a simple shortcut to find the derivative of (function) (function)

d g g
f =f g
· f ' + (log f ) · g'
dx f
֍ If y = f (t ) and y = g (t ) is a differentiable of t such that y is a function of x then
dy
dy dt dx
= , where ≠0
dx dx dt
dt
֍ Implict function of the form x m y n = (x + y) m + n , m, n ∈ R always have the first order derivative
dy y d2y
= and second order derivative 2 = 0
dx x dx

MISCELLANEOUS EXERCISE 1

(I) Choose the correct option from the given alternatives :

1 8
(1) Let f (1) = 3, f ' (1) = − , g (1) = − 4 and g' (1) = − . The derivative of √ [ f (x)]2 + [g (x)]2
3 3

w. r. t. x at x = 1 is
29 7 31 29
(A) − (B) (C) (D)
15 3 15 15

61
 dy
(2) If y = sec (tan−1 x) then at x = 1, is equal to :
dx
1 1
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D) √ 2
2 √2
1
4x + 2
(3) If f (x) = sin−1 , which of the following is not the derivative of f (x)
1+ 24x
2·4x log 4 4x + 1 log 2 4x + 1 log 4 22(x + 1) log 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
1 + 42x 1 + 42x 1 + 44x 1 + 24x
dy
(4) If x y = y x, then = ...
dx
x ( x log y − y ) y ( y log x − x ) y2 (1 − log x ) y (1 − log x )
(A) (B) (C) (D)
y ( y log x − x ) x ( x log y − y ) x2 (1 − log y ) x (1 − log y )
dy
(5) If y = sin (2 sin−1 x), then = ...
dx
2 − 4x2 2 + 4x2 4x2 − 1 1 − 2x2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
√ 1 − x2 √ 1 − x2 √ 1 − x2 √ 1 − x2
x 1−x dy
(6) If y = tan−1 + sin 2 tan−1 , then = ...
1 + √ 1 − x2 1+x dx
x 1 − 2x 1 − 2x 1 − 2x2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
√ 1 − x2 √ 1 − x2 2 √ 1 − x2 √ 1 − x2
(7) If y is a function of x and log (x + y) = 2xy, then the value of y' (0) = ...
(A) 2 (B) 0 (C) −1 (D) 1
1
(8) If g is the inverse of a function f and f ' (x) = , then the value of g' (x) is equal to :
1 + x7
1 7
(A) 1 + x7 (B) 7 (C) 1 + [g(x)] (D) 7x6
1 + [g(x)]
dy
(9) If x √ y + 1 + y √ x + 1 = 0 and x ≠ y then = ...
dx
1 1 x
(A) (B) − (C) (1 + x)2 (D) −
(1 + x)2 (1 + x)2 x+1
a−x dy
(10) If y = tan−1 , where − a < x < a then = ...
a+x dx
x a 1 1
(A) (B) (C) − (D)
√ a2 − x2 √ a2 − x2 2√ a2 − x2 2√ a2 − x2

62
 d2 y
(11) If x = a (cos θ + θ sin θ), y = a (sin θ − θ cos θ) then π = ...
dx2 θ=
4

8 √2 8 √2 aπ 4 √2
(A) (B) − (C) (D)
aπ aπ 8 √2 aπ
d2 y dy
(12) If y = a cos (log x) and A 2
+B + C = 0, then the values of A, B, C are ...
dx dx
(A) x2, −x, −y (B) x2, x, y (C) x2, x, −y (D) x2, −x, y
(II) Solve the following :
(1) f (x) = −x, for −2 ≤ x < 0 g(x) = 6 − 3x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2
2x − 4
= 2x, for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2 = , for 2 < x ≤ 7
3
18 − x
= , for 2 < x ≤ 7
4
Let u(x) = f [ g(x)], v(x) = g [ f (x)] and w(x) = g [ g(x)].
Find each derivative at x = 1, if it exists i.e. find u' (1), v' (1) and w' (1). if it doesn't exist then
explain why ?
(2) The values of f (x), g(x), f ' (x) and g' (x) are given in the following table.
x f (x) g(x) f ' (x) g' (x)
−1 3 2 −3 4
2 2 −1 −5 −4
Match the following.
A Group - Function B Group - Derivative
d 1. −16
(A) [ f (g (x))] at x = −1
dx
d 2. 20
(B) [ g ( f (x) − 1)] at x = −1
dx 3. −20
d
(C) [ f ( f (x) − 3)] at x = 2 4. 15
dx
d
(D) [ g ( g (x))] at x = 2 5. 12
dx
(3) Suppose that the functions f and g and their derivatives with respect to x have the following
values at x = 0 and x = 1.
x f (x) g(x) f ' (x) g' (x) (i) The derivative of f [ g(x)] w. r. t. x at x = 0 is ......
1 (ii) The derivative of g [ f (x)] w. r. t. x at x = 0 is ......
0 1 1 5
3 (iii) The value of
d 10
[x + f (x)]−2 is ......
1 8 dx x=1
1 3 −4 − −
3 3 (iv) The derivative of f [(x + g(x)] w. r. t. x at x = 0 is ......

63
 (4) Differentiate the following w. r. t. x
1−x 1+x
(i) sin 2 tan−1 (ii) sin2 cot−1
1+x 1−x

(iii) tan−1
√ x (3 − x)
(iv) cos−1
√1 + x − √1 − x
1 − 3x 2

(v) tan−1
x
+ cot−1
1 − 10x2
(vi) tan−1
√ 1 + x2 + x
1 + 6x2 7x √ 1 + x2 − x
dy y y2
(5) (i) If √ y + x + √ y − x = c, then show that = − − 1.
dx x x2

dy 1 − y2
(ii) If x √ 1 − y + y √ 1 − x = 1, then show that
2 2
=− .
dx 1 − x2
dy sin2 (a + y)
(iii) If x sin (a + y) + sin a cos (a + y) = 0, then show that = .
dx sin a
dy sin2 (a + y)
(iv) If sin y = x sin (a + y), then show that = .
dx sin a
x dy x−y
(v) If x = e , then show that
y = .
dx x log x
d2 x dy −3
d2 y
(vi) If y = f (x) is a differentiable function then show that =− · .
dy2 dx dx2

(6) (i) Differentiate tan−1

√ 1 + x2 − 1 w. r. t. tan−1 2x √ 1 − x2 .
x 1 − 2x
2

√ 1 + x2 + x
(ii) Differentiate log w. r. t. cos (log x).
√ 1 + x2 − x
√ 1 + x2 − 1 1 + √ 1 + x2
(iii) Differentiate tan−1 w. r. t. cos−1 .
x 2√ 1 + x2
d2 y a2 b2
(7) (i) If y = a cos x + b sin x , show that y + 2 = 3 .
2 2 2 2 2
dx y
2
d y dy
(ii) If log y = log (sin x) − x2 , show that 2 + 4x + (4x2 + 3) y = 0.
dx dx
d2 y dy 2
(iii) If x = a cos θ, y = b sin θ, show that a y 2 +
2
+ b2 = 0.
dx dx
(iv) If y = A cos (log x) + B sin (log x), show that x2 y2 + x y1 + y = 0.
(v) If y = A emx + B enx, show that y2 − (m + n) y1 + (mn) y = 0.
v v v
64