PM SHRI Kendriya

Vidyalaya CMERI
DURGAPUR

Submitted by :- SIDDHANT SINGH

Class:- XIIth - Science
Roll No. :-
Investigatory Project of CBSE Class XIIth practical
examination for the session 2024-25.
Under the Guidance of
Mr. Samar Bahadur Mallah
PGT Physics
 CONTENT

1. Certificate
2. Acknowledgement
3. Introduction……………………………………………………………………...1
4. Objective………………………………………………………………………...1
5. Principle……………………………………………………………………........1
6. Construction…………………………………………………………………......2
5. Circuit Diagram……………………………………………………….……….3
6. Apparatus……………………………………………………………………....3
7. Theory and Working of a Transformer……………………………………..4
8. Procedure……………………………………………………………………...7
9. Observations……………………………….…………………………………..8
10. Conclusion……………………………………………………………………...9
11. Precaution…………………………………………………………………..…10
12. Sources of Error……………………………………………………………….10
13. Bibliography…………………………………………………………………..11
 PM SHRI Kendriya Vidyalaya CMERI
DURGAPUR

Certificate
This is to certify that, Master Siddhant Singh of Class XIIth – Science, CBSE Roll
No.______________ has satisfactorily performed and completed the investigatory
project titled: “Transformer Setup” for the session 2024-25

INTERNAL EXTERNAL PRINCIPAL

EXAMINER EXAMINER
 Acknowledgement
In the accomplishment of this project successfully, many people have best owned
upon me their blessings and the heart pledged support, this time I am utilizing to
thank all the people who have been concerned with project.
Primarily I would thank god for being able to complete this project with success.
Then I would like to thank my Principal Mr. Biplab Sarkar Physics teacher Mr.
Samar bahadur mallah whose valuable guidance has been the ones that helped me
patch this project and make it full proof success.
Then I would like to thank my parents and friends who have helped me with their
valuable suggestions and guidance. Their suggestions and guidance has been
helpful in various phases of the completion of this project.
Last but not the least I would like to thank my classmates who have helped me a
lot.
 Introduction
A transformer is an electrical device which is used for changing the A.C. voltages.
A transformer is most widely used device in both low and high current circuit. As
such transformers are built in an amazing strength of sizes. In electronic,
measurement and control circuits, transformer size may be so small that it weight
only a few tens of grams where as in high voltage power circuits, it may weight
hundreds of tones. In a transformer, the electrical energy transfer from one circuit
to another circuit takes place without the use of moving parts.

A transformer which increases the voltages is called a Step-up transformer. A

transformer which decreases the A.C. voltages is called a Step-down transformer.

Transformer is, therefore, an essential piece of apparatus both for high and low
current circuits
 Objective
To investigate the relation between the
1.ratio of Input and Output voltage
2. Number of turns in secondary and primary coil of self-designed transformer.

Principle
A Transformer based on the Principle of mutual induction according to this
principle, the amount of magnetic flux linked with a coil changing, an e.m.f is
induced in the neighbouring coil that is if a varying current is set-up in a circuit
induced e.m.f. is produced in the neighbouring circuit. The varying current in a
circuit produce varying magnetic flux which induces e.m.f. in the neighbouring
circuit.

Construction
The transformer consists of two coils. They are insulated with each other by
insulated material and wound on a common core. For operation at low frequency,
we may have a soft iron. The soft iron core is insulating by joining thin iron strips
coated with varnish to insulate them to reduce energy losses by eddy currents. The
input circuit is called primary. And the output circuit is called secondary.

Page No.
Page No.
 Circuit Diagram

Apparatus

Iron Core of Copper Wire Voltmeter Ammeter

Transformer

Page No.
 Theory and Working of a Transformer
Working
When an altering e.m.f. is supplied to the primary coil p 1p2, an alternating current
starts falling in it. The altering current in the primary produces a changing
magnetic flux, which induces altering voltage in the primary as well as in the
secondary. In a good-transformer, whole of the magnetic flux linked with primary
is also linked with the secondary, then the induced e.m.f. induced in each turn of
the secondary is equal to that induced in each turn of the primary. Thus if E p and Es
be the instantaneous values of the e.m.f.’s induced in the primary and the
secondary and Np and Ns are the no. of turns of the primary secondary coils of the
transformer and
Dфь / dt = rate of change of flux in each turnoff the coil at this instant, we have

Ep = -Np dфь/dt ……………….....

(i) Es = -Ns dфь/dt ..……………..…
(ii)

Since the above relations are true at every instant, so by dividing (ii) by (i), we get

Es/ Ep = - Ns/ Ns …...…………... (iii)

As Ep is the instantaneous value of back e.m.f induced in the primary coil p 1, so

the instantaneous current in primary coil is due to the difference (E – E p) in the
instantaneous values of the applied and back e.m.f. further if R p is the
resistance o, p1p2 coil, then the instantaneous current I p in the primary coil is
given by

Ip = E – Ep/ Rp
E – Ep = IpRp

When the resistance of the primary is small, RpIpcan be neglected so therefore

E – Ep = 0 or Ep= E

Thus back e.m.f = input e.m.f

Hence equation 3 can be written as

Page No. 4
 Es/ Ep = Es/ E = output e.m.f / input e.m.f = Ns/ Np = K

Where K is constant, called turn or transformation ratio.

In a step up transformer

Es > E so K > 1, hence Ns >

NpAs k> 1, so Ip> Is or Is < Ip
i.e. current in sec. is weaker when secondary voltage is higher.

Hence, whatever we gain in voltage, we lose in current in the same ratio.

Similarly it can be shown, that in a step down transformer, whatever we lose in

voltage, we gain incurrent in the same ratio.

Thus a step up transformer in reality steps down the current & a step down
transformer steps up the current.

In a step down transformer

Es< E so K < 1, hence Ns< Np

If Ip = value of primary current at the same instant t

And
Is = value of sec. current at this instant, then
Input power at the instant t = EpIp and

Page No. 5
 Output power at the same instant = EsIs
If there are no losses of power in the transformer, then
Input power = output power
Or
EpIp = EsIs
Or
Es/ Ep = Ip/ Is = K
Efficiency

Efficiency of a transformer is defined as the ratio of output power to the input

power. i.e.

η = output power / input power = EsIs/ EpIp

Thus in an ideal transformer, where there is no power losses, η = 1. But in actual

practice, there are many power losses; therefore the efficiency of transformer is
less than one.

Energy Losses
Following are the major sources of energy loss in a transformer:

1. Copper loss: is the energy loss in the form of heat in the copper coils of a
transformer. This is due to joule heating of conducting wires.

2. Iron loss: is the energy loss in the form of heat in their on core of the
transformer. This is due to formation of eddy currents in iron core. It is
minimized by taking laminated cores.

3. Leakage of magnetic flux: occurs in spite of best insulations. Therefore, rate

of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of S 1S2 is less than the rate
of change of magnetic flux linked with each turn of P1P2..

4. Hysteretic loss: is the loss of energy due to repeated magnetization and

demagnetization of the iron core when A.C. is fed to it.

5. Magneto striation: humming noise of a transformer.

Page No.
Uses of Transformers
A transformer is used in almost all A.C. operations

1. In voltage regulator for T.V., refrigerator, computer, air conditioner etc.

2. A step down transformer is used for welding purposes.

3. A step down transformer is used for obtaining large current.

4. A step up transformer is used for the production of X-Rays.

5. Transformers are used in voltage regulators and stabilized power supplies.

6. Transformers are used in the transmissions of A.C. over long distances.

7. Small transformers are used in Radio sets, telephones, loud speakers, etc.

Procedure
1. Take thick Iron rod and cover it with a thick paper and wind a large number of
turns of thin Copper wire on the thick paper (say 60). This constitutes primary
coil of the transformer.

2. Cover the primary coil with a sheet of paper and wound relatively smaller
number of turns (say 20) of thick copper wire on it. This constitutes the
secondary coil. It is a step down transformer.

3. Connect P1& P2 to A.C. main and measure the input voltage and current using
A.C. Voltmeter and Ammeter.

4. Similarly, measure the output voltage and current as S1& S2.

Page No. 7
5. Now connect S1 and S2 to A.C. main and again measure voltage and current
through primary and secondary coil of step up transformer.

6. Repeat all steps for other self-made transformer by changing number of turns in
primary and secondary coil.

Page No.
 Observations
1. Least count of A.C. Voltmeter = ……………..V
2. Zero error of Voltmeter = ……………...V
3. Range of Voltmeter = ……………...V
4. Least count of A.C Ammeter = ……………...A
5. Zero error of Ammeter = ……………...A
6. Range of Ammeter = ……………...A
7. Applied A.C voltage = ……………...V

No. of No. of

Page No.
 Conclusion

1. The output voltage of the transformer across the primary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.

2. The output voltage of the transformer across the secondary coil depends upon the
ratio (Ns/Np) with respect to the input voltage.

3. There is loss of power between input and output coil of a transformer.

Page No.
 Precautions

1. Keep yourself safe from higher voltages.

2. While taking the readings of current and voltage the A.C. should remain
constant.

Sources of Error
1. Values of currents can be changed due to heating effect of current.

2. The eddy current can change the readings.

Page No.
 Bibliography
1.Books
(a.)NCERT Class XII Physics Book

(b.)Comprehensive PRACTICAL PHYSICS for Class XII

(c.)New Simplified Physics for Class XII by S. L. Arora

2.Internet

(a) Chat GPT