Design of RC Section

for
Shear and Torsion

Chapter : Five
Design of Reinforced Concrete Structure
 Design of RC Section for Shear
Causes of Shear Failure
Elementary
part of beam
Bending (σb) and shear (τv) stresses
in the beam develops principle
Diagonal tensile stress σ which causes
τH Tension
diagonal tension in beam.
τv σ Diagonal tension is the main cause
σb σb of shear failure.
α τv Shear Crack

τH Effect of diagonal tension on

= _b / 2 + \sqrt( ² + (_b / 2)²)

Stress Condition of an the elementary part of beam 1

Elementary Part of Beam 𝝈= 𝜎𝑏 ± 4𝜏𝑣 2 + 𝜎𝑏 2
2

2𝜏𝑣
tan 2𝛼 =
𝜎𝑏
𝛼 = 00 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜏𝑣 = 0
𝛼 = 450 , 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝜎𝑏 = 0
Flexure crack
Shear crack
when α = 00
when α = 450
 Behaviour of RC Beam under Shear

I. av
II. av
III. av
IV. av
Where,
av – Shear span
av ≈ M/V

Shear Crack Bond Crack Flexure Crack

Vertical Crack

Case I – Flexure crack leads to crushing of concrete after yielding tension steel,
when av /d ≥ 6

Case II – Bond crack leads to crushing of concrete before yielding tension steel,
when av /d < 6 and av /d ≥ 2

Case III – Shear crack leads to crushing of concrete before yielding tension steel,
when av /d < 2 and av /d ≥ 0

Case IV – Vertical crack leads to crushing of concrete suddenly before yielding tension steel,
when av /d ≈ 0
 Shear stress distribution across the depth of RC Beam

b
τv = VS /I b
τv = VS /I b τv = Vu /b d

d Idealized shear stress diagram of

D d
RC Beam at limit state of strength
τv = V / b jd

Case of Case of Case of

Cross section Homogeneous RC Beam at RC Beam at limit
elastic beam working load state of strength
of beam
Shear stress distribution across the depth of beam

Nominal shear stress is taken as the intensity of design shear stress

at limit state of strength.

τv = Vu /b d ≤ τc,max
Where,
τv – Nominal shear stress (Refer to Cl.40.1)
Vu – Design shear force
b – width of beam
d – Effective depth of beam
τc,max - Limiting value of nominal shear stress (Refer to Tab.20)
 Shear Resisting Capacity of RC Beam

2
3

Shear resisting force (Shear Strength) offered by RC Beam section consists of

1. Compressive force offered by concrete in compression

2. Interlocking force offered by aggregates lying in shear crack
3. Dowel force offered by tension steel

Individual contribution to the shear resisting capacity of RC section of these forces is

difficult to assess. So IS code use design shear strength ( τc ) to determine the shear
resisting capacity of RC section.
τc is found by percentage of tension steel (pt)and grade of concrete of beam (M) used in
the RC section. (Refer to Table 19).
 Shear Resisting Capacity of RC Beam

When τv is greater than τc , RC beam section will not alone be able to resist the shear
force. In the case, RC Beam shall be further reinforced by (transverse reinforcement)
shear reinforcement.
Shear reinforcement may be in the form of vertical stirrups or in the form of bent-up
bars
Vertical stirrups
b
d sv
α d

Bent-up bars
RC Beam with vertical stirrups and bent-up bars

Where,
VR – Shear resisting capacity of beam section with shear
reinforcement
Shear resisting capacity of RC Beam with
vertical stirrups and bent-up bars is as follow VC – Shear resisting capacity of beam section without shear
reinforcement
VC = τc × bd
VR = VC + VS + VB
VS – Shear resisting capacity of vertical stirrups
VS = 0.87fy Asv n = 0.87fy Asv d/sv

VB – Shear resisting capacity of bent-up bars

VB = 0.87fy Ast sin α
VB ≤ 0.5(Vu - Vc )

Vu – Design shear force

 Design of Shear Reinforcement

 If τv ≤ τc and ≤ τc,max, provide minimum shear reinforcement as per Cl.26.5.1.6

 If τv > τc and ≤ τc,max , design shear reinforcement. In the case, spacing of

vertical stirrups is found considering its leg. Vertical stirrups may be in two
or multi legged form.
When vertical stirrups with bent-up bars are used, contribution of bent-up
bars is also considered, while calculating the spacing of stirrups. Normally dia. of
stirrups adopted are 6,7,8,10,12 mm.

Spacing of Vertical Stirrups ( sv )

Vs = Vu - Vc = 0.87fy Asv d/sv
sv = 0.87fy Asv d / (Vu - Vc )
sv ≤ 300 mm or 0.75d
Where,
Asv - Sectional area of stirrups at a section of beam

 If τv > τc and ≤ τc,max , first increase depth of beam and design shear reinforcement.
 Design of RC Section for Torsion

 Torsion is considered in design, when the torsional effect in the

structural member is significant.

 In RC Structure/structural member, where torsion is required to

maintain equilibrium, structure/structural member shall be designed
for torsion in accordance with Cl. 41.3, 41.4

 Torsional reinforcement is not designed separately, instead the total

longitudinal and transverse (shear) reinforcement required for BM,
SF and T are designed for equivalent BM and equivalent SF.

 If τve ≤ τc and τc,max , beam section is for design BM without torsion

and minimum shear reinforcement is provided

 If τve > τc and ≤ τc,max , beam section is designed for design equivalent
BM and SF.
 Design of RC Beam for Torsion

Longitudinal Reinforcement
Where,
If Mu > Mt ,
τve – Equivalent nominal shear
Beam is designed for Me1 stress
If Mu < Mt , τve = Ve /bd
Beam is designed for Me1 and Me2 .
Ve – Equivalent SF
Reinforcement designed by Me2 is provided
Ve = Vu + 1.6 Tu /b
on the flexural compression face of beam.
Tu – Design torsional moment

Shear Reinforcement Me1 ,Me2 – Equivalent BM

Two legged close stirrups enclosing Me1 = Mu + Mt
the corner longitudinal bars shall have Me2 = Mt – Mu
𝑇𝑢 𝑠𝑣 𝑉𝑢 𝑠𝑣 Mt = Tu (1+D/b)/1.7
𝐴𝑠𝑣 = +
0.87𝑓𝑦 × 𝑏1 𝑑1 2.5𝑑1 × 0.87𝑓𝑦
𝜏𝑣𝑒 − 𝜏𝑐 𝑏𝑠𝑣 sv – Spacing of vertical stirrups
𝐴𝑠𝑣 ≥
0.87𝑓𝑦 × 𝑏1 𝑑1
 Reinforcement Detailing in the Case of Torsion

 sv ≤ x1
≤ (x1 + y1) /4
≤ 300 mm
x1 ≤ 0.75d

 When depth of beam is greater than

b1 450 mm, then provide side face
y1 d1 D reinforcement with Ast,side = 0.1% of
web area of beam and spacing of
bars not greater than 300 mm or web
thickness of beam
b
 Place at least one longitudinal bar at
a corner of beam.

 Place longitudinal bar as close as to

the corners of the beam