SCHOOL NAME 2 g (SESSION: 2024-2025) PHYSICS INVESTIGATORY PROJECT Parallel & Series Combination of Capacitor Submitted to: Submitted by: STUDENT NAME Class: XII Roll No:CERTIFICATE This is to certify that Student Name has successfully completed his/her Physics project titled Parallel and Series Combination of Capacitor under the supervision and guidance of in the partial fulfillment of the Physics practical assessment conducted during the academic year 2024-2025. EXAMINER TEACHER 21ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would like to express my immense gratitude to my physics teacher _______________. for the help and guidance he provided for completing this project. I also thank my parents who gave their ideas and inputs in making this project. Most of all I thank our school management, for providing us the facilities and opportunity to do this project. Lastly, I would like to thanks my classmates who have helped me in this project. Their support made this project fruitful. - Student Name 314l INDEX [sioner [| Pee [cacti | | ee a [esi Pence |__|TOPIC Parallel and Series Combination of Capacitor Ce ay" 51INTRODUCTION Capacitors are pivotal components in electrical and electronic circuits, serving as crucial elements for energy storage and management. Their primary function is to store electrical energy in an electric field, which can then be released or regulated as needed within a circuit. The way capacitors are connected in a circuit can significantly influence their overall behaviour and effectiveness. This project focuses on exploring two fundamental configurations of capacitors: series and parallel combinations. In a series combination, capacitors are arranged end-to-end, meaning the positive terminal of one capacitor is connected to the negative terminal of the next. This arrangement impacts the total capacitance of the circuit in a unique manner. The combined effect is such that the total capacitance is less than any individual capacitor in the series. This is because the total capacitance in a series arrangement is given by the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals of the individual capacitances. Thus, adding more capacitors in series results in a lower total capacitance. Conversely, in a parallel combination, capacitors are connected such that all their positive terminals are linked together, and all their negative terminals are connected as well. In this configuration, the total capacitance is simply the sum of the individual capacitances. This means that connecting capacitors in parallel increases the total capacitance, as each capacitor contributes to the overall charge storage capacity of the circuit. 61To verify laws of series and parallel combination of capacitors. Materials Required 1. Capacitors (470 uF) 2. Multi-meter 3. Soldering iron 4. Wire piece 71THEORY 1, Parallel Combination of Capacitors: When capacitors are connected in parallel, the potential difference V across each Capacitor is same and the charge on C, and C; is different i.e., Q, and Qo. Parallel combination of Capacitors The total charge in Q is Given as: Q= a+ Q Q=OV+ OV ¢- Gt The equivalent capacitance between a and b is: C=C4+C, In the case of more than two capacitors, CHO HOt Cet yt Cy tees 8|2. Series Combination of Capacitors: When capacitors are connected in series, the magnitude of charge Q on each capacitor is same. The potential difference across C, and C2 is different i.e., V; and V2. q G os} —j/ —+» Vv V2 Series combination of Capacitors Q= OY = C22 The total potential difference across combination is: = Ves Q@, 2 Veo ata vioiya Qa 4 G The ratio Q/ V is called as the equivalent capacitance C betw point a and b. The equivalent capacitance C is given by: 1 1 1 cata 91The potential difference across C; and C2 is V; and V2 respectively, is given as follows: G, Vy,=—2 1 C+ Cp Go —— 2 Gl In the case of more than two capacitors, the relation is: 10111] PROCEDURE . Take 6 identical capacitors, measure capacitance of these capacitors by multi-mete! . We have to connect the first 3 capacitors in parallel (circuit-1) and another 3 in series(circuit-2). We can connect the capacitors by the use of soldering iron, capacitors can be connected by putting the melted wire pieces over the connections with the help of soldering iron Once the capacitors are connected, leave the circuit as it takes a few seconds for it to become solid at all its ends. . Take a digital multi-meter and connect it across the terminals of the prepared Circuit-1 and Circuit-2. Set the multi-meter over the capacitance option so as to obtain the value of the associated capacitance of the circuit. . Keep the multi-meter at same terminals for a while so that précised value of capacitance can be observed. Once value of capacitance obtained on multi-meter, compare it with the theoretically calculated value.© Parallel Combination C, = 470uF Cy = 470nF Cy = 470uF Net Capacitance in Parallel Combination Co=C, + (2+ C3 Cp = 470uF + 470uF + 470uF Cp = 1410uF Series Combination C, = 470uF Cy = 470 uF Cy = 470uF Net Capacitance in Series Combination: 1 1 1 1 cae Ceacracs 1 1 a 1 © 870uF * 470uF * F70uF C, = 156.66 uFTheoretical Value of Capacitance Combination of Capacitor Parallel 1413.5 uF 1410uF Series 153.2 uF 156.66 uF RESULTS Capacitance in Parallel(C,) = 153.2 uF Capacitance in Series (Cp) = 1413.5 uF BICONCLUSION The project successfully validated the theoretical laws of capacitor combinations. For the parallel configuration, the theoretical capacitance of 1410 F closely matched the experimental value of 1413.5 pF, confirming that Cp = Cy + Cz + Cg is accurate. In the series configuration, the theoretical capacitance of 156.66 fF was near the experimental value of 153.2 pF, validating the formula oe ee ae GO | oS Minor differences between theoretical and experimental values are attributed to measurement inaccuracies and component tolerances. Overall, the results support the accuracy of the capacitor combination laws in practical applications. 14]PRECAUTIONS e Make sure all connections are neat and tight to avoid measurement errors. © Set the soldering iron to an appropriate temperature to prevent damage to components. ¢ Ensure solder joints are clean and solid to avoid loose connections ¢ Keep multi-meter probes clean and in good condition to prevent faulty readings. © Double-check circuit arrangements to ensure correct series or parallel configurations ¢ Avoid overheating capacitors during soldering to prevent performance degradation. © Calibrate the multi-meter before starting the experiment to avoid systematic errors. © Record all readings and observations carefully for accurate comparison with theoretical values. 151161 REFERENCE NCERT textbook class 12 www.google.com Wikipedia.com www. YouTube.Com https://study.com https://byjus.com/