For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap.

Use only one word in

AN UGLY HABIT

Smoking is one of the most common and deadliest habits in the world. You have probably seen thousands of
cigarettes smoked in your lifetime, (1) ……... perhaps not by your family. Even though fewer people smoke
today than in the past, one (2) ……... every four adults still smokes, and there are parts of the world where
smoking is increasing. Most people who become regular smokers started when they were young. This is the
time to get the facts straight: smoking does no one (3) …….... good, and it does a great (4) …….... of harm to
your health. It also often means giving up a lot later in life, such as the chance to excel in sports, extra spending
money, and even years of one’s life. There is a lot of to lose. Most smokers have a hard time explaining why
they started – and why they continue. They know it is harmful, and many even know someone who has died
from a smoking-related illness, like lung cancer or heart disease. But (5) ………. the same time, these smokers
continue lighting up when they go out for a drink, take a break from work, or hear alarming news. Some
smokers even light up when they learn about the dangers of smoking, because they become worried. (6) ……....
the reason people start smoking, the habit soon loses (7) ………. attraction. (8) …….... from the obvious health
risks, smoking is an ugly, unpleasant habit. Most people would prefer to avoid a room that someone was filling
with smelly smoke.

For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap. Use only one word in
each gap.

THE WONDROUS WORLD OF COFFEE

A cup of coffee, like any (1) ………. experience, can be enriched by selection and consciousness. "No beans
about it," the best coffee decisions (2) ………. the ones most pleasant to one's own palate - the selection of
one's coffee is a matter of personal preference. Choosing coffee beans can also be a perplexing experience, (3)
…….... there is a huge range of coffee types and beans blends from all around the world. The final flavour and
quality involves many complex factors, beginning with the coffee seed, the beans' botanics, a wide variety of
soil and climate conditions, cultivation altitudes, and the care (4) ………. in harvesting the beans. Raw green
coffee beans are then subjected (5) ………. many influencing factors, including various processing, production,
roasting, blending and brewing methods. On a global note, (6) …….... many species and varieties of coffee
trees from different areas of the world also offer their own distinctive flavours. There are more than forty-five
coffee-exporting countries - all of (7) …….... use different classification systems - that supply the world with
coffee beans, in sizes ranging over sixty known species of coffee plants. No wonder coffee can involve a
puzzling java jargon! Fortunately, the world's coffee nomenclature, from mountain to market, can be classified
(8) …….... simple categories. This briefly outlines the basics of bean botanics, coffee cultivation and
processing, and global classifications used by the coffee trade and coffee-producing countries.

For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap. Use only one word in
each gap.

Solar Energy

Solar energy is derived ultimately from the sun. It can be divided (1) …….... direct and indirect categories.
Most energy sources on Earth are forms of indirect solar energy, (2) …….... we usually don’t think of them in
that way. Coal, oil and natural gas derive from ancient biological material (3) …….... took its energy from the
sun millions of years ago. (4) ... the energy in wood and foodstuffs also comes (5) ……... the sun.
Movement of the wind, and the evaporation of water to form rainfall which accumulates in rivers and lakes, are
also powered by the sun. (6) ………., hydroelectric power and wind and wave power are forms of indirect solar
energy. Direct solar energy is (7) ………. we usually mean when we speak of solar power – (8) …….... is the
use of sunlight for heating or generating electricity. Solar energy research and applications have been receiving
increasing attention throughout the world as solar energy must play a much greater role in the energy mix in
upcoming years.

For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap. Use only one word in
each gap.

Dublin

More than just about any other city we know, Dublin wears its history (1) …….... its sleeve. Dubliners
themselves are highly passionate scholars of their own history - and we mean their own history. Perhaps (2)
…….... it continues to have (3) ………. a strong bearing on modern life, it's near impossible for (4) …….... two
Irish people to agree on the details of any one historical episode.
However, they'll instantly unite against an outsider's version, and there are great contradictions (5) ……….
Irish and English historical accounts of events that (6) ………. place here. Take Oliver Cromwell for example.
An Irish text would describe him (7) ………. an English parliamentarian (8) ………. raped, pillaged and
plundered his way through Ireland - a complete and utter bastard. If you picked up an English history book on
the other hand, you might learn that Cromwell defeated the Royalists in the English Civil War and apparently
used to holiday in Ireland.

For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap. Use only one word in
each gap.
Taste

Taste is (1) …….... simply the preserve of a tiny aristocracy, of the court culture of the European. Abbasid or
Chinese past or the ‘foodie’ cutting-edge of the present. In the social history of ordinary people, calorie intake,
the threat of famine and the supply of urban centres are among the topics (2) .......... have given us (3) ……….
idea of the fragility and difficulty of pre-industrial life. The relevance of the history of food in its (4) ……....
basic sense needs (5) …….... justification.
The exchange of products resulting (6) .......... the discovery of the New World, the dependence of societies
(7) .......... one overwhelmingly important food source, or the impact of modern warfare on civilian diet (8)
……..... all clearly major topics. In the mid-twentieth century historians’ interest in the conditions of society,
and particularly the history of ordinary people, inevitably involved questions of how peasants or workers lived
in the past; how well or ill-nourished they were; how they coped with the unpredictability of harvests, food
supply and prices.

For questions 1-8, read the text below and think of the word which fits each gap. Use only one word in each gap.

The Spanish Language

The history of Spanish language is a part of the history of Spain and Spanish America. The events that make up the
history of (1) ………. Iberian Peninsula – settlements, invasions, wars, and political upheaval – (2) ………. shaped the
history of the Spanish language. The Roman invasion is (3) …….... fundamental in this respect, (4) ………. other events
have also been decisive, such as the Muslim invasion and the subsequent Reconquest of the Peninsula, the discovery of
America, the Renaissance, and the Enlightenment.
All of these events are reflected (5) ………. the Spanish language: (6) ……….. the Roman invasion, the language of
Iberia might still be Iberian, or (7) ………. Visigothic or Arabic. Without the Muslim invasion and the Reconquest , it is
doubtful that Modern Spanish would be based (8) ... the Castilian variety or dialect. Had there been no Renaissance or
Enlightenment, the vocabulary of Spanish might lack its rich strata of Latinisms and Hellenisms, i.e., learned borrowings
from Latin and Greek.