PRACTICE TEST II, 2024-2025

CLASS XII
PHYSICS(042)
Answer key
Time: 3hrs M.M.=70
General Instructions :
Read the following instructions carefully and follow them :
(i) This question paper contains 33 questions. All questions are compulsory.
(ii) This question paper is divided into five sections Sections A, B, C, D and E.
(iii) In Section A Questions no. 1 to 16 are Multiple Choice type questions. Each question
carries 1 mark.
(iv) In Section B Questions no. 17 to 21 are Very Short Answer type questions. Each
question carries 2 marks.
(v) In Section C Questions no. 22 to 28 are Short Answer type questions. Each question
carries 3 marks.
(vi) In Section D Questions no. 29 and 30 are case study-based questions. Each question
carries 4 marks.
(vii) In Section E Questions no. 31 to 33 are Long Answer type questions. Each question
carries 5 marks.
(viii) There is no overall choice given in the question paper. However, an internal choice has
been provided in few questions in all the Sections except Section A.
(ix) Use of calculators is not allowed.
You may use the following values of physical constants wherever necessary :
c =3 x 108 m/s
h = 6.63 x 10-34 Js
e = 1.6 x 10-19 C
μ0 = 4π x 10-7 T m A-1
ε0 = 8.854 x 10-12 C2N-1m-2
1
4��
= 9 x 109 N m2 C2
0
Mass of electron (me ) = 9.1 x 10-31 kg
Mass of neutron = 1.675 x 10-27 kg
Mass of proton = 1.673 x 10-27 kg
Avogadro’s number = 6.023 x 1023 per gram mole
Boltzmann constant = 1.38 x 10-23 JK-1

SECTION A
1. A point P lies at a distance ‘x’ from the midpoint of an electric dipole on its axis. The
electric potential at P is proportional to;
1
(a) �2
1
(b)
�3
1
(c) �4
1
(d) 1
� 2
Ans: a
2. A cell of emf E is connected across an external resistance R. When current I is drawn from
the cell, the potential across the terminals of the cell drops to V. The internal resistance ‘r’ of
the cell is;
�−�
(a) �
�
�−�
(b) �
�−�
(c)
�
�−�
(d) �
�
Ans: c
3. A steady current flows through a metallic wire whose area of cross-section (A) increases
continuously from one end of the wire to the other. The magnitude of drift velocity (vd) of
the free electrons as a function of A can be shown as;
(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Ans: d
4. A long straight wire of radius ‘a’ carries a steady current ‘I’. The current is uniformly
�
distributed across its area of cross section. The ratio of magnitude of magnetic field �1 at 2
to that of �2 at 2a is;
(a) ½
 (b) 1
(c) 2
(d) 4
Ans: b
5. A diamagnetic substance is brought near the north or south pole of a bar magnet. It will
be :
(a) repelled by both the poles.
(b) attracted by both the poles.
(c) repelled by the north pole and attracted by the south pole.
(d) attracted by the north pole and repelled by the south pole
Ans: a
6. Figure shows a rectangular conductor PSRQ in which movable arm PQ has a resistance ‘r’
and resistance of PSRQ is negligible. The magnitude of emf induced when PQ is moved with
a velocity v does not depend on :

(a) magnetic field ( B )

(b) velocity ( v )
(c) resistance (r)
(d) length of PQ
Ans: c
7. � and � represent the electric and magnetic field respectively of an electromagnetic wave.
The direction of propagation of the wave is along;
(a) �
(b) �
(c) � × �
(d) � × �
Ans: c
8. In the wave picture of light, the intensity I of light is related to the amplitude A of the
wave as :
(a) I ∝ A
(b) I ∝ A2
(c) I ∝ A
1
(d) I ∝ A2
Ans: b
9. In Young’s double slit experiment, the fringe width is found to be β. If the entire apparatus
is immersed in a liquid of refractive index μ, the new fringe width will be :
 (a) β
(b) μβ
�
(c)
�
�
(d) �2
Ans: c
10. A Hydrogen atom makes an electronic transition from n = 5 to n = 1 orbit. The
wavelength of photon emitted is λ. The wavelength of photon emitted when it makes a
transition form n =5 to n = 2 is;
8
(a) �7
16
(b) 7
�
24
(c) �
7
32
(d) 7 �
Ans: d
11. A graph is plotted between the stopping potential (on y-axis) and the frequency of
incident radiation (on x-axis) for a metal. The product of the slope of the straight line
obtained and the magnitude of charge on an electron is equal to :
(a) h
ℎ
(b) �
2ℎ
(c) �
ℎ
(d) 2�
Ans: a
12. If the velocity of an electron increases, then its de-Broglie wavelength will;
(a) increase
(b) decrease
(c) remain the same
(d) first increase then decrease
Ans: b
In question numbers 13 - 16 two statements are given -- one labeled as Assertion (A)
and the other labeled as Reason (R). Select the correct answer to these questions from
the codes (a), (b), (c) and (d) as given below.
(a) Both A and R are true and R is the correct explanation of A
(b) Both A and R are true and R is NOT the correct explanation of A
(c) A is true but R is false
(d) A is false and R is also false

13. Assertion (A) : When three electric bulbs of power 200 W, 100 W and 50 W are
connected in series to a source, the power consumed by the 50 W bulb is maximum.
Reason (R) : In a series circuit, current is the same through each bulb, but the potential
difference across each bulb is different.
Ans: b
14. Assertion (A) : A current carrying square loop made of a wire of length L is placed in a
magnetic field. It experiences a torque which is greater than the torque on a circular loop
made of the same wire carrying the same current in the same magnetic field.
Reason (R) : A square loop occupies more area than a circular loop, both made of wire of
the same length.
Ans: d
15. Assertion (A) : In a Young’s double slit experiment interference pattern is not observed
when the two slits are infinitely close to each other.
Reason (R) : Fringe width is proportional to the separation between the two sources.
Ans: a
16. Assertion (A) :Electrons are ejected from the surface of zinc when irradiated with
yellow light.
Reason (R) : Energy associated with a photon of yellow light is more than the work function
of zinc.
Ans: a

SECTION B

17. Define resistivity of a conductor. How does the resistivity of a conductor depend upon
the following :
(a) Number density of free electrons in the conductor (n)
(b) Their relaxation time (τ)
��� � �
Ans: Resistance offered by unit cube of the material. � = =
� �
�
�∝
�
�
�∝
�

18. (a) Four point charges of 1 μC, -2 μC, 1 μC and -2 μC are placed at the corners A, B, C
and D respectively, of a square of side 30 cm. Find the net force acting on a charge of 4 μC
placed at the centre of the square.
Ans:

From points B and D two equal and opposite forces F1 and -F1 are acting on the 4μC
charge placed at the center. Same from points A and C (F2 and -F2). The forces in two
mutually perpendicular directions are zero. Hence net force is zero.
OR
18 (b) Three point charges, 1 pC each, are kept at the vertices of an equilateral triangle of
side 10 cm. Find the net electric field at the centroid of triangle.
Ans:
Three coplanar vectors of equal magnitude are acting at a point making an angle of
120⁰ with each other add up to zero.

19. An alternating voltage V = Vm sinωt applied to a series L - C - R circuit drives a current

given by I = Im sin ωt + φ . Deduce an expression for the average power dissipated over a
cycle.
Ans: Average power over a cycle;
� � �
�
���� � � �������� �� + �
� � �
� � ���� − ��� �� + �
� � �
� = � = =
�� � ��
�
� � ��
= ����
�
20. An object is placed 30 cm in front of a concave mirror of radius of curvature 40 cm. Find
the (i) position of the image formed and (ii) magnification of the image.
Ans: Radius of curvature is 40 cm, focal length is 20 cm.
� � �
Mirror formula; = +
� � �
� � � � � �
�
= − =
� � −��
−
−��
=
−��
. (i) position 60 cm in front of the mirror, (ii) magnification
=2

21. The carbon isotope 126� has a nuclear mass of 12·000000 u. Calculate the binding energy
of its nucleus. Given mp = 1·007825 u; mn = 1·008665 u.
Ans: Total mass of neutrons and protons = � × �. ������ + � × �. ������ =
��. ������
Actual mass = 12.00000u. mass defect = 12.09894 - 12.00000 = 0.09894u
Binding energy = 0.09894 x 1.661 x 10-27 x (3 x 108)2 = 1.47905 x 10-11J

SECTION C
22. A cube of side 0·1 m is placed, as shown in the figure, in a region where electric field
� = 500�� exists. Here x is in meters and E in NC-1. Calculate :
(a) the flux passing through the cube, and
(b) the charge within the cube.
Ans: Flux exists only through the planes at x = 0.1 m and x = 0.2 m. There is no flux
through the other surfaces as their normals are perpendicular to the electric field.
Inward flux through the surface at x = 0.1 m �� = ��� × �. � × �. �� = ���� �−�
Outward flux through the surface at x = 0.2 m �� = ��� × �. � × �. �� = ����� �−�
Net flux � = �� − �� = �� − � = ���� �−�
Charge enclosed � = �� � = �. �� × ��−�� × � = �. ��� × ��−�� �.

23. A sinusoidal voltage is applied to an electric circuit containing a circuit element ‘X’ in
�
which the current leads the voltage by
2
(a) Identify the circuit element ‘X' in the circuit.
(b) Write the formula for its reactance.
(c) Show graphically the variation of this reactance with frequency of ac voltage.
(d) Explain the behaviour of this element when it is used in (i) an ac circuit, and (ii) a
dc circuit.
Ans: (a) capacitor
�
(b) ��
(c)

(d) (i) will offer lower hinderance with increasing frequency

(ii) Will block dc altogether.

24. A circular loop of radius 10 cm carrying current of 1.0 A lies in x-y plane. A long
straight wire lies in the same plane parallel to x-axis at a distance of 20 cm as shown in
figure.
Find the direction and value of current that has to be maintained in the wire so that the net
magnetic field at O is zero.
� �
Ans: The field at the center of the loop is given by � = � , where a is the radius of the
��
loop. This field will be directed along − �. Therefore the field due to straight wire must
be directed along + � to neutralise the field due to the loop. Hence current must be
along + �.
���'
Field strength due to straight wire is given by � = ��� . Magnitudes must be equal,
therefore;
�� � �� �'
=
� �
�� ���
Hence �' = �. � × = ���
� �

25. The electric field in an electromagnetic wave in vacuum is given by :

� = (6.3 N/C) cos [(1.5 rad/m) y + (4.5x 108 rad/s) t] î
(a) Find the wavelength and frequency of the wave.
(b) What is the amplitude of the magnetic field of the wave ?
(c) Write an expression for the magnetic field of this wave.
�� ��
Ans: (a) = �. � or � = = �. ��� wavelength;
� �.�
�.����
Frequency: ��� = �. � × ��� or � = = �. � × ��� ��
��.��
(b) Electric field amplitude �� = �. � �/�
� �.�
magnetic field �� = � = � � = �. � × ��
���
−�
�
(c) � = �. � × �� � ��� [(�. � ���/�) � + (�. �� ��� ���/�) �] �
−�

26. (a) Using Bohr's postulates, derive the expression for the radius of the nth orbit of an
electron in a hydrogen atom. Also find the numerical value of Bohr's radius a0.
Ans: Postulates: 1. circular orbit, 2. angular momentum quantised, 3. Energy
difference
���� � ��
=
�� ���� ���
�� ��� ��� � ���
=
��� ���� ���
�� �� � ���
=
��� ��� ���� ���
 �� �� ��
�� =
����
Putting the values rn=a0=0.53A⁰
OR
1
26 (b) de Broglie wavelength λ as a function of � for two particles of masses m1 and m2 are
shown in the figure. Here, K is the energy of the moving particles.

(a) What does the slope of a line represent ?

(b) Which of the two particles is heavier ?
(c) Is this graph also valid for a photon ?
Justify your answer in each case.
� �
Ans: (a) The requisite equation � = ���. The slope of the straight line represents ��
(b) m1 is the heavier particle
(c) No as the photon doesn’t have rest mass.

27. How does Einstein's photoelectric equation explain the emission of electrons from a
metal surface ? Explain briefly. Plot the variation of :
(a) photocurrent with collector plate potential for different intensity of incident
radiation, and
(b) saturation photocurrent with intensity of incident radiation.
Ans: Einstein’s photoelectric equation �� = ��� + ���
Where ν is the frequency of incident radiation, ν0 is the threshold frequency and V0 is
the stopping potential. The energy of the incident photon is partly utilised in emitting
the electron and the rest appears as kinetic energy which is equal to eV0.
(a)

(b)
28. With the help of a circuit diagram, explain the working of a p-n junction diode as a full
wave rectifier. Draw its input and output waveforms.
Ans:

During the positive half cycle D1 is forward biased and D2 is reverse biased. Current
through RL is directed leftward. During the negative half cycle D1 is reverse biased and
D2 is forward biased and the current through RL is again leftward. Hence one has
unidirectional current through RL under all conditions.

SECTION D
Read the passages carefully and answer the questions that follow:
29. How are electromagnetic waves produced? Neither stationary charges nor charges in
uniform motion (steady currents) can be sources of electromagnetic waves. The former
produces only electrostatic fields, while the latter produces magnetic fields that, however, do
not vary with time. Consider a charge oscillating with some frequency. This produces an
oscillating electric field in space, which produces an oscillating magnetic field, which in turn,
is a source of oscillating electric field, and so on. The oscillating electric and magnetic fields
thus regenerate each other, so to speak, as the wave propagates through the space. The
frequency of the electromagnetic wave naturally equals the frequency of oscillation of the
charge. The energy associated with the propagating wave comes at the expense of the energy
of the source - the accelerated charge.
(i) The electric and magnetic fields in an electromagnetic wave are
(a) Directed parallel to each other
(b) Directed opposite to each other
(c) Directed perpendicular to each other
(d) Not present simultaneously
 (ii) The speed of electromagnetic wave in a material medium is given by
1
(a) ��
1
(b) �
0 �0
1
(c)
��
1
(d) �0 �0
(iii) The direction of propagation of electromagnetic wave
(a) Is along the electric field
(b) Is along the magnetic field
(c) Is neither along the electric field nor along magnetic field
(d) Is indeterminate in absence of material medium
(iv) If an oscillating charge stops oscillating
(a) The electric field disappears
(b) The magnetic field disappears
(c) Both electric and magnetic fields disappear
(d) None of the fields disappear
Ans: (i) c, (ii) c, (iii) c, (iv) b

30. An intrinsic semiconductor will behave like an insulator at T=0 K. It is the thermal
energy at higher temperatures (T> OK), which excites some electrons from the valence band
to the conduction band. These thermally excited electrons at T > 0 K, partially occupy the
conduction band. These have come from the valence band leaving equal number of holes
there. When a small amount, say, a few parts per million (ppm), of a suitable impurity is
added to the pure semiconductor, the conductivity of the semiconductor is increased
manifold. Such materials are known as extrinsic semiconductors or impurity semiconductors.
The deliberate addition of a desirable impurity is called doping and the impurity atoms are
called dopants. Such a material is also called a doped semiconductor. The dopant has to be
such that it does not distort the original pure semiconductor lattice. It occupies only a very
few of the original semiconductor atom sites in the crystal. A necessary condition to attain
this is that the sizes of the dopant and the semiconductor atoms should be nearly the same.
(i) The contribution to the current in an intrinsic semiconductor
(a) Is equal due to electrons and holes owing to their equal numbers
(b) Is greater due to holes owing to their greater mass
(c) Is greater due to electrons owing to their greater mobility
(d) Is greater due to the charge carrier which moves along the direction of
applied electric field.
(ii) In a p-type semiconductor the band gap energy is lowered due to
(a) Lowering of the minimum energy of valence band
(b) Lowering of the minimum energy of conduction band
(c) Rise of maximum energy of valence band
(d) Rise of maximum energy of conduction band
(iii) The dopant for n-type semiconductor is
(a) Trivalent
(b) Tetravalent
(c) Pentavalent
(d) Hexavalent
 (iv) A crystal of semiconductor typically has 1023 atoms. If it is doped with a trivalent
impurity with concentration of 1 ppm, there shall be
(a) Equal number of holes and electrons for conduction
(b) 1017 more number of electrons as compared to that of holes for conduction
(c) 1017 more number of holes as compared to that of electrons for conduction
(d) No electrons or holes for conduction.
Ans: (i) c, (ii) c, (iii) c, (iv) c

SECTION E
31. (a) (i) Derive an expression for potential energy of an electric dipole � in an external
uniform electric field � . When is the potential energy of the dipole (1) maximum, and (2)
minimum.
(ii) An electric dipole consists of point charges - 1.0 pC and + 1.0 pC located at (0, 0)
and (3 mm, 4 mm) respectively in x - y plane. An electric field E = (1000 V/m)� is
switched on in the region. Find the torque � acting on the dipole.
Ans: (i) The torque on an electric dipole in a uniform electric field � = � × �. Assuming
the dipole moment vector to make an angle θ with the direction of electric field, the
magnitude of torque on the dipole would be � = ������. Work done in rotating the
dipole by an angle dθ against the torque, �� = ��� = ��������
Work done in rotating the dipole from 0 to � ;
�
� =− �������� = �� � − ����
�
Potential energy is maximum when θ = π, energy being 2pE
Potential energy is minimum when θ = 0, energy being 0.
(ii)

� �
Dipole moment � = � × ��−�� �
�+ �
�
Torque � = � × � = � × �� −��
−�
OR
31. (b) (i) An electric dipole (dipole moment � = �� ), consisting of charges - q and q,
separated by distance 2a, is placed along the x-axis, with its centre at the origin. Show that
1 �.�
the potential V, due to this dipole, at a point x, (x>> a) is equal to 4�� �2
0
(ii) Two isolated metallic spheres S1 and S2 of radii 1 cm and 3 cm respectively are
2
charged such that both have the same charge density � × 10−9 �/�2 .They are placed far
away from each other and connected by a thin wire. Calculate the new charge on sphere S1.
Ans: (i) Potential at a point for a finite charge distribution is given by
� �
� �� � �. �
� =− �. �� =− �
. ��� =
∞ ∞ ���� � ���� ��
�
(ii) Initial charge density of both spheres � × ��−� �/�� . Net charge on S1 is
�
�� = × ��−� × �� × ��−� = � × ��−�� �
�
�
Similarly �� = × ��−� × �� × � × ��−� = �� × ��−�� �
�
� �
When connected by a wire, potentials equalize. Then �� �� = �� �� , therefore �� = ��
� �
�� �� ��
Or � = � or �� = � �� . Also �� + �� = � × �� −��
� solving for q1,
� � �
�� = � × ��−�� �
32. (a) (i) What is meant by current sensitivity of a galvanometer? Mention the factors on
which it depends. A galvanometer of resistance G is converted into a voltmeter of
range (0 - V) by using a resistance R. Find the resistance, in terms of R and G,
�
required to convert it into a voltmeter of range 0 − 2 .
(ii) The magnetic flux through a coil of resistance 5 Ω increases with time as :
ϕ = 2.0t3 + 5.0t2 + 6.0t mWb
Find the magnitude of induced current through the coil at t = 2 s.
Ans: (i) Current sensitivity is a measure of deflection by the galvanometer for unit
� ���
current. It is given by the formula � = � where N is the number of turns, A is the coil
area and B is the magnetic field due to the permanent magnet. The voltmeter of range
(0 - V) has a resistance in series with the galvanometer such that � = �� � + � . To
� �
convert it into a voltmeter of range � − � , the relation becomes, � = �� (� + �')
� �
= (� + �')
� (� + �)
�−�
= �'
�
��
(ii) Induced emf according to Faraday’s law � =− =− (��� + ��� + �)
��
� ��
At t = 2s, E = 50 V. Current through the resistor � = � = � = ���
OR
32. (b) (i) You are given three circuit elements X, Y and Z. They are connected one by one
�
across a given ac source. It is found that V and I are in phase for element X. V leads I by 2
�
for element Y while I leads V by 2 for element Z. Identify elements X, Y and Z.
(ii) Establish the expression for impedance of circuit when elements X, Y and Z are
connected in series to an ac source. Show the variation of current in the circuit with the
frequency of the applied ac source.
(iii) In a series LCR circuit, obtain the conditions under which (i) impedance is
minimum and (ii) wattless current flows in the circuit.
Ans: (i) Element X is a resistor, Y is an inductor, Z is a capacitor
(ii) The phasor diagram for series XYZ
 �= ��� + �� − �� �

��' = � �� + � − � � , here Y and Z are reactances and Z’ is impedance

Or �' = �� + � − � �
� �−�
Current � = � � � ��� �� + � where � = ���−� �
� + �−�
(iii) Impedance is minimum when VY = VZ and wattless current is obtained when
X=0
33. (a) (i) A plane light wave propagating from a rarer into a denser medium, is incident at an
angle i on the surface separating two media. Using Huygen's principle, draw the refracted
wave and hence verify Snell's law of refraction.
(ii) In a Young's double slit experiment, the slits are separated by 0.30 mm and the
screen is kept 1.5 m away. The wavelength of light used is 600 nm. Calculate the distance
between the central bright fringe and the 4th dark fringe.
Ans: (i)

Let CE represent a tangent plane drawn from the point C on to the sphere. Then, AE =
v2τ and CE would represent the refracted wavefront. If we now consider the triangles
ABC and AEC, we readily obtain
�� �� �
���� = =
�� ��
�� �� �
And ���� = = ��
��
���� ��
=
���� ��
��
(ii) The fringe width is given by � = �
� × ��−� × �. �
�= = � × ��−� �
� × ��−�
 �
The 4th dark fringe is positioned at a distance �� + � from the central bright fringe.
Hence the distance is 10.5 mm.
OR
33. (b) (i) Discuss briefly diffraction of light from a single slit and draw the shape of the
diffraction pattern.
(ii) An object is placed between the pole and the focus of a concave mirror. Using
mirror formula, prove mathematically that it produces a virtual and an enlarged image.
Ans: (i) According to Huygens’ principle, each point of the wavefront at the slit is a
source of secondary wavelets which interfere among themselves to produce an
internsity distribution which is known as the diffraction pattern.
It is observed that the intensity has a central maximum at θ = 0 and other secondary
� �
maxima at �~ � + � � , which go on becoming weaker and weaker with increasing n.
The minima (zero intensity) are at θ~nλ/a, n= ±1, ±2, ±3, .…

� � �
(ii) According to the mirror equation = +
� � �
In case of a concave mirror f is negative. Given condition u < f.
� � �
Putting in the mirror formula with cartesian sign convention = +
−� � −�
� � �
Or �
− =
� �
� � � � �
Since u < f, � > � hence � is positive. Hence image is virtual. Also � < �, hence v > u. The
magnification is greater than 1. The image is enlarged.