Unit-V

Parallel Operation
It is always preferable to operate one or more transformers in parallel

instead of using one large transformer.

Advantages of Parallel operation:

1. Power system becomes more reliable :
If any problem comes to any unit, it can be removed from the service and
remaining transformers can feed the load, though at reduced level.
2. Increased efficiency :
Transformers can be switched off or switched on depending up on the load
demand. In this manner, transformer losses are minimized, so, efficiency
increases.
3. The cost of stand-by unit is much less
4. Flexibility for increasing or decreasing the capacity.
Conditions for satisfactory parallel operation:
1. The transformers must have same voltage ratios ie., with primaries connected to
the same supply voltage, the secondary voltages of all transformers must be same
in magnitude.
2. Polarity of transformers must be properly maintained
3. The equivalent leakage impedance in ohms should be inversely proportional to
their respective KVA ratings (or) the per unit leakage impedances based on their
own ratings must be equal.
4. The ratio X/R should be same for all the transformers.
Out of the conditions listed above, condition 2 must be followed strictly. If the
secondaries are connected with wrong polarities, large circulating currents will flow and
transformer may get damaged. For remaining conditions some deviation is permissible.
Thus, the fulfillment of condition 2 is essential where as the fulfillment of other
conditions are desirable.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
Parallel operation under No-Load
The primaries of two transformers are connected across same voltage source. When the
voltmeter ‘V’ reads zero, these secondaries are also connoted in parallel by closing the
switch ‘S’. If no load secondary voltages Ea and Eb are equal in magnitude and are
in phase, then, Ea – Eb =0 and no current circulate in the transformer windings. If Ea and
Eb are unequal or out of phase, then, the resultant voltage Ea-Eb will circulate a current Ic
E a − Eb
and I C = . Where Za and Zb are equivalent leakage impedances of
Za + Zb
transformer referred to secondary sides. Since, the values of Za and Zb are very small
generally, even a low value of (Ea-Eb) produces a large circulating current. Note that due
to transformer action, the circulating current will flow both in primaries and secondaries,
this being represented by thin dotted line. In this case, Ea is assumed to be greater than
Eb, but, both are in same phase. This circulating current produces additional ohmic losses
and reduces efficiency of parallel connected transformers.

Since, the terminal voltage ‘V’ must be same for both the transformers,
V = E a − I C Z a = Eb + I C Z b

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 The following figure shows phasor diagram.

Where  is the angle by which Ic lags (Ea – Eb) and is given by

 Xa + Xb 
 = tan −1  
 Ra + Rb 
It is cleared from phasor diagram that the effect of circulating current
Ic is to boost the lower voltage Eb to V and to reduce the higher voltage Ea to
V. (since the drops are equal v is inphase with Ea or Eb)
On – Load Operation
a)Equal voltage ratios :
When the transformers have equal voltage ratios, the magnitudes of secondary
induced emfs are same and circulating current at no load is zero and Ea = Eb . Two
transformers are shown below by their equivalent circuits.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 The voltage equation of transformer ‘A’ is E a − I a Z a = V = IZ

Since E a = Eb , Eb − I a Z a = V and for transformer ‘B’, Eb − I b Z b = V

Or Eb − I a Z a = Eb − I b Z b or I a Za = Ib Zb

Hence, the above circuit model can be redrawn as follows.

I = Ia + Ib
And Ia = I. ( Zb / ( Za + Zb)) , Ib = I. ( Za / ( Za + Zb))
Multiplying both side with ‘V’,
VIa = KVA supplied by transformer ‘A’ = Sa = V I. ( Zb / ( Za + Zb))
= S . ( Zb / ( Za + Zb))

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 Similarly, KVA supplied by transformer ‘B’ = Sb = V I. ( Za / ( Za + Zb))
= S . ( Za / ( Za + Zb))
Or Sa / Sb = S . ( Zb / ( Za + Zb)) x (( Za + Zb)) / S . Za = Zb / Za
There fore, KVA supplied by each transformer is inversely proportional to their
leakage impedances.
Case (i) ; Let Za = Zb , but Xa / Ra is not equal to Xb / Rb
Since, Za = Zb and Ea = Eb , Ia = Ib
But,  a is not equal to  b . Assuming  b >  a , Phasor diagram is drawn

It is cleared from above phasor diagram that transformer ‘A’ operates at

better power factor and transformer ‘B’ operates at poor power factor as compared to
load power factor.
The KVA shared by transformers A and B are equal. But, the total Output
KVA (VI) is less than the sum of KVA ratings of individual transformers. Since the total
current supplied ‘I’ is the phasor sum of Ia and Ib .Finally, it is concluded that a
transformer with greater leakage impedance angle operates at a poor power factor as
compared to other with a lower leakage impedance angle.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
Case (ii) ; Let Za > Zb , but Xa / Ra = Xb / Rb
Since, Ea = Eb , V = Ea – Ia Zz = Eb – Ib Zb
Or Ia Za = Ib Zb
Since, Za is greater than Zb , Ia will be less than Ib .
The relation Xa / Ra = Xb / Rb means that  a =  b, The phasor diagram
gets modified to following.

It is cleared from above phaor diagram that both the transformers operate
at same power factors and the total KVA is equal to the sum KVA ratings of individual
transformers. Since, Ia < Ib , KVA shared by transformer ‘A is less than that of
transformer ’B’.
Hence, transformers of different KVA ratings can be operated in parallel
provided their equivalent impedances in ohms are inversely proportional to their KVA
ratings. (or) Their Per unit impedances must be same in magnitudes and quality ( ie., Xa /
Ra = Xb / Rb)

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
THREE PHASE TRANSFORMERS :
When generation, transmission and distribution are in three phase form, it
is advantageseous to transformation is also to be in three phase form. Three phase
formation can be done by using three single phase transformers or a single three phase
transformer.
Advantages of Single three phase transformer over three single phase transformers:
1. It costs less by 15 % (In core type transformers only as it uses 3 limb cores. But,
in Shell type transformers, 5 limb core is used , so there are three independent
magnetic circuits for three phase as in single phase transformers bank)
2. It occupies less space.
3. Only one unit is to be handled.
The main reason for above all advantages is that a three phase
transformer does not require return paths for magnetic flux.

At any time the other two phases acting as return pathes for first phase,
hence no flux flows through the common limb and hence it can be removed. The resultant
core structure comes as shown below.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 Another structure of three phase transformer core is shell type which has got 5 limbs
is shown below. This structure has 3 independent magnetic circuits

Three phase transformer connections or Configurations :

The following connections are generally used.
I. Star / star connection :
In this all similar ends of three windings ( A2, B2,.C2 and a2,b2,c2 ) are
connected together on both lv and hv sides.
Phase transformation ratio = x
Line transformation ratio
= (√3. x .VL )/ (√3. VL ) = x
Hence line transformation = phase
transformation
The neutral point must be
grounded for feeding an unbalanced
load on secondary side to
accommodate third harmonic
currents.
This connection gives 0o
phase displacement between primary
and secondary sides.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 This connection is suitable for high voltage, low current ie. Low rating
transformers Since the voltage across each phase winding gets reduced to 1 / √3 times of
line voltage. However phase current = line current.

II. Delta / Delta connection :

In this connection, all
dissimilar ends of three windings ( A2
B1, B2 C1, C2 A1 and a2b1,b2c1,
c2a1 ) are connected together on both
lv and hv sides to make voltage zero
across the delta, otherwise it becomes
short circuit.

Phase transformation ratio = x

Line transformation ratio =
( x .VL) / VL = x
Hence line transformation = phase
transformation
This connection can feed an unbalanced load on secondary side and it can
accommodate third harmonic currents through phase windings with out coming on to
lines.

This connection gives 0o phase displacement between primary and secondary

sides. This connection is suitable for low voltage, high current ie. high rating
transformers Since the voltage across each phase winding is equal to line value, how
ever the current through the phase winding gets reduced to 1 / √3 times of line value.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
III. Delta / Star connection :
In this, primary side , all
three windings are connected in
Delta and secondary windings are
connected in Star as shown below.
Phase transformation ratio = x
Line transformation ratio =
(√3. x .VL )/ ( VL ) = √3
x
Hence line transformation = √3
x Phase transformation . So, this
connection is used for stepping up
the voltage at sending end of power
system.
The neutral point must be grounded on star side for feeding an unbalanced load
and to accommodate third harmonic currents.
This connection gives 30o phase displacement between primary and secondary
sides always delta side quantities leading.
IV. Star / Delta Connection :
In this, primary side , all
three windings are connected in Star
and secondary windings are
connected in Delta as shown below.

Phase transformation ratio = x

Line transformation ratio =
(1/√3. x .VL )/ ( VL ) = (1/√3)
x
Hence line transformation =
(1/√3) x Phase
transformation .

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 So, this connection is used for stepping down the voltage at receiving end of power
system. The neutral point must be grounded on star side for feeding an unbalanced load
and to accommodate third harmonic currents.
This connection gives 30o phase displacement between primary and secondary
sides always delta side quantities leading.
The phase displacement between primary and secondary quantities are very
significant while transformers are operated in parallel. In that case, there should not be
any phase displacement between primary and secondary voltage.

Possible combinations for parallel operation :

Star - Star Star - Star

Star - Star Delta - Delta
Delta - Delta Delta - Delta
Star - Delta Star - delta
Delta - Star Delta - Star
Delta - Star Star – Delta ( reversed phase
sequence)

Combinations not possible for parallel operation :

Star - Star Star - Delta

Star - Star Delta - Star
Delta - Delta Star - Delta
Delta - Delta Delta - Star
Star - Delta Delta - Star

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
Open – Delta Connection or V-V Connection:

If one of the transformers in a three phase bank is removed, the remaining

system becomes open delta or V-V connection. But, the system capacity gets reduced to
57.77 % ( but, not to 66.6 % ).

The capacity of Delta connection = √3. VL. IL = √3. VL. √3Iph = 3.VL.Iph
( since IL = √3Iph)
The capacity of Open - Delta connection = √3. VL. IL = √3. VL. Iph ( since IL = Iph)

Capacity of open delta / Capacity of delta = (√3. VL. Iph ) / (3.VL.Iph )

= 1 / √3
= 0.577 ie., 57.7 %

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 If we operate 3 transformers in Delta bank, the total capacity of the bank is
3x20 = 60 KVA. If one transformer is removed, the bank reduces to open delta whose
capacity is .577 x 60 = 34.8 KVA (but not 2/3 or 66.6 %)
The reduction in KVA rating with available rating is 34.8 /40 = 13.45 %
or (Operating capacity) / (Available capacity) = 0.866
1. The ave. Power factor of V-V bank is less than that of load. It is 86.6 % of
balanced load power factor.
2. Except at balanced UPF load, the two transformers in V_V bank operate at
different power factors : one at Cos ( 30 – Ф ) and other at Cos (30 + Ф)
When the load power factor is 1, the two transformers operate at same pfs and
they share the load equally.
When load poer factor is 0.5 ie., Ф = 60o, power factor one transformer is
Cos ( 30-60) = cos 30 = 0.866 and pf of other transformer is Cos (30+60) = 0
Only one transformer will be supplying entire load and other transformer does
not supply any load as its pf is 0.
3. If 3rd transformer is added to V-V bank, (with 50 % cost increase) the increase in
capacity is
73.2 %.
Example: A Delta –Delta bank consisting of three 20 KVA, 2300 /230 V transformers
supplies a load of 40 KVA. If one transformer is removed, find for the resulting V-V
bank,
i) Total rating of V-V bank
ii) KVA carried by each transformer
iii) % increase in load on each transformer when bank is converted to V-V bank.

Sol ; Total capacity of Delta bank = 3 x 20 = 60 KVA

Load on the bank = 40 KVA
Total capacity of V-V bank = 0.866 x Available capacity = 0.866 x 40 (or)
= 0.577 x delta Capacity = 0.577 x 60
= 34.64 KVA.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 The KVA rating of V-V bank to supply 40 KVA load should be
40/0.866 = 46.2

KVA carried by each transformer = 46.2 / 2 = 23.1 ( assuming load pf is unity)

Under Delta connection, the load shared by each transformer is

40 /3 = 13.33 KVA.

The ratio of KVAs carried by each transformer from delta to open delta
operation is 23.1 /13.33 = 1.732
There fore, % increase in load on each transformer = 73.2

Scott – Connection (or) T-T Connection :

This connection is used for transforming power from one 3 ph circuit to

another 3 ph circuit using only two transformers and to convert 3 phase system into 2
phase or 2 phase into 3 phase system. It uses two transformers viz., Main and Teaser
transformers. The above fig shows the connections of Scott connection.
To make the volt per constant, the no.of turns on primary and secondary windings of
Teaser transformer must be 0.866 N1 and 0.866 N2 respectively. Where N1 and N2
are no.of primary and secondary turns of Main transformer.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 Three phase power supplied on secondary side = √3. VL. IL
Power available = Power available with main transformer + Power available with
Teaser transformer
= VL IL + 0.866VL IL = 1.866 VL IL

Therefore,( KVA actually supplied) / ( KVA available ) = √3. VL. IL / 1.866 VL. IL
= 0.928.
Reduction is 7.2 % ( In Open delta, it is 13.4 % )
Transformation ratio of Main transformer = 0.866N2 / 0.866 N1 = N2 / N1
Which is also equal to ratio of Teaser transformer ( = N2 /N1)

When the Scott connected Transformer is used for phase Conversion :

It is observed from above phasor dia that the primary voltages VAM and VB are out of
phase by 90 degrees. This can be utilized for obtaining balanced two phase supply on
secondary side by placing two windings of same no. of turns (N2).

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 Transformation ratio of Teaser transformer ( K Tea)= N2 / 0.866 N1
Transformation ratio of Main transformer ( KMain) = N2 / N1 = 0.866 x KTea
Let Ia and Ib be the secondary currents.
The primary current of Teaser transformer (IA) = Ia . √3/2 . (N2 / N1)
The Primary current of Main transformer ( IBC) = Ib . (N2 / N1)
The Primary line Current ( IB) = IBC – IA/2
The Primary line Current ( IC) = -IBC – IA/2

The following fig Shows the phasor dia. With resistive loads.

The following figure shows the phasor dia. With inductive loads.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 Example :
Two single phase Furnaces A and B are supplied at 100 V by means of a Scott
connected transformer combination from a 3-phase 6600 V system. The voltage of
furnace A is leading. Calculate the line currents on the 3 phase side, when furnace A
takes 400 KW at 0.707 pf lagging and B takes 800 KW at unity pf.
Solution :
Transformation Ratio of Main transformer = 100 / 6600 = 1/66
Transformation Ratio of Teaser transformer = (2/ √3) x(1/66)
The line current IA = Ia . 1/66
The secondary current Ia = 400,000 / ( 100 x 0.707) = 5658 A
The secondary current Ib = 800,000 / ( 100 x 1) = 8000 A
The Primary line current ( IA) = 5658 x (2/ √3)1/66 = 99 A
The Primary current ( IBC) = 8000 x 1/66 = 121.21 A
The phasor dia is drawn below.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 The line current line current IB = IBC – IA/2 = 121.2∟0o – 49.5 ∟(90+45)o = 93 A
The line current line current IC = -IBC – IA/2 = -121.2∟0o – 49.5∟(90+45)o = 160 A

Tap Changers on Transformers :

Tap changers are provided on transformers to maintain consumer’s
terminal voltage within the prescribed limits. The principle of regulating the terminal
voltage i.e., secondary output voltage is based on changing the no. of turns in primary or
secondary winding.
Let V1, N1 and V2, N2 be the primary and secondary voltages and turns
respectively.

To increase the secondary voltage V2, either N1 is to be reduced or N2 is to

be increased. If N1 is reduced, the volt / turn (= V1/N1) increases, for a given N2, V2
increases ( since, V2 = (V1/V2) x N2).Similarly, if N2 is increased, since Volt / turn ( =
V1/N1) remains same, V2 increases. Hence, tapings may be placed on primary or
secondary side. The choice between the two sides should be based on maintaining the

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
Volt / turn constant. If Volt per turn increases, the flux increases, core loss increases, Im
increases and core gets saturated. Similarly, if Volt per turn decreases, core flux
decreases and this results in poor utilization of the core though core losses are reduced.
In transformers at generating stations, the primary voltage can be kept
constant, consequently the taps should be provided on the secondary side. If the primary
voltage is subjected to changes like at receiving end of transmission line, the taps should
be provided on primary side. In both cases, Volt per turn is maintained constant.
Other factors that must be taken into consideration while deciding upon
the side to be provided with taps are :
1. Transformer with large turn ratio are tapped on H.V side, since this enables a smoother
control of the output voltage than that given by taps provided on L.V side . The
following example illustrates the above fact.

2. If tapings are placed on h.v winding, the tap switch ma have to handle low currents
3. H.V winding can be easily tapped since it is easily accessible.
Generally, tapings are placed at the middle of winding to cancel out axial
forces developed during short-circuit conditions. It is cleared from the following fig.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
Off – Load Tap Changers :
If the tap switch is to be operated under no load, it then called Off-Load
Tap changer. These tap changers used for seasonal voltage variations. An elementary
form of no load tap changer is shown below.

If the winding is tapped at 2.5 % intervals and the rotating arm ‘R’ closes
i) Studs 1 and 2, full winding is in circuit
ii) Studs 2 and 3, 97.5 % of winding is in circuit
iii) Studs 3 and 4, 95 % of winding is in circuit

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 iv ) Studs 4 and 5, 92.5 % of winding is in circuit
v) Studs 5 and 6, 90 % of winding is in circuit
The tap changing process must be carried out only after the transformer is disconnected
from the supply.

On – Load Tap Changers :

This tap changer is used for daily or short period voltage variations. The

output voltage can be regulated with the changer with out any supply interruptions. One

form of elementary on – Load tap changer is shown below.

The center tapped reactor ‘ C’ prevents the tapped winding from getting

short circuited. In figure shown, the movable fingers A and B are in contact with segment

1 and full winding is in circuit. Switches ‘x’ and ‘y’ are closed. One half of the total

current flows through switch ‘y’ and upper portion of reactor ‘C’ and other half flows

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
through x and lower portion of reactor ’C’. Since, currents are flowing in opposite

directions in two sections of reactor’ C’ , the net flux or mmf is zero. Hence impedance

offered by it is almost zero.

To change the voltage or to bring the movable fingers A and B onto the

segment 2, the following sequence of operations is to be adopted.

1 Open switch ‘y’: The entire current flows through the lower portion of reactor.

2. The movable finger B is moved to segment 2 with out sparking as it does not carry any

current.

3. Close switch ‘y’: The transformer winding between taps 1 and 2 gets connected across

the reactor.

Hence, there is no short circuit across the tapped portion of transformer winding ( as

the local circulating current is flowing in one direction through the reactor)

4. Open switch ‘ x’ : The entire current flows through the upper portion of reactor.

5. Move A to segment 2

6. Close switch ‘x’

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
Auto Transformers:
A transformer in which a part of winding is common to both the primary
and secondary circuits is called an Auto transformer. In a two winding transformer,
primary and secondary windings are electrically isolated, but, in an auto transformers,
the two windings are not electrically isolated.

The fig shows a simple arrangement of a step down auto transformer in

which the portion BC is common for both primary and secondary circuits. If voltage V1 is
V1
applied to winding AC, the volt per turn will be . Then, voltage across BC is
N1

V1
V2 =  N2
N1

V2 N 2 I 1
Or = = = K = Transformation ratio
V1 N1 I 2

And also I1 N1 = I 2 N 2
Since, V2  V1 , I 2  I1 , the common portion BC carries the difference of primary
and secondary currents ie., I 2 − I 1 . (The common portion always carries the difference
current only)
The use of auto-transformer is particularly economical where the voltage ratio is
less than 2 ( In which case, electrical isolation of two windings is not essential )

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
Advantages of Auto-Transformer over a two winding transformers:
1.Saving in Copper used for windings :
The weight of copper used for any winding depends up on the cross sectional area
and length of the winding. Since, the conductor cross sectional area is proportional to
current and length is proportional to no. of turns, Copper weight is proportional to the
product NI.
There fore, Copper required for an auto transformer =
Cu auto = (N1 − N 2 )I 1 + N 2 (I 2 − I 1 )

= N1 I1 − N 2 I1 + N 2 I 2 − N 2 I1
= 2 N1 I1 − 2 N 2 I1 (Since I1 N1 = I 2 N 2 )

= 2(N1 I1 − N 2 I1 )
= 2I1 (N1 − N 2 )
For the same KVA rating, a two winding transformer must have N1 turns on
primary and N2 turns on Secondary winding. Then, Copper wt. required for a two
winding transformer = Cu tw = N1 I 1 + N 2 I 2 = 2 N1 I 1

Cu auto 2 I 1 (N1 − N 2 ) N1 − N 2
There fore, = = = 1− K
Cu tw 2 N1 I 1 N1

Or Cu auto = (1 − K )Cu tw

Since, K  1, Cu auto  Cu tw

And also, Cu auto = Cu tw − K .Cu tw or Cu tw − Cu auto = K .Cu tw

So, the saving in copper = K.Cu tw

Hence, saving of copper increases as the ‘K’ value approaches unity.

2. Increase in KVA rating:

When a 2- winding transformer is converted into an auto transformer, the KVA rating
will increase.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 The KVA rating of an Auto transformer is KVAauto = V1 I 1 = V2 I 2

The equivalent two winding transformer is shown below.

The KVA rating of Two winding transformer = KVAtw = (V1 − V2 )I 1 = V2 (I 2 − I 1 )

KVAauto V1 I 1 V1 1 1
There fore, = = = =
KVAtw (V1 − V2 )I1 V1 − V2 V
1− 2
1− K
V1

1
or KVAauto = KVAtw 
1− K
Since, K value is less than 1, KVAuato >> KVA tw and also as ‘K’ value
approaches unity, the enhancement in KVA rating will be more. This increase is
because in the auto transformer connection, a part of Power is transferred through
conduction also. Transformer action exists between portion AB and BC. Hence, the
power transferred through induction = (V1 − V2 )I1 or V2 (I 2 − I1 ) and the Power
transferred through conduction = Total power received - power transferred trough
induction. This is given by V2 I 2 − (V2 (I 2 − I1 ))
= V2 I 2 − V2 I 2 + V2 I1 = V2 I1

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
 I  1
There fore, Power transferred through conduction = V2 I 1 = V2 I 2  1  = V2 I 2  
 I2  K

(Out of total power V2 I 2 received on secondary, K times is due to conduction and

a (1-K) time is due to Induction.)
3.Since a part of winding is common for both primary and secondary circuits, leakage
flux is less; hence, leakage reactance is less. So, auto transformer has lower value of
leakage impedance and hence, superior Voltage Regulation.
4.For the same Excitation voltage (for same iron losses) and same winding currents (for
same copper losses), output power is increased, so, efficiency increase.
Disadvantages:
1. If ‘K’ value differs from unity, the economic advantage decreases.
2. Direct electrical connection between LV and HV windings
3. High Short circuit currents ( due to low leakage impedance )
Applications:
1. For inter connection of power system having voltage ratios not differing far unity
( like 132 KV with 220 KV)
2. For supplying variable voltages. ( Variable ratio auto transformers )
3. For starting of Induction motors.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
Three Winding Transformers
A Three Winding Transformer uses three windings ( One primary and two
secondary windings). The third or additional winding placed on the same core is called
Tertiary Winding. The voltage ratings of three windings are generally not same. The
voltage rating of tertiary winding is comparatively less. Hence, their kVA ratings are also
different. The following figure shows the schematic of a three winding transformer.

The voltage ratios are defined as

V2 N 2
=
V1 N1
V3 N 3
=
V1 N1
And also the mmf produced by primary winding should balance the total mmf produced
by two secondary windings
I1 N1 = I 2 N 2 + I 3 N3

The equivalent circuit referred to primary side is given as follows.

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd
Applications:
1. Used in substations to feed the local load like fans, lights, pumps, computers etc
2. Used to improve the transformer power factor by connecting a capacitor across
the tertiary winding.
3. In case of three phase three winding transformers, the tertiary winding is
connected in delta to suppress the harmonics.

Phasor diagram with a capacitor across tertiary winding

Dr.V.Ramesh Babu/Assoc.Professor/VNRVJIET/Hyd