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Grade 8

Mathematic

Booklet

Name: ___________________
8__
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Contents

1. Geometry of Straight Lines

- Parallel Lines
- Straight Lines
- Vertically Opposite
2. Algebraic Expressions
- Addition
- Subtraction
3. Functions & Equations
4. Triangles
- Classification
- Sum of Angles in Triangle
- Exterior Angle
5. Area & Perimeter
6. Other Rules to Know
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GEOMETRY OF STRAIGHT LINES

A line is an infinite number of points between two end points.
Where two lines meet or cross, they form an angle.
An angle is an amount of rotation. It is measured in degrees.
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NB: Please ensure that you understand all of the terminology used here because you may not
understand the explanations given below if you do not know & understand the terminology.
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PARALLEL LINES
Parallel Lines are lines that stay equidistant, the same distance apart, no matter how long the lines are
(they are lines that will never meet).

Parallel lines are a given when two arrows facing the same direction are present in the diagram as
shown above.
The line seen going through the two parallel lines above is known as a “traversal”. There are many ways
that a traversal can bisect parallel lines and there are techniques we can use to calculate the angle that
is created by this traversal.

REMEMBER ! !
Corresponding Angles are equal
Alternate Angles are equal
Interior Angles are supplementary (add up to 180°)
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STRAIGHT LINES
A straight line has a supplementary angle, it is a 180° angle. Any lines that bisect a straight line will
create angles that will add up to 180°.

VERTICALLY OPPOSITE ANGLES

When two straight lines intersect each other, the angles that are opposite each other are equal.
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ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS
TERMINOLGY
Term – A single mathematical expression
Algebraic expression – A combination of terms by the operations of addition, subtraction, division
and/or multiplication
Variable: A letter used to represent an unknown quantity
Co-efficient – The number that is found in front of the variable that acts as a multiplication factor. It can
be positive/negative
Constant: A fixed number that is on its own
Degree of an expression: The same number as the highest exponent found in an expression
Monomial – An expression with 1 term
Binomial – An expression with 2 terms
Trinomial – An expression with 3 terms
Polynomial – An expression with 4 or more terms
NB: 2x + 7y -> two terms
2x/7y OR 2x (7y) -> one term
Like-terms: terms that have the same variable e.g. 2xy & -5xy

SIMPLIFING ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Algebraic expressions can be simplified by finding like terms & then combining them through
adding/subtracting. Out of the terms with the same variables, the ones with the same powers will be
combined, e.g. 5x2 can be added to 3x2 but it cannot be added to 4x4
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ADDITION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Addition of algebraic expressions is quite similar to the addition of numbers. However, the addition of
algebraic expressions requires categorizing the terms in an algebraic expression into two types - like
and unlike terms. Then, taking up the like terms and adding them.

There are two methods that we can use:

1. Horizontal Method
2. Column Method
I would prefer if you used the horizontal method because it will make the simplifying of algebraic
expressions in the FET phase much quicker & simpler. If the column method is easier then please use
that method, you can always learn the other method next year.
e.g. Add (2m2+mn-7n) + (3m2+7mn+5n) + (-5mn+n)
1. HORIZONTAL METHOD
Step 1: Write all the expressions in a horizontal line by putting them into brackets and put an addition
sign in between.
(2m2+mn-7n) + (3m2+7mn+5n) + (-5mn+n)
Step 2: Group all the like terms together from all the expressions and rewrite the expression so formed.
(2m2+3m2) + (mn+7mn-5mn) + (-7n+5n+n)
Step 3: Add numerical coefficients of all the like terms followed by the common variable.
(5m2+3mn-n)
Step 4: Rewrite the simplified expression, and make sure all the terms in the final answer should be
unlike terms.

2. COLUMN METHOD
Step 1: Write all the expressions one below the other. Make sure to like terms in one column.
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If there a term whose like term is not there in the second expression, for example, then either write
below it or leave that column blank.
Step 2: Add the numerical coefficient of each column (like terms) and write below it in the same column
followed by the common variable.
Step 3: Rewrite the final answer

SUBTRACTION OF ALGEBRAIC EXPRESSIONS

Subtraction of algebraic expressions is very similar to the addition aspect. We find like terms, group
them & then simplify. Since we already know addition of algebraic expressions, I think it would be a
good idea to make our subtraction problems into addition problems.
Can we do this?
Yes, by distributing the minus sign, you’ll see what I mean…
There are two methods that we can use:
1. Horizontal Method
2. Column Method
e.g. Subtract (5x+4y+3) from (2x2–3x -4y+7)

1. HORIZONTAL METHOD
Step 1: Write all the expressions in a horizontal line by putting them into brackets and put subtraction
signs in between. ALWAYS START WITH THE EXPRESSION AFTER THE WORD ‘FROM’.
(2x2–3x -4y+7) - (5x+4y+3)
Step 2: Remove the minus sign by distributing it to the expression after the minus sign then group all
the like terms together from all the expressions and rewrite it in a single expression.
(2x2–3x -4y+7-5x-4y-3)

Remember that (+)(+)/(-)(-) = + AND (+)(-)/(-)(+) = -

Step 3: Add numerical coefficients of all the like terms followed by the common variable.
(2x2-2x-8y+10)
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Step 4: Rewrite the simplified expression, and make sure all the terms in the final answer are unlike
terms.
2x2-2x-8y+10

2. COLUMN METHOD
Step 1: Write both expressions one below the other. Make sure you have written like terms in one
column. If there is a term whose like term is not there in the second expression, for example, 2x2, then
either write below it or leave that column blank.
Step 2: Change the operators in the last row (second expression), for example, (+) to (-) and (-) to (+).
Step 3: Consider the changed signs and add the numerical coefficient of each column (like terms) and
write below it in the same column followed by the common variable.
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FUNCTIONS & EQUATIONS

What is a function?
Well, the best way to think of a function is like a machine, you put a certain number in & another
number pops out the back of the machine. The way the function works is that for every number it is
given, it will give out a new number.
Functions can come at you in many shapes & forms:
Flow diagrams

Tables

Formulae & equations

Your job is to be able to identify these functions & graph it accordingly.

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The graph that we will focus on is the straight line graph show as:

A straight line graph is a visual representation of a linear function.

The general equation is y = mx + c or f(x) = mx + c
y is the output value of the function
m is the gradient of the line graph, and to find m, we use 2 points on the line (x1,y1) (x2,y2) & substitute
𝑦2−𝑦1
the values into the equation
𝑥2−𝑥1
x is the value that we substitute along the horizontal axis in order to plot the graph (...,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4…)
c is the y-intercept of the graph, meaning it is the point where the graph cuts through the vertical axis (y-
axis)
In the above graph, y = 2x + 1, m = 2 & c = 1

SOLVING ALGEBRAIC EQUAITIONS

The difference between an algebraic expressions & an algebraic equation is the presence of an equal
sign (=). When given an algebraic equation, the left hand side (LHS) has to be equal to the right hand
side (RHS). This means that we can shift terms around the equal sign & solve for the unknown variable
that is needed. In general, we keep variables on the LHS & constants on the RHS
TIPS:
- Moving terms that contain addition/subtraction operations will result in a change of operation as the
term moves across the equal sign. e.g.
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(1) x + 12 = 4
x = 4 – 12
x = -8
(2) x – 7 = 3
x = 3 +7
x = 10
- Moving terms that contain multiplication/division operations will result in a change of operation as
the term moves across the equal sign. e.g.
(1) 12x = 24
24
x=
12
x=2
𝑥
(2) =2
5
x = 2(5)
x = 10
- When trying to find a variable or a base as an exponent, simplify the RHS to make it a base with an
exponent such that it matches the RHS. e.g.
(1) 3x = 27
3x = 33
x=3
(2) x3 = 8
x 3 = 23
x=2
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TRIANGLES
CLASSIFICATION OF TRIANGLES
There are 3 types of triangles you will come across:
1. Equilateral Triangle - If all the sides have the same length (∆ABC)
2. Isosceles Triangle - If two of the sides have the same length (∆DEF)
3. Scalene Triangle - If all the sides have different lengths (∆JKL)

You may also find these types of triangles named after their respective angles:

PROPETIES OF TRIANGLES:
- The sum of the interior angles of a triangle is 180°
- An equilateral triangle has all sides equal and each interior angle is equal to 60°
- An isosceles triangle has two equal sides and the angles opposite the equal sides are equal
- A scalene triangle has no sides equal
- A right-angled triangle has a right angle (90°)
- An obtuse triangle has one obtuse angle (between 90° and 180°)
- An acute triangle has three acute angles (< 90°)
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SUM OF ANGLES IN A TRIANGLE

Knowing that the angles inside of a triangle are equal to 180°, we can work out unknown angles in a
triangle. Look at the worked examples below:
e.g. (1) Calculate the size of ∠ACB

We let angle ∠ACB = x

x + 95° + 50° = 180° [Interior ∠’s of ∆]
x = 180° - 95° - 50°
x = 35°

(2) Calculate the size of ∠LKM

As we can see, the diagram is showing
us that two sides are equal, LK & ML are
equal length. This is an isosceles
triangle.
From this we can state that ∠KLM &
∠LMK are angles of equal size with the
reason being ∆KLM is an isosceles ∆
We let ∠LKM = x
180° = 38° + 38° + x [Interior ∠’s of ∆]
x = 180° - (38° + 38°)
x = 104°

(3) Calculate the size of ∠YZX & ∠YXZ

Again, we are shown that this is an isosceles triangle (XY=ZY). This allows us to make both of these
angles = x
180° = 24° + x + x [Interior ∠’s of ∆]
2x = 180° - 24°
156°
2x = 156° therefore x = = 78°
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(4) Calculate the size of ∠MNP

as you can see, we have a triangle full of
unknown angles and in order for us to
calculate the angle required of us, we need
to find the value of x.
So we start from what we know:
180° = 2x – 50° + (2x - 30°) + (x + 10°)
[Interior ∠’s of ∆]
180° = 2x - 50° + 2x - 30° + x + 10°
2x + 2x + x = 180° + 50° + 30° -10°
5x = 250°
250°
x= therefore x = 50°
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We still haven’t found the angle, we now substitute x with the value we obtained
2(50°) – 30
= 100° - 30°
= 70°
NB: It is a good idea to substitute x into all angles so that you can confirm that your answer is correct if
everything adds to 180°.

EXTERIOR ANGLE OF A TRIANGLE

Statement: If a side of a triangle is produced, then the exterior angle so formed is equal to the sum of
the two interior opposite angles.

According to the Exterior Angle property of a triangle theorem, the sum of measures of ∠ABC and ∠CAB
would be equal to the exterior angle ∠ACD.
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Look at the examples below to understand how to apply this theorem:

e.g. (1) KLM is a straight line. Calculate the size of x & y
Solving for this is quite straight forward
since there aren’t many missing values.
y = ∠LKJ +∠LJK [Ext. ∠ of ∆]
= 100° + 50°
= 150°
x = 180° - 150° [str. line]
= 30°

(2) Angle b & and angle with size 130° form a straight line. Calculate the size of a & b.
The easiest way to solve for this would be to find
b using the straight line angle & then finding a
using the exterior angle of ∆ theorem.
b = 180° - 130° [str. line]
= 50°
50° = a + 30° [ext. ∠ of ∆]
a = 50° - 30°
= 20°

(3) m & n form a straight line. Calculate the size of m & n.

from what is given to us, we can
identify this ∆ as an equilateral ∆,
the 3 sides are equal. This also
means that all the angles in the ∆ are
equal.
3m = 180° [int. ∠’s of ∆]
180°
m=
3
= 60°
n = 180° - m [str. line]
n = 180°-60° =120°
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AREA & PERIMETER

TERMINOLOGY:
A = Area – the measure of the inside of a closed figure expressed in square units
P = Perimeter – the measurement of the distance around the outside of a closed figure
C = Circumference – the perimeter of a circle
Π = pi (3.14) – the ratio of a circle’s circumference to its diameter.
b = base
h = height
l = length
w = width
r = radius
s = side
Below are some of the common shapes you will find as well as their area & perimeter formula
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OTHER RULES TO KNOW

EXPONENT LAWS: