DAY FIVE

Matrices
Learning & Revision for the Day

u Matrix u Algebra of Matrices u Trace of a Matrix

u Types of Matrices u Transpose of a Matrix u Equivalent Matrices
u Equality of Matrices u Some Special Matrices u Invertible Matrices

Matrix
l
A matrix is an arrangement of numbers in rows and columns.
l
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n and the
number of elements in this matrix will be mn.
 a11 a12 a13 ... a1 n 
a a22 a23 ... a2 n 
l
A matrix of order m × n is of the form A =  21 
 ... ... ... ... ... 
a 
 m1 am2 am3 ... amn 

Some important terms related to matrices

l
The element in the ith row and jth column is denoted by aij.
l
The elements a11 , a22 , a33 , ...... are called diagonal elements.
l
The line along which the diagonal elements lie is called the principal diagonal or
simply the diagonal of the matrix.

Types of Matrices
l
If all elements of a matrix are zero, then it is called a null or zero matrix and it is
denoted by O.
l
A matrix which has only one row and any number of columns is called a row matrix
and if it has only one column and any number of rows, then it is called a column
matrix.
l
If in a matrix, the number of rows and columns are equal, then it is called a square
matrix. If A = [aij]n × n , then it is known as square matrix of order n.
l
If in a matrix, the number of rows is less/greater than the number of columns, then it
is called rectangular matrix.
l
If in a square matrix, all the non-diagonal elements are zero, it is called a diagonal
matrix.
 If in a square matrix, all non-diagonal elements are zero
Transpose of a Matrix
l

and diagonal elements are equal, then it is called a

scalar matrix. Let A be m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by interchanging
l
If in a square matrix, all non-diagonal elements are zero the rows and columns of A is called the transpose of A and is
and diagonal elements are unity, then it is called an unit denoted by A′ or AC or A T .
(identity) matrix. We denote the identity matrix of order If A be m × n matrix, A′ will be n × m matrix.
n by I n and when order is clear from context then we
simply write it as I.
Important Results
l
In a square matrix, if aij = 0, ∀ i > j, then it is called an
(i) If A and B are two matrices of order m × n, then
upper triangular matrix and if aij = 0, ∀i < j , then it is ( A ± B)′ = A′ ± B ′
called a lower triangular matrix.
(ii) If k is a scalar, then (k A)′ = k A′
NOTE • The diagonal elements of diagonal matrix may or may (iii) ( A′ )′ = A
not be zero. (iv) ( AB)′ = B′ A′
(v) ( A n )′ = ( A′ )n
Equality of Matrices
Two matrices A and B are said to be equal, if they are of Some Special Matrices
same order and all the corresponding elements are equal.
l
A square matrix A is called an idempotent matrix,
if it satisfies the relation A2 = A.
Algebra of Matrices l
A square matrix A is called nilpotent matrix of order k,
l
If A = [aij]m × n and B = [b ij] m × n be two matrices of same if it satisfies the relation A k = O, for some k ∈ N .
order, then A + B = [aij + b ij]m × n and A − B = [aij − b ij]m × n , l
The least value of k is called the index of the nilpotent
where i = 1, 2, ..., m, j = 1, 2, ..., n. matrix A.
l
A square matrix A is called an involutary matrix,
l
If A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and k be any scalar, then, if it satisfies the relation A2 = I .
kA = [kaij]m × n . l
A square matrix A is called an orthogonal matrix,
l
If A = [aij]m × n and B = [b ij]n × p be any two matrices such if it satisfies the relation AA′ = I or A′ A = I .
that number of columns of A is equal to the number of l
A square matrix A is called symmetric matrix,
rows of B, then the product matrix AB = [c ij], of order if it satisfies the relation A′ = A.
n
m × p, where c ij = ∑a b kj . A square matrix A is called skew-symmetric matrix,
l
ik
k =1 if it satisfies the relation A′ = − A.

NOTE • If A and B are idempotent matrices, then A + B is idempotent

Some Important Properties iff AB = − BA.
l
A + B = B + A (Commutativity of addition)  a1 a2 a3 
• If A =  b1 b2 b3  is orthogonal, then
l
( A + B) + C = A + (B + C) (Associativity of addition)  
 c1 c 2 c 3 
l
α ( A + B) = αA + αB, where α is any scalar.
Σ ai2 = Σ bi2 = Σ c i2 = 1 and Σ ai bi = Σ bi c i = Σ ai c i = 0
l
(α + β) A = αA + βA, where α and β are any scalars.
• If A B are symmetric matrices of the same order, then
l
α (βA) = (αβ) A, where α and β are any scalars.
(i) AB is symmetric if and only if AB = BA .
l
( AB) C = A (BC) (Associativity of multiplication)
(ii) A ± B , AB + BA are also symmetric matrices.
l
AI = A = IA • If A and B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
l
A (B + C) = AB + AC (Distributive property) (i) A ± B, AB − BA are skew-symmetric matrices.
NOTE • A2 = A ⋅ A, A3 = A ⋅ A ⋅ A = A2 ⋅ A1 , K (ii) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
• Every square matrix can be uniquely expressed as the sum of
• If the product AB is possible, then it is not necessary that symmetric and skew-symmetric matrices.
the product BA is also possible. Also, it is not necessary
1 1 1 1
that AB = BA. i.e. A = ( A + A′ ) + ( A − A′ ), where ( A + A′ ) and ( A − A′ )
2 2 2 2
• The product of two non-zero matrices can be a zero
are symmetric and skew-symmetric respectively.
matrix.
 (iii) Addition of constant multiple of the elements of any row
Trace of a Matrix (column) to the corresponding elements of any other row
The sum of the diagonal elements of a square matrix A is (column), indicated as
called the trace of A and is denoted by tr( A). Ri → Ri + kR j (Ci → Ci + kC j).
(i) tr( λA) = λ tr( A) (ii) tr( A ) = tr( A ′ )
(iii) tr( AB) = tr( BA) Invertible Matrices
l
A square matrix A of order n is said to be invertible if there
exists another square matrix B of order n such that
Equivalent Matrices AB = BA = I .
Two matrices A and B are said to be equivalent, if one is l
The matrix B is called the inverse of matrix A and it is
obtained from the other by one or more elementary operations denoted by A −1 .
and we write A ~ B.
Following types of operations are called elementary
operations. Some Important Results
l
Inverse of a square matrix, if it exists, is unique.
(i) Interchanging any two rows (columns).
This transformation is indicated by
l
AA −1 = I = A −1 A
Ri ↔ R j (Ci ↔ C j)
l
If A and B are invertible, then ( AB)−1 = B −1 A −1
(ii) Multiplication of the elements of any row (column) by a l
( A − 1 )T = ( A T )− 1
non-zero scalar quantity, indicated as l
If A is symmetric, then A −1 will also be symmetric matrix.
Ri → kRi (Ci → kCi ) l
Every orthogonal matrix is invertible.

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 1

FOUNDATION QUESTIONS EXERCISE

0 1 0 −1 2 3
1 If A =   and B =  , then which of the following is 1 −2 3 
1 1 1 0  5 If A =  and B = 4 5, then
 −4 2 5  
correct? j
NCERT Exemplar 2 1 
(a) (A + B) ⋅ (A − B) = A + B
2 2
(b) (A + B) ⋅ (A − B) = A 2 − B 2 (a) AB, BA exist and are equal
(c) (A + B) ⋅ (A − B) = I (d) None of these (b) AB, BA exist and are not equal
(c) AB exists and BA does not exist
2 If p, q , r are 3 real numbers satisfying the matrix (d) AB does not exist and BA exists
3 4 1 
6 If ω ≠ 1 is the complex cube root of unity and matrix
equation, [ p q r ] 3 2 3 = [ 3 0 1 ], then 2p + q − r is
  ω 0 
2 0 2 H= 70
, then H is equal to
0 ω
equal to j
JEE Mains 2013
(a) H (b) 0 (c) −H (d) H 2
(a) − 3 (b) − 1 (c) 4 (d) 2
7 If A and B are 3 × 3 matrices such that AB = A and
3 In a upper triangular matrix n × n, minimum number of
BA = B, then
zeroes is
n (n − 1) n (n + 1) (a) A 2 = A and B 2 ≠ B (b) A 2 ≠ A and B 2 = B
(a) (b) (c) A 2 = A and B 2 = B (d) A 2 ≠ A and B 2 ≠ B
2 2
2n (n − 1) 8 For each real number x such that − 1 < x < 1, let
(c) (d) None of these
2
 1 −x 
1 2 a 0 1 − x 1− x x +y
4 Let A =   and B = 0 b ; a , b ∈ N. Then, A( x ) =  and z =
1 
. Then,
 3 4    −x 1 + xy
 
(a) there exists more than one but finite number of B’s such  − x
1 1 − x 
that AB = BA (a) A (z) = A(x) + A(y)
(b) there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA (b) A(z) = A(x) [A(y)]−1
(c) there exist infinitely many B’s such that AB = BA (c) A (z) = A(x) ⋅ A(y)
(d) there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA (d) A(z) = A(x) − A(y)
 cos α − sin α 0 1 2 2
9 If A(α ) =  sin α cos α 0, then A(α ) A(β ) is equal to 18 If A =  2 1 − 2 and AT A = AAT = I , then xy is
   
 0 0 1  x 2 y 
(a) A(αβ) (b) A(α + β) (c) A(α − β) (d) None equal to
10 If A is 3 × 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that A′ B and (a) −1 (b) 1 (c) 2 (d) − 2
BA′ are both defined, then B is of the type 19 If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same order and
(a) 4 × 3 (b) 3 × 4 (c) 3 × 3 (d) 4 × 4 X = AB + BA and Y = AB − BA, then ( XY )T is equal to
1 2 2 (a) XY (b)YX
(c) − YX
11 If A = 2 1 −2 is a matrix satisfying the equation (d) None of these
  1 0 0 1 0 0
a 2 b 
20 Let A = 0 11 , I = 0 1 0 and
AA = 9I , where I is 3 × 3 identity matrix, then the ordered
T
   
pair (a,b) is equal to j JEE Mains 2015 0 −2 4 0 0 1 
(a) (2, − 1) (b) (−2, 1) (d) (−2, − 1) 1 2 
(c) (2, 1) A −1 = ( A + cA + dI ) . The values of c and d are
0 0 1  1 0 0  6 
12 If E = 0 0 1 and F = 0 1 0, then E 2 F + F 2E
  (a) (− 6, − 11) (b) (6, 11)
    (c) (− 6, 11) (d) (6, − 11)
0 0 0 0 0 1 
21 Elements of a matrix A of order 9 × 9 are defined as
(a) F (b) E (c) 0 (d) None
aij = ωi + j (where ω is cube root of unity), then trace ( A ) of
13 If A and B are two invertible matrices and both are the matrix is
symmetric and commute each other, then (a) 0 (b) 1 (c) ω (d) ω2
(a) both A −1B and A −1B −1 are symmetric
 1 −1 1   4 2 2
(b) neither A −1B nor A −1B −1 are symmetric   1 
(c) A −1B is symmetric but A −1B −1 is not symmetric
−1
22 If A = 2 1 − 3 and A = −5 0 α , then
  10  
(d) A −1B −1 is symmetric but A −1B is not symmetric  1 1 1   1 − 2 3 
14 If neither α nor β are multiples of π /2 and the product AB α is equal to
of matrices (a) − 2 (b) 5 (c) 2 (d) − 1
 cos 2 α sin α cos α  −1
A= 23 If A is skew-symmetric and B = (I − A ) (I + A ) , then B is
cos α sin α sin2 α  (a) symmetric
 cos β2
cos β sin β  (b) skew-symmetric
and B=
cos β sin β sin2 β  (c) orthogonal
(d) None of the above
is null matrix, then α − β is
24 Let A be a square matrix satisfying A 2 + 5A + 5I = O .
(a) 0 (b) multiple of π
(c) an odd multiple of π/ 2 (d) None of these The inverse of A + 2I is equal to
(a) A − 2I (b) A + 3I
 1 2 3
(c) A − 3I (d) does not exist
15 The matrix 1 2 3 is

   1 0
−1 −2 −3 25 Let A =  48
. Then A is
1 / 3 1 
(a) idempotent (b) nilpotent
 1 0  1 0
(c) involutary (d) orthogonal (a)  (b)  3 1 − 1  1
48
1 
cos θ − sin θ   (1 / 3)  2 3 48  
16 If A =  , then
 sin θ cos θ   1 0
(c)  (d) None of these

16 1
(a) A is skew-symmetric (b) symmetric
(c) idempotent (d) orthogonal 26 If X is any matrix of order n × p and I is an identity matrix
 a a −1 −2  2 of order n × n, then the matrix M = I − X ( X ′ X )−1 X ′ is
17 If A = a + 1 1 a 2 + 4 is symmetric, then a is I. Idempotent matrix
  II. MX = O
 −2 4a 5 
(a) Only I is correct (b) Only II is correct
(a) −2 (b) 2 (c) −1 (d) None (c) Both I and II are correct (d) None of them is correct
27 Let A and B be two symmetric matrices of order 3. 28 Consider the following relation R on the set of real square
Statement I A (BA) and ( AB ) A are symmetric matrices of order 3.
matrices. R = {( A, B ) : A = P −1BP for some invertible matrix P}
Statement I R is an equivalence relation.
Statement II AB is symmetric matrix, if matrix
Statement II For any two invertible 3 × 3 matrices M
multiplication of A with B is commutative.
and N,(MN )−1 = N −1M −1.
(a) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is a
correct explanation for Statement I (a) Statement I is false, Statement II is true
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
(b) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
correct explanation of Statement I
not a correct explanation for Statement I
(c) Statement I is true, Statement II is true; Statement II is
(c) Statement I is true; Statement II is false
not a correct explanation of Statement I
(d) Statement I is false; Statement II is true (d) Statement I is true, Statement II is false

DAY PRACTICE SESSION 2

PROGRESSIVE QUESTIONS EXERCISE

2 1 
6 If both A −
1 1
I and A + I are orthogonal matrices, then
1 If A =   , then I + 2A + 3A + ... ∞ is equal to
2

− 4 − 2  2 2
(a) A is orthogonal
 4 1  3 1  5 2  5 2 (b) A is skew-symmetric matrix
(a)   (b)   (c)  − 8 − 3  (d)  − 3 – 8 
 − 4 0  − 4 − 1     (c) A is symmetric matrix
(d) None of the above
 1 2
2 The matrix A that commute with the matrix   is  −1 + i 3 −1 − i 3 
 3 4
 2i 2i 
1  2a 2b  1  2b 2a  7 If A =  , i = −1 and f ( x ) = x 2 + 2,
(a) A =   (b) A =    1+ i 3 1−i 3 
2  3b 2a + 3b  2  3a 2a + 3b 
 
1  2a + 3b 2a   2i 2i 
(c) A =   (d) None of these
3  3a 2a + 3b  then f ( A ) is equal to

3 The total number of matrices that can be formed using 5 5 − i 3   1 0  3 − i 3   1 0

(a)   (b)   
different letters such that no letter is repeated in any  2   0 1  2   0 1
matrix, is 1 0  1 0
(c)  (d) (2 + i 3 ) 
(a) 5! (b) 2 × 5 5 0 1 
 0 1
(c) 2 × (5!) (d) None of these
1 0
4 If A is symmetric and B is a skew-symmetric matrix, then 8 If A =  n
 , then A is equal to
for n ∈ N, which of the following is not correct? 1 1 
(a) A n is symmetric (a) 2 n − 1 A − (n − 1) I (b) nA − (n − 1) I
(b) B n is symmetric if n is even (c) 2 n − 1 A + (n − 1) I (d) nA + (n − 1) I
(c) A n is symmetric if n is odd only  cos θ sin θ 
(d) B n is skew-symmetric if n is odd 9 Let A =  . Let A = [bij ]2 × 2 . Define
n

− sin θ cos θ 
2 1 5 4  An 
5 Consider three matrices X =  , Y = 6 5 and lim A n = lim [bij ]2 × 2 . Then lim   is
4 1   n→ ∞ n→ ∞ n→ ∞  n 

 5 − 4
Z = . Then, the value of the sum
(a) zero matrix (b) unit matrix
− 6 5   0 1
(c)  (d) limit does not exist

 X (YZ )2   X (YZ )3   −1 0
 XYZ 
tr ( X ) + tr   + tr   + tr   + K to ∞ is
 2   4   8  10 If B is skew-symmetric matrix of order n and A is n × 1
column matrix and AT BA = [ p ], then
(a) 6 (b) 9
(c) 12 (d) None of these (a) p < 0 (b) p = 0
(c) p > 0 (d) Nothing can be said
11 If A, B and A + B are idempotent matrices, then AB is 14 If A1, A3 , ..., A2 n − 1 are n skew-symmetric matrices of
n
equal to
(a) BA (b) − BA (c) I (d) O
same order, then B = ∑ ( 2r − 1) ( A
r =1
2r − 1 )2 r −1
will be

 3 1  (a) symmetric
 2  , A = 1 1 and Q = PAP T , then P T Q 2019P (b) skew-symmetric
12 If P =  2  0 1
  (c) neither symmetric nor skew-symmetric
− 1 3
 2 (d) data not adequate
2 
is equal to a b c 
 1 2019 15 Let matrix A = b c a , where a, b, c are real positive
(a)   
0 1  c a b 
 4 + 2019 3 6057  numbers with abc = 1. If AT A = I , then a 3 + b 3 + c 3 is
(b)  
 2019 4 − 2019 3  (a) 3 (b) 4
(c) 2 (d) None of these
1 2 + 3 1 
(c)   16 If A is an 3 × 3 non-singular matrix such that AA′ = A′ A
4 −1 2 − 3
and B = A −1A′, then BB ′ equals j JEE Mains 2014
1  2019 2 − 3  −1
(d)   (a) (B )′ (b) I + B
4 2 + 3 2019  (c) I (d) B −1
13 Which of the following is an orthogonal matrix? 17 A is a 3 × 3 matrix with entries from the set {−1, 0, 1} . The
6 2 −3  6 2 3  probability that A is neither symmetric nor
(a)
1 2 3 6 (b)
1 2 −3 6  skew-symmetric is
7   7  
 3 −6 2   3 6 − 2  39 − 36 − 33 + 1 39 − 36 − 33
(a) (b)
 −6 −2 −3  6 −2 3 39 39
(c)
1 2 3 6 (d)
1 2 2 −3  39 − 36 + 1 39 − 33 + 1
7   7   (c) (d)
 −3 6 2   −6 2 3  39 39

ANSWERS
SESSION 1 1. (d) 2. (a) 3. (a) 4. (c) 5. (b) 6. (a) 7. (c) 8. (c) 9. (b) 10. (b)
11. (d) 12. (b) 13. (a) 14. (c) 15. (b) 16. (d) 17. (b) 18. (c) 19. (c) 20. (c)
21. (a) 22. (b) 23. (c) 24. (b) 25. (c) 26. (c) 27. (b) 28. (c)

SESSION 2 1. (c) 2. (a) 3. (c) 4. (c) 5. (a) 6. (b) 7. (d) 8. (b) 9. (a) 10. (b)
11. (b) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (d) 16. (c) 17. (a)
DAY FIVE MATRICES 51

Hints and Explanations

SESSION 1 5 Here, A is 2 × 3 matrix and B is 3 × 2 A( x ) ⋅ A( y ) =
1
⋅
matrix. (1 − x ) (1 − y )
1 Here,
0 1   0 −1  0 0 ∴Both AB and BA exist, and AB is a 2 × 2  1 − x  1 −y
A+ B = + = matrix, while BA is 3 × 3 matrix. − x 1  − y 1 
1 1 1 0  2 1  
 ∴ AB ≠ BA.
1   0 −1  0 1
0 2 = ⋅
A−B = − = 6 Clearly, (1 − x ) (1 − y )
1 1 1 0   0 1

ω 0  ω 0  ω2 0   1 + xy − ( x + y )
0 1 0 1  H2 = = …(iv)
A2 = A ⋅ A =  0 ω   0 ω   0 ω2   − ( x + y ) 1 + xy 
1 1 1 1       
  
ω2 0  ω 0  ω3 0  From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
 0 + 1 0 + 1 1 1 H =
3
=
= = 2    3 A(z ) = A( x ) ⋅ A( y ).
 0 + 1 1 + 1  1 2
     0 ω   0 ω  0 ω 
ω70 0  ω 69 ⋅ ω 0  cos α − sin α
0
 0 − 1  0 −1 ∴ H 70 =  =
and B 2 = B ⋅ B = ⋅ 70  9 A(α ) A(β ) =  sin α 0
cos α
1 0  1 0 
     0 ω   0 ω 69
⋅ ω   
(ω3 )23 ⋅ ω   0 0 1
 −1 0  0
= =  cos β − sin β 0 
 0 −1 ω3 23
⋅ ω
   0 ( ) 
×  sin β cos β 0 
1 1  −1 0   0 1 ω 0   
∴ A2 + B 2 = + = =
 0 ω
=H [Qω3 = 1]  0 0 1
1 2  0 −1 1 1  
      cos(α + β ) − sin (α + β ) 0
1 1  −1 0  2 1 7 Since, AB = A =  sin(α + β ) cos(α + β ) 0
A2 − B 2 = − =  
1 2  0 −1 1 3
      ∴ B =I ⇒ B2 = B  0 0 1
 0 0  0 2 = A(α + β )
and ( A + B )( A − B ) = Similarly, BA = B
2 1   0 1
   10 Clearly, order of A′ is 4 × 3.
⇒ A=I
 0 + 0 0 + 0  0 0 Now, for A ′ B to be defined, order of B
= = ⇒ A2 = A
 0 + 0 4 + 1   0 5 should be 3 × m and for BA′ to be
   
defined, order of B should be n × 4.
Clearly, ( A + B )( A − B ) ≠ A2 − B 2 Hence, A2 = A and B 2 = B
Thus, for both A ′ B and BA′ to be
≠ A + B ≠ I.
2 2
defined, order of B should be 3 × 4.
8 We have,
2 [3 p + 3q + 2r , 4 p + 2q + 0, 1  1 − x 1 2 2
A ( x) = …(i)
p + 3q + 2r ] = [3 0 1] 1 − x  − x 1  11 Given, A =  2 1 −2
 
⇒ 3 p + 3q + 2r = 3, 4 p + 2q = 0, 1  1 −y a 2 b
∴ A( y ) = …(ii)
p + 3q + 2r = 1 1 − y  − y 1  1 2
a
⇒ p = 1,q = −2, r = 3
1 ⇒ A T = 2 1
2
∴ 2 p + q − r = 2 − 2 − 3 = −3 and A (z ) =  
1−
(x + y) 2 −2
b
3 We know that, a square matrix A = [aij] 1 + xy  1 2 2 1 2 a
is said to be an upper triangular matrix  ( x + y ) Now, AA T =  2 1 −2 2 1 2
if aij = 0, ∀ i > j. 1 −    
 1 + xy 
Consider, an upper triangular matrix  (x + y)  a 2 b  2 −2 b 
− 1   9 0 a + 4 + 2b 
1 2 3 
 1 + xy  = 2a + 2 − 2b 
A =  0 5 6  ( x + y ) 
0 9

  −  a + 4 + 2b 2a + 2 − 2b a + 4 + b 
1 2 2
 0 0 7 3 × 3 1 + xy  1 + xy 
=  (x + y) 
1 + xy − x − y − It is given that, AA T = 9I
3(3 − 1) 1 
Here, number of zeroes = 3 =  9 0 a + 4 + 2b 
2  1 + xy 
( x + y ) ⇒  0 9 2a + 2 − 2b 
∴ Minimum number of zeroes  1 −  
n (n − 1) 1 + xy  1 + xy   a + 4 + 2b 2a + 2 − 2b a + 4 + b 
2 2
= =  
2 (1 − x ) (1 − y ) − ( x + y ) 1 
 9 0 0
4 Clearly, AB = 
1 2   a 0  a 2b 
=  1 + xy 
    1 =  0 9 0
3 4  0 b  3a 4 b  =  
 a 0 1 2   a 2 a (1 − x ) (1 − y )  0 0 9
and BA = =  1 + xy − ( x + y )
 0 b  3 4 3b 4 b  On comparing, we get
     − ( x + y ) 1 + xy 
…(iii)
If AB = BA, then a = b .   a + 4 + 2b = 0
Hence, AB = BA is possible for Now, consider ⇒ a + 2b = −4 …(i)
infinitely many values of B’s. 2a + 2 − 2b = 0
 ⇒ a − b = −1 …(ii)  cos θ sin θ  1 0 1 + c + d − 6 0
= =I
a2 + 4 + b 2 = 9  − sin θ cos θ  0 1  ⇒ 0 − 11 − c + d − 6
and …(iii)     
On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ∴ A is orthogonal.  0 − 38 − 10c − 2d
a = −2,b = −1 0 
17 A is symmetric
This satisfies Eq. (iii) also. 19 + 5c + d 
Hence, (a,b ) ≡ (−2,−1) ⇒ a2 − 1 = a + 1, a2 + 4 = 4a 
46 + 14c + 4 d − 6
⇒ a2 − a − 2 = 0, a2 − 4a + 4 = 0
12 F is unit matrix ⇒ F 2 = F  0 0 0
⇒ a = 2.
and E2 F + F 2 E = E2 + E =  0 0 0
 0 0 1  0 0 1 18 Since, A is orthogonal, each row is  
orthogonal to the other rows.  0 0 0
Also, E 2 =  0 0 1  ×  0 0 1
    ⇒ R1 ⋅ R3 = 0 ⇒ 1 + c + d − 6 = 0;
 0 0 0  0 0 0
⇒ x + 4 + 2y = 0 − 11 − c + d − 6 = 0
 0 0 0 Also, R2 ⋅ R3 = 0 ⇒ c + d = 5; − c + d = 17
=  0 0 0 On solving, we get c = − 6, d = 11.
⇒ 2x + 2 − 2y = 0
  These value also satisfy other equations.
 0 0 0 On solving, we get x = − 2, y = − 1
∴ E 2 + E = E. ∴ xy = 2 21 Clearly, tr ( A ) = a11 + a22 + a33 + a44
19 Since, A and B are symmetric matrices + a55 + a66 + a77 + a88 + a99
13 Consider, ( A −1 B )T = B T ( A −1 )T = ω2 + ω 4 + ω 6 + ω 8 + ω10 + ω12
∴ X = AB + BA
= B T ( A T )−1 = B A −1 will be a symmetric matrix and + ω14 + ω16 + ω18
[Q A = A and B = B ]
T T
Y = AB − BA will be a skew-symmetric = (ω + ω + 1) + (ω + ω + 1)
2 2

= A −1 B matrix.
+ (ω2 + ω + 1) [Qω3 n = 1, n ∈ N ]
Thus, we get X T = X and Y T = − Y
[Q AB = BA ⇒ A −1 ( AB )A −1 = 0+ 0+ 0 [Q1 + ω + ω2 = 0]
−1 −1 −1 −1 Now, consider ( XY )T = Y T X T
= A (BA ) A ⇒ BA = A B] =0
= (− Y )( X ) = − YX
⇒ A −1 B is symmetric.
22 Clearly, AA −1 = I
Now, consider 20 Clearly, 6 A −1 = A2 + cA + dI
Now, if R1 of A is multiplied by C3 of
( A −1 B −1 )T = ((BA )−1 )T ⇒ (6 A −1 )A = ( A2 + cA + dI ) A
T A −1 , we get 2 − α + 3 = 0 ⇒ α = 5
= (( AB )−1 ) [Q AB = BA] [Q Post multiply both sides by A]
= (B −1 A −1 )T = ( A −1 )T (B −1 )T ⇒ 6( A −1 A ) = A3 + cA2 + dIA 23 Consider,
T −1 T −1 −1 −1 ⇒ 6I = A3 + cA2 + dA BB T = (I − A )−1 (I + A ) (I + A )T [(I − A )−1 ] T
= (A ) (B ) = A B
−1
A = I and IA = A ] = (I − A )−1 (I + A ) (I − A ) (I + A )−1
⇒ A −1 B −1 is also symmetric. [Q A
⇒ A3 + cA2 + dA − 6I = O …(i) = (I − A )−1 (I − A ) (I + A ) (I + A )−1
 
14 AB =  cos α cos α2sin α 
2

1 0 0 = I⋅I = I
cos α sin α sin α 
Here, A = A ⋅ A =  0 1 1  ×
2 Hence, B is an orthogonal matrix.
 cos 2 β cos β sin β   
×  0 −2 4 24 We have, A2 + 5A + 5I = O
cos β sin β sin2 β 
1 0 0 1 0 0 ⇒ A2 + 5A + 6I = I
cos α cos β cos(α − β)  0 1 1 =  0 − 1 5 
= ⇒ ( A + 2I ) ( A + 3I ) = I
 sin α cos β cos(α − β )    

cos α sin β cos(α − β )  0 −2 4  0 −10 14 ⇒ A + 2I and A + 3I are inverse of
1 0 0 each other.
sin α sin β cos(α − β )
 0 0 and A3 = A2 ⋅ A =  0 −1 5  ×
25 If A =    
1 0 1 0
=   , then A2 =
 0 0  2a 1 
   0 −10 14  a 1  
⇒ cos(α − β ) = 0 1 0 0 1 0 0  1 0  1 0
⇒ α − β = (2n + 1) π / 2 A3 = , …, A n =
 0 1 1  =  0 −11 19  3a 1   na 1 
       
 1 2 3
15 Let A =  1 2 3   0 −2 4  0 −38 46 Here, a = 1 / 3,
  Now, from Eq. (i), we get  1 0
 − 1 −2 − 3 ∴ A 48 =
16 1 
1 0 0 1 0 0  
 0 0 0  0 −11 19  + c  0 −1 5 
    26 We have, M = I − X ( X ′ X )−1 X ′
Then, A2 =  0 0 0
   0 −38 46  0 −10 14 = I − X ( X −1 ( X ′ )−1 )X ′
 0 0 0 1 0 0 [Q( AB )−1 = B −1 A −1 ]
Hence, A is nilpotent matrix of index 2. + d 0 1 1 = I − ( XX −1 ) (( X ′ )−1 X ′ )
 
cos θ sin θ 
16 A ′ =  
≠ A or − A.  0 −24 [by associative property]
−
 sin θ cos θ 1 0 0  0 0 0 =I −I ×I [Q AA −1 = I = A −1 A]
cos θ − sin θ − 6  0 1 0 =  0 0 0 =I −I [Q I 2 = I ]
A A′ =    
 sin θ cos θ 
   0 0 1   0 0 0 =O
 2 Let A = 
a b
Clearly, M 2 = O = M ⇒  A ′ − I   A − I  = I
1 1
 be a matrix that …(i)
So, M is an idempotent matrix. Also, c d   2   2 
MX = O .  1 2 1 ′
and  A + I   A + I  = I
1
commute with   . Then,
27 Given, A = A and B = B
T T  3 4  2   2 
Statement I [ A (BA )] T = (BA )T ⋅ A T  a b   1 2  1 2  a b   A′ + 1 I   A + 1 I  = I
    =    ⇒     …(ii)
T T T  c d   3 4  3 4  c d   2   2 
= (A B )A
 a + 3b 2a + 4 b  From Eq. (i), we get
= (AB) A = A (BA) ⇒  
 c + 3d 2c + 4 d  1 1 1
So, A(BA ) is symmetric matrix. A ′ A − IA ′ − IA + I = I
Similarly, ( AB ) A is symmetric matrix.  a + 2c b + 2d  2 2 4
= 
Hence, Statement I is true. Also,  3a + 4c 3b + 4d  1 1 1
⇒ A ′ A − A ′− A + I = I …(iii)
Statement II is true but not a correct On equating the corresponding 2 2 4
explanation of Statement I. elements, we get Similarly, from Eq. (ii), we get
28 Given, R = {( A, B ) : A = P −1 BP for a + 3b = a + 2c ⇒ 3b = 2c …(i) 1 1 1
2a + 4b = b + 2d ⇒ 2a + 3b = 2d …(ii) A ′ A + A ′ + A + I = I …(iv)
some invertible matrix P} 2 2 4
For Statement I c + 3d = 3a + 4c ⇒ a + c = d …(iii)
On subtracting Eq. (iii) from Eq. (iv), we
(i) Reflexive ARA 2c + 4d = 3b + 4d ⇒ 3b = 2c …(iv)
get
Thus, A can be taken as
⇒ A = P −1 AP A + A′ = O
 a b  1  2a 2b 
which is true only, if P = I .  3b 3  = A′ = − A
 a + b  2  3b 2a + 3b  or
Thus, A = P −1 AP for some  2 2  Hence, A is a skew-symmetric matrix.
invertible matrix P.
3 Clearly, matrix having five elements is  ω ω2 
So, R is Reflexive. of order 5 × 1 or 1 × 5.  i  =ω 1 ω
(ii) Symmetric ∴Total number of such matrices = 2 × 5!.
7 We have, A =  i 2   − ω − 1
−ω
ARB ⇒ A = P −1 BP − ω  i  
4 ( A n )′ = ( A AL A )′ = ( A ′ A ′L A ′ )  i i 
⇒ PAP −1 = P (P −1 BP ) P −1 1 − ω2 0 
= ( A ′ )n = A n for all n ∴ A2 = − ω2 
⇒ PAP −1 = (PP −1 ) B (PP −1 )
∴ A n is symmetric for all n ∈ N .  0 1 − ω2 
∴ B = PAP −1 Also, B is skew-symmetric  − ω2 + ω 4 0 
= 4
Now, let Q = P −1 ⇒ B ′ = − B.  0 −ω + ω 
2

Then, B = Q −1 AQ ⇒ BRA ∴ (B n )′ = (B B L B )′ = (B ′ B ′ L B ′ )  − ω2 + ω 
0
= 
⇒ R is symmetric. = (B ′ )n 0 − ω2
+ ω
 
(iii) Transitive ARB and BRC = (− B )n = (−1)n B n . Q f ( x ) = x2 + 2 [given]
⇒ A = P −1 BP ⇒ B is symmetric if n is even and is
n
∴ f ( A ) = A2 + 2I
and B = Q −1CQ skew-symmetric if n is odd.
 − ω2 + ω 0  2 0
5 4  5 − 4 1 0 = +
⇒ A = P −1 (Q −1CQ ) P 5 Here, YZ =  
=
    0 − ω + ω   0 2 
2

= (P −1Q −1 )C (QP )  6 5  − 6 5   0 1 
 X (YZ )2  1 0
= (− ω2 + ω + 2)
∴ tr ( X ) + tr 
= (QP )−1 C (QP ) XYZ   0 1
 + tr    
 2   4 
So, ARC. 1 0
 X (YZ )3  = (3 + 2ω )
⇒ R is transitive + tr   0 1
 +K  
So, R is an equivalence relation.  8 
1 0
= (2 + i 3 )
= tr ( X ) + tr   + tr   + K
For Statement II It is always true X X  0 1
that (MN )−1 = N −1 M −1  
2  4
8 A2 =     
Hence, both statements are true but 1 1 1 0 1 0 1 0
= tr ( X ) + tr ( X ) + tr ( X ) + K =
1 1  1 1  2 1 
second is not the correct 2 4     
explanation of first.
= tr ( X ) 1 + + 2 + K
1 1
1 0 1 0 1 0
 2 2  A3 = =
SESSION 2 2 1  1 1  3 1 
1     
= tr ( X )
1 Clearly, A2 =   
2 1 2 1 1 ....................
1−
− 4 − 2  − 4 − 2 ....................
   2
 0 0 = 2 tr ( X ) = 2 (2 + 1) = 6  1 0
= =O A =
n
 0 0  n 1
  6 Since, both A − 1 I and A + 1 I are  
2 2
∴ I + 2 A + 3 A2 + ... = I + 2 A  n 0  n − 1 0 
orthogonal, therefore, we have = −
 A − 1 I ′  A − 1 I = I  n n  0 n − 1
1 0  4 2  5 2   
= + =    
 0 1   − 8 − 4  − 8 − 3  2   2  = nA − (n − 1) I
     
 cos θ sin θ cos θ sin θ
9 A2 =  



13 We know that a matrix  a2 + b 2 + c 2 ab + bc +

ca
 − sin θ cos θ  − sin θ cos θ  a1 a2 a3  = ab + bc + ca b 2 + c 2 +

a2
 cos 2θ sin 2θ  A = b1 b2 b3  will be orthogonal if  ab + bc + ca ab + bc + ca
=   
 − sin 2θ cos 2θ + ab + bc 
  c 1 c 2 c 3  ac
 cos 3θ sin 3θ  AA ′ = I , which implies ab + bc + ca 
Similarly, A =3
etc 
 − sin 3θ cos 3θ Σ a2i = Σb 2i = Σc 2i = 1 a2 + b 2 + c 2 
 
 cos nθ sin nθ  and Σ aib i = Σb ic i = Σc i ai = 0 A T A = I ⇒ a2 + b 2 + c 2 = 1
∴ An =
 − sin nθ cos nθ Now, from the given options, only
  and ab + bc + ca = 0
 6 2 −3
b11 b12  1 Since a, b, c > 0,
=
b  2 3 6  satisfies these conditions. ∴ ab + bc + ca ≠ 0 and hence no real
 21 b22  7 
A n
 0 0  b ij  3 −6 2  value of a3 + b 3 + c 3 exists.
Now, lim = as lim =0
n→ ∞ n  0 0 n→∞ n  6 2 −3 16 AA ′ = A ′ A, B = A −1 A ′.
  1
Hence, 2 3 6  is an orthogonal
7  BB ′ = ( A −1 A ′ ) ( A −1 ⋅ A ′ )′
10 A B A = [ p] ⇒ ( A BA ) = [ p] = [ p]
T T T T  3 −6 2 
matrix. = ( A −1 A ′ ) [( A ′ )′ ( A −1 )′ ]
⇒ A B A = A (− B ) A = [ p]
T T T
= ( A −1 A ′ ) [ A( A ′ )−1 ]
14 We have,
⇒ [− p] = [ p] ⇒ p = 0. [Q ( A −1 )′ = ( A ′ )−1 ]
B = A1 + 3 A33 + K + (2n − 1) A 22 nn −− 11
11 Since, A, B and A + B are idempotent = A −1
(A′ A) (A′ ) −1
matrix Now, B T = ( A1 + 3 A33
= A ( AA ′ ) ( A ′ )−1
−1
[Q A ′ A = AA ′ ]
∴ A2 = A; B 2 = B and ( A + B )2 = A + B + K + (2n − 1) A22nn −− 11 )T
= ( A −1 A ) [ A ′ ( A ′ )−1 ]
Now, consider ( A + B ) = A + B 2
= A1T + (3 A33 )T + K + ((2n − 1) A22nn −− 11 )T =I⋅I =I
⇒ A2 + B 2 + AB + BA = A + B
⇒ A + B + AB + BA = A + B = A1T + 3( A3T )3 17 Total number of matrices = 39. A is
⇒ AB = − BA + K + (2n − 1) ( A 2T n − 1 )2 n − 1 symmetric, then aij = a ji .
Now, 6 places (3 diagonal, 3
12 P is orthogonal matrix as P P = I T =− A− 3 A33 − K − (2n − 1) A22nn −− 11
non-diagonal), can be filled from any of
Q 2019
= (PAP ) (PAP )
T T
[Q A1 , A3 , K , A 2 n − 1 are skew- −1, 0, 1 in 36 ways. A is skew-symmetric,
...(PAP T ) = PA2019P T symmetric matrices then diagonal entries are ‘o’ and
∴ ( A i )T = − A i ∀ i = 1, 3, 5, .... 2n − 1 ] a12 , a13 , a23 can be filled from any of
∴ P Q T 2019
P = P ⋅ PA
T 2019
P ⋅P = A
T 2019
−1, 0, 1 in 33 ways. Zero matrix is
= − [ A + 3 A33 + K + (2n − 1) A22nn −− 11 ]
1 1 1 1 1 2 common.
Now, A2 = = =−B
 0 1  0 1  0 1 ∴Favourable matrices are
    
Hence, B is a skew-symmetric matrix. 39 − 36 − 33 + 1.
1 2 1 1 1 3 a b c  a b c 
A3 = = Hence, required probability
 0 1  0 1  0 1
     15 A T A = b c a × b c a 39 − 36 − 33 + 1
    =
1 2019 c a b c a b 39
⇒ A2019 =
0 1 
