DGT MH –CET 12th MATHEMATICS Study Material 1

Matrices 18

02 Matrices
iv. Square Matrix : Amatrix in which number of
Syllabus rows is equal to the number of columns, is
called a square matrix. The elements aij of a
Types of Matrices  Algebra of Matrices 
square matrix A = [aij) m × m for which i = j
Equality of Two Matrices  Trace of a Matrix. 
i.e. the elements a11, a22··· amm are called the
Equivalent Matrix  Inverse of a Matrix. 
diagonal elements and the line along which
Applications of Matrices
called the principal diagonal or leading diagonal
of the matrix;
In Mathematics, a matrix (plural matrices) is a
rectangular array of numbers, symbols or  1 2 3
expressions, arranged in rows and columns. The  3 2 1
individualsin a matrix are called its elements or e.g.A =   is a square matrix of order
entries. Generally, matrix is written in the following  2 3 1 33
way : in which diagonal elements are 1,2, l.
v. Null Matrix or Zero Matrix A matrix of order
m × n whose all elements are zero is called a
null matrix of order m × n.
a11 a12 ... a1n
It is denoted by 0.
a 21 a 22 ... a 2n
0 0 0 0 0
A=    = [aij] m × n e.g. 0 =   and  
a m1 a m2 a mn 0 0 0 0 0
are two null matrices of order 2×2 and 2 ×3,
where, aij is the entry at ith row andjth column. respectively.
The orderofamatrixAismx n,wheremis the number vi. Diagonal Matrix A square matrix is called a
of rows and n is the number of columns. diagonal matrix, if all its non-diagonal elements
Types of Matrices are zero and diagonal elements mayor may
i. Row Matrix : A matrix which has only one not be zero.
row and any nuymber of columns, is called a If d1, d2, d3......,dn are elements of principal
row matrix. diagonal of a diagonal matrix of order n x n,
e.g. A = [27 85 1 4] 1 × 4 is a row matrix. then matrix is denoted as diag [d1, d2,...... dn]
ii. Column Matrix Amatrix is said to be a column
matrix, if it has only one column and any a 0 0
0 b 0
number of rows. e.g. A =   is a diagonal matrix which is
0 0 c 
1
 2 a diagonal matrix which is denoted by A =
e.g. A =   is a column matrix. diag [a, b, c].
 3 31 Note : The number of zeroes in a diagonal matrix
iii. Rectangular Matrix Amatrix in which number lie between n2 – n to n2, where n is an order of
of rows is not equal to the number of columns the matrix.
or vice-versa is called a rectangular matrix. vii: Triple-Diagonal Matrix A square matrix A is
said to be a triple-diagonal matrix, if all its
 1 2 3
e.g. A =   is a rectangular matrix of elements are zero except possibly for those
 4 5 6 lying on the principal diagonal, the diagonal
order 2 × 3. immediately above as well as below the
principal diagonal.

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Matrices 19
matrix A (not all) is known as sub matrix of A i.e.
 1 1 0 0 the matrix B constituted by the array of elements,
5  0  1 2 1 0 which are left after deleting some rows or columns
 3 4 3  
e.g. A =   and  0 1 2 3 or both of matrix A is called submatrix of A.
 0 0 4    (a) Principal Submatrix A square submatrix B
0 0 4 5
of a square matrix A is called a principal submatrix,
viii. Scalar Matrix. A square matrix A = [aij Iis if the diagonal elements of B are also diagonal
said to be scalar matrix, if elements of A.
(b) Leading Submatrix A principal square
(a) aij = 0, ij  0,  i  j
submatrix B is said to be a leading submatrix of a
(b) aij = 0,  i  h, where k  0 square matrix A, if it is obtained by deleting only
In other words, a diagonal matrix is said to be a some of the last rows and the corresponding
scalar matrix, if the elements of principal diagonal columns such that the leading elements (i.e. au) is
are same. not lost
xiii. Horizontal Matrix Any matrix in which the
 5 0 0 number of columns is more than the number of
0 5 0 rows is called a horizontal matrix.
e.g. A =   is a scalar matrix.
0 0 5 2 3 4 5 
ix. Limit Matrix or Identity Matrix 8 9 7 2 
e.g.   is a horizontal matrix.
A square matrix A = [aijl is said to be a unit matrix
 2 2 3 4 
or identity matrix, if
(a) aij = 0,  i  j xiv.Vertical Matrix Any matrix in which the
number of rows is more than the number of
(b) aij = 1,  i  j columns is called column matrix.
In other words, A diagonal matrix, whose elements
of principal diagonal are equal to 1 and all 2 3
remaining elements are zero, is known as unit or 4 5 
e.g.   is a column matrix.
identity matrix. It is denoted by 1. 6 7  32
1 0 0 Algebra of Matrices
0 1 0 Four types of algebra of matrices are defined
e.g. I =   is a unit matrix of order 3.
0 0 1 below:
1. Addition of Two Matrices
x. Upper Triangular Matrix Let A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]m×n are two matrices
A square matrix A = [aij is known as upper whose orders are same, then
triangular matrix, if
A + B = [aij+ bij]  i  1, 2...., m and j  1,2,....n
aij = 0,  i  j
Example 1
0 1 0 2  3 5 1
0 1 0 If A =   and
e.g. A =   is an upper triangular matrix. 0 3 0 
0 0 1
xi. Lower Triangular Matrix A square matrix 2 5 1 
B=   then A + B is
A = [aij] is known as triangular matrix, if [aij = 0  2 3 1/ 2
i  j

 1 0 0 2  3 5 1
 4 2 0 a.  
e.g. A =   is a lower triangular matrix. 0 3 0 
 5 6 3
 3 1 5 1 
xii. Submatrices of a Matrix A matrix B obtained b.  
by deleting the row (s) or column (s) or both of a 2 6 1/ 2 

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Matrices 20

2  3 1  5 0  1 7  3 1 
c.   c.   d.  
0 6 1/ 2  5 7  5 3

2  3 1  5 1   2 4  1 3
Sol (b) A – B =   –  
d.    3 2   2 5
0 6 1/ 2 
Sol (c) Since, A and B are of the same order 2 × 3.  2 1 4  3 1 1 
Therefore, addition of A and B is defined and is =   =  
3  ( 2) 2  5 5 3
given by
3. Scalar Multiplication
Let A = [aij] be any m×n matrix and k be any
2  3 1  5 1  1  scalar. Then, the matrix obtained by multiplying
  each element of A by k is called the scalar
A + B = 2  2 1
33 0  multiplication of A by k and it is denoted by kA.
 2  Thus, if A = [aij]m×n, then kA = [kaij]m×n
2  3 1  5 0  1 2 3 2 4 6
   3 2 1 6 4 2
= 0 1 e.g. If A =   , then 2A =  
6
 2  1 3 1  2 6 2 
Properties of Addition of Matrices Properties of Scalar Multiplication
Let A, Band C are three matrices of same order, If A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]m x n are two matrices
then and ,  are two scalars, then
i. Matrix addition is commutative i. (A + B) = A + AB
i.e.A + B = B + A ii. (A + ) A = A + A
ii. Matrix addition is associative, iii. (+ ) A = A (A) = ( A)
i.e. (A + B) + C = A + (B + C) iv. (–) A = – (A) = A(–)
iii. If 0 is a null matrix of order m × n and 4. Multiplication of Two Matrices
A + 0 =A =0 + A, then 0 is known as additive If A = [aij m × n and B = [bij]m×n are two matrices
identity. such that the number of columns of A is equal to
iv. If for each matrix A = [aij]m×n a matrix (–A) is the number of rows of B, then a matrix
such that C = [cij]m × p of order m x p is known as product
A + (– A) = 0 = (–A) + A, of matrices A and B, where
then matrix (– A) is known as additive inverse of
n
A.
v. Matrix addition follows cancellation law,
cij = a
k 1
ik b k j  b1j  a i2 b2 j  ...  a in b nj
i.e. A + H = A + C  B = C (left cancellation law) and it is denoted by C = AB.
and B+A=C+ A B = C (right cancellation law) Transpose of a Matrix
Note Two matrices are said to be conformable If A = [aij] m×n is a matrix of order m × n, then the
for addition or subtraction. if they are of the same transpose of A can be obtained by changing all
order. rows to columns and all columns to rows
2. Subtraction of Two Matrices i.e. transpose of A =[aji]n × m
Let A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij] m×n are two matrices It is denoted by A', AT or At.
of same order. Then, A – B = C = [Cij]mxn,
where cij = aij – bij, 1 4 
Example 2 2 5  1 2 3
e.g. Let A =   , then AT =  4 5 6
3 6  32   2 3
2 4  1 3
If A =   and B =   , then A – B is
 3 2  2 5 Properties of Transpose of a Matrix
If A and B are two matrices and k is a scalar, then
3 7 1 1  i. (A')' = A ii. (A + B)' = A' + B'
a.   b.  
5 7  5 3 iii: (kA)' = kA' iv.(AB)'=B'A' (reversal law)

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Matrices 21
Note If A. Band C are any three matrices If A and B are idempotent matrices, then A +B is
conformable for multiplication. then (ABC)' = an idempotent, if AB = – BA.
C'B' A'. ii. Nilpotent Matrix A square matrix A is called
Conjugate of a Matrix nilpotent matrix, if it satisfies the relation
The matrix obtained from any given matrix A A = 0 and Ak–1  0.
k

containing complex numbers as its elements, on where, k is a positive integer.

replacing its elements by the corresponding iii. Involutory Matrix A square matrix A is called
conjugate complex numbers is called conjugate an involutory matrix, if it satisfies the relation
of A and is denoted by A iv. Symmetric Matrix A square matrix A is called
symmetric matrix, if it satisfies the relation
 i  2i 2  3i  A'=A
e.g. if A =   , then
 4  5i 5  6i  If A and B are symmetric matrices of the same
order, then
1  2i 2  3i  (a) AB is symmetric if AB = BA.
A  4  5i 5  6i  (b) A ± B, AB + BA are also symmetric matrices.
 
If A is symmetric matrix, then A-I will also be
Properties of Conjugate of a Matrix symmetric matrix.
If A and B are two matrices, then v. Skew-symmetric Matrix
i. (A)  A ii. (A  B) A  B A square matrix A is called skew-symmetric matrix,
if it satisfies the relation
iii. AB  A.B iv. (kA )  kA, k is a real scalar A' = – A
Conjugate Transpose of a Matrix. If A and B are two skew-symmetric matrices, then
The transpose of the conjugate of a matrix A is (a) A + B, AB – BA are skew-symmetric matrices.
called conjugate transpose of A and is denoted by (b) AB + BA is a symmetric matrix.
A or A  . Determinant of skew-symmetric matrix of odd
order is zero.
A – = Conjugate of A' = ( A ) Note Every square matrix can be uniquely
Note The transpose of the conjugate of A is the expressed as the sum of symmetric and skew-
same as the conjugate of the transpose of A symmetric matrix.
1 1
 2  4i 3 5  9i  i.e.A = (A+A') + (A–A')
2 2
 4   i 3i 
e.g. If A =  
 2 5 4  i  1 1
where. (A + A') is symmetric and (A – A')
2 2
 2  4i 4 2  is skew-symmetric.
 3   i 5 
then A– =   Example 3
 5  9i 3i 4  i 
6 9  2 6 0
If A =   and B =   , then AB is
Properties of Conjugate Transpose ofa  2 3 7 9 8 
Matrix
i. For a matrix A, (A') = CAY 75 25 117  75 117 72 
a.   b.  
ii. (A–)– = A 72 39 24   25 39 24 
iii. If A and B are two matrices, then
(A+B)– = A– + B– 72 29 24 
c.   d. Not defined
iv. (kA)e = kAe, where k is any real scalar. 75 25 117 
v. (AB)– = B– A– Sol (b) The matrix A has 2 columns which is
Special Types of Matrices equal to the number of rows of B. Hence, AB is
i. Idempotent Matrix A square matrix A is called defined.
an idempotent matrix, if it satisfies the relation
A2 = A.

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Matrices 22

6(2)  9(7) 6(6)  9( 9) 6(0)  9(8)  3x  7 5  0 y  2 

 AB =  2(2)  3(7) 2(6)  3(9) 2(0)  3(8)   y  1 2  3x  , 8
    4 
12  63 36  81 0  72  1 1 2
=   a. x = – ,=y=7 b. x = ,y=
 4  21 12  27 0  24  3 3 3

75 117 72  2
c. y = 7, x = – d. Not possible to find
=   3
 25 39 24 
Sol (d) The given pair of matrices will be equal,
Note In multiplication of two matrices A and B.
the role of order is important.
Properties of Multiplication of Matrices 3x  7 5  0 y  2
Let A =[aij]m×n B =[bij]n × p and C =[cij]p×n are three  y  1 2  3x   8 4 
  
matrices, then On equating corresponding elements, we have
i. Generally, matrix multiplication is not 3x + 7 = 0  x = – x = –7 /3
commutative y–2=5y=7
i.e. AB  BA y+l=8v=7
ii. Matrix multiplication is associative
i.e. A(B + C) = (AB)C 2
2 – 3x = 4  x = –
iii. Matrix multiplication is distributive over matrix 3
addition Since, the values of x are different.
i.e. A(B + C) =AB + AC  It is not possible to find the values of x andy
iv. IfA is an m x n matrix and In is an identity for which the given pairs of matrices are equal.
matrix of order n × n and Im is an identity Trace of a Matrix
matrix of order m × m, then Let A = [aij]n×n be a square matrix. Then, the sum
Im A = A and Aln =A of all diagonal elements of A is called the trace of
In particular, if A is a square matrix of order n, A and is denoted by tr (A).
then n
Aln = InA = A Thus, tr(A) = a ij  a11  a 22  ....  a nn
v. AB = 0 does not necessarily imply that i 1

A = 0 or B = 0 or both A and B are O.

 2 7 9 
0 1 0 3 2
e.g. If A =   O e.g. A =   , then tr (A) = 2+3+4 = 9
0 0   8 9 4 
1 1  Properties of Trace of a Matrix
and B =   O Let A = [aij] and B = [bij] are two square matrices
 0 0
of order n, then
0 0 i. tr (A+B) = tr(A) + tr(B)
but AB =   =O ii. tr (AB) = tr(BA)
0 0
iii. tr(A) = tr(A) , where  is. a scalar.
Equality of Two Matrices iv. tr(A') = tr(A)
Two matrices A = [aij]m×n and B = [bij]m×n are said vi. Orthogonal Matrix A square matrix A is called
to be equal,if an orthogonal matrix, if it satisfies the relation
i. number of rows in A is equal to number of given as
rows in B . AA' = I
ii. number of columns in A is equal to number of IfA and B are orthogonal matrices, then AB is
columns also an orthogonal matrix. Every orthogonal
iii. aij = bij, and B = [bij]m×n and j = 1,2 ...., n matrix is invertible.
Example 4 vii.Periodic Matrix If A k + I = A, where k is the
Which of the given values of x and y make the smallest positive integer, then A is known as
following pair of matrices are equal? periodic matrix, k is known as period of matrix
A.

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Matrices 23
2 1+1
For k =1, A = A. Then, cofactor of a11 is C11 = (–1)
viii. Unitary Matrix If for a square matrix A, AAe = I,
a 22 a 23
then A is known as unitary matrix. M11 =
ix. Singular Matrix IfA is a square matrix and IAI= 0, a 32 a 33
then A is known as singular matrix. Also, the cofactor of a12 is C12 =(–1)1+2
 1 3 1 3 a 21 a 23
e.g. Let A =   and |A| = = 6–6 = 0 M12 =
 2 6 2 6 a 32 a 33
 A is a singular matrix. and similar other cases.
x. Non-singular Matrix IfA is a square matrix and Note Minors and cofactors are defined only for
|A|  0, then A is known as non-singular matrix. the elements of square matrix.
1 3
e.g. Let A = Adjoint of a Matrix
2 4

1 3 LetA = [aij]mxn be a square matrix of order nand

 |A| = =4–6=–20 Cij be the cofactor of aij' Then, the adjoint of A is
2 4
defined as the transpose of the cofactor matrix
:. A is a non-singular matrix. and it is denoted by adj (A).

Minors Example 5

Let A = [aij] is a square matrix of order n. Then,

 1 2 3
the minor Mij of aij in A is the determinant of a  0 5 0
square submatrix of order (n –1) obtained by The adjoint of the matrix A =   is
removing the ith row and jth column of A.  2 4 3
Consider a matrix of order 3, such that
a11 a12 a13  6 15 15  15 6 15
 3 0 0   0 3 0 
a 21 a 22 a 23 a.   b.  
A=
a 31 a 32 a 33  0 16 5  
 10 0 5 

Then, the minor of a11 is  15 6 15 

 0 3 0 
a 21 a 23 c.   d. None of these
M11= = a21 a33 – a31a23 and similarly  5 0 16 
a 31 a 33
we can find other minors of elements of A. Sol (b) If C be the matrix of cofactors of the element
in |A|. Then,
Cofactors
 C11 C12 C 13 
Let A=[aij] is a square matrix of order n. Then, C C 22 C23 
the cofactor Cij of aij in A is (1)i+j times Mij' where C =  21 
Mij is the minor of aij in A.  C31 C 32 C33 
 Cij = (–1) i+j Mij, where Mij is the minor of aij in
A. 5 0 1 2
 Cij = (–1)i+j Mij C11 = = 15, C23 = =0
4 3 2 4
a11 a12 a13 0 0 2 3
a a 22 a 23 C12 = – = 0, C31 = = – 15
Consider the matrix, A = 21 2 3 5 0
a 31 a 32 a 33

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Matrices 24
Inverse of a Matrix
0 5 1 3 Inverse of a Matrix is an important topic for JEE
C13 = – = – 10, C32 = – =0 (Mains) examination and a small practice can help
2 4 0 0 you in solving such problems very quickly as the
level of questions are easy to average.
2 3 1 2
C21 = – = 6, C33 =5 While solving problems based on inverse of a
4 3 0 5 matrix, always keep in mind.
i. Adjoint of a square matrix.
1 3 ii. Properties of adjoint of a square matrix.
 C22 = =–3
2 3 If two square matrices of same order are A
and B, for which
 15 0 10  AB = BA = In
 6 3 0  Then, B is known as inverse of A,
C=  
i.e. K–1 = B
15 0 5 
If |A|  i.e. A is non-singular, then
 Adj (A) = Transpose of C = CT =
adjA
 15 6 15 A–1 = A
 0 3 0 
  Properties of Inverse of a Matrix

 10 0 5  If A, Band C are three matrices of same order
and |A|  0, |B|  0 and |C| 0, then
Properties of Adjoint of a Matrix i. (a) AB = AC  B = C (right cancellation law)
Let A be a matrix of order n, then (b) BA = CA B = C (right cancellation law)
i. (adj A) A = A (adj A) = |A| In ii. (a) (AB)–1 = B–1 K–1
ii. A | = | A |n –1 if |A|  0 (b) (ABC)–1 = C–1 B–1K1
iii. adj (AB) = ( B) ( A) iii. (AT) = (A–1)T
iv. If |A| = 0, then ( A) A =A ( A) =0
v. adj (AT) = {adjA)T 1 –1
iv. (kA)–1 = A , if k  0
vi. (A) I = (A) = |A|n–l k
vii. Adjoint of a diagonal matrix is a diagonal
a b 
matrix. v. If A =   and | A|  0, then
viii.(A) = |A| n–2 A c d 
Equivalent Matrix
1  d b
Two matrices A and B are said to be equivalent, A –1 =  
if one is obtained from the other by one or more ad  bc  c a 
elementary operations and we write A", B. vi. If A is a non-singular matrix, then
Elementary Operations |A–1| = |A|–1
(Transformation) vii.If A is a symmetric matrix, then A–1 is also a
Following elementary operations are given below: symmetric matrix.
i. Interchanging.any two rows (columns). This viii. A square matrix is invertible, if it is non -
transformation is indicated by singular and every invertible matrix possesses a
Ri  Rj = (Ci  Cj) unique inverse.
ii. Multiplication of the elements of any row
(column) by a non-zero scalar quantity and Example 6
indicated as
Ri  Rj = (Ci  kCj)
iii. Addition of constant multiple of the elements 0 1 2 
of any row (column) to the corresponding  1 2 3
element of any:other row (column), indicated The inverse of A =   is
 3 1 1 
as
Ri  R1 + kRj (Ci  Ci + kCj)

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Matrices 25

 1 1 1  1 1 1 adjA

 8 6 2   8 6 2  Hence, (A)–1 = A
a.   b.  
5 3 1  5 3 1 
 1 1 1
1  8 6 2 
1 1 1 =–  
2 5 3 1
1 1 1 1  
c.   d. None of the above
2 1 1 1
 
 1 1 1 
  8 6 2 
0 1 2  =  
 1 2 3 2  5 3 1 
 
Sol (b) Given, A =  
 3 1 1  Applications of Matrices
(Solution of a System of Linear Equations)
|A| = 0 (2 – 3) –1(1– 9) + 2(1– 6)
Let system of linear equations in three variables
= 0 + 8 – 10 = –2  0
are a1x + b1y + c1z = d, a2x + b2y + c2z = d2,
2 3 0 1 and a3 x + b3y + c3 z = d3
Now, C11 = = – 1, C23 = – =2
1 1 3 1 It can be written in the matrix form

1 3 1 2  a1 b1 c1  x   d1 
C12 = – = 8, C31 = =–1 a b2 c2   y d 
3 1 2 3  2    =  2
 a 3 b3 c3   z   d 3 
1 3 1 2
C13 = = 8, C31 = =–1;  AX = B
3 1 2 3
 X = A–1 B
1 2
C13 = =–5 Non-homogeneous Equations (B  O)
3 1
i. If |A|  0, then the system of equations is
0 2 consistent and has a unique solution given by
C32 = – =1 X = A–1 B.
1 1
ii. If |A| = 0 and (adj A). B  0, then the system
0 1 of equations is inconsistent and has no solution.
C33 = – =–1
1 2 iii. If |A| = 0 and (adj A).B = 0, then the system
of equations may be consistent and has an
0 2 infinite number of solutions or inconsistent.
C22 = =–6 Homogeneous Equations (B = 0)
3 1
i. If |A|  0, then system of equations have only
 1 8 5 trivial solution and it has one solution.
 1 6 3  ii. If IAI= 0, then system of equations has non-
 Matrix of cofactors, C =  
trivial solution and it has infinite number of
1 2 1
solutions.
iii. If number of equations is less than number of
 1 1 1
 8 6 2  unknowns, then it has non-trivial solution.
 Adj (A) C' =   Note A homogeneous system of equations is

 5 3 1 never inconsistent.

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Matrices 26

Example 7  1 1 1  x  0
 1 2 1  y 0
The number of non -trivial solutions of the system     =  
x – y + z = 0, x + 2y–z = 0, 2x + y + 3z = 0 is  2 1 3   z   0 
a. 0 b. 1
Now, |A| = 1(6 + 1)+ 1(3 + 2) + 1(1–4) = 7 +
c. 2 d. 3
5–3=9–0
Sol (a) The given system of equations can be rewritten
Since |A|  0 So, the given system of equations
as matrix form AX = B as
has only trivial solution. So, there is no non-trivial
solution.

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Matrices 27
Exercise - 1
Topical Problems
Matrices and Algebraic Operations
3 6 
f(A) + 
9 
is equal to
1 1  12
 2 1 3 0 2 
1. If A =   and B =   , ,then AB 1 0  0 0
 4 1 0 5 0  a.   b.  
0 1   0 0
Will be
0 1  1 1 
17 0   4 0 c.   d.  
a.   b.   1 0  0 0
 4 2  0 4

17 4  0 0 3 3 3
c.   d.   3 3 3
 0 2  0 0 8. If A =   , then A4 is equal to
3 3 3
x  y  z  0 a. 27 A b. 81 A
 y  z  5
2. f=   =   , then the values of x, y c. 243 A d. 729 A
 z   3
 2 1 4 
and z are respectively 9. If 2A + 3B = 3 2 5  and A + 2B =
 
a. 5,2,2 b. 1, –2, 3
c. 0, –3, 3 d. 11, 8, 3 5 0 3 
3. If 1, ,  are the cube roots of unity and if 1 6 2  then B is
 
1   2 a  0 
 2  b  + 3 2  +   1  1 2 2
      2 1 2
2 2
then a + b is equal to Kerala 10. If A =   , then A2 – 4A is equal to
 2 2 1 
a. 1 + 2 b. 2 – 1
c. 1+  d. (1 + )2 a. 2/3 b. 3/3
4. If A is a square matrix, then WB JEE2009 c. 4/3 d. 5/3
a. A + AT is symmetric matrix
b. AAT is skew–symmetric matrix  2 1
11. If A =   and l is the unit matrix of order
c. AT + A is skew–symmetric matrix  1 2 
d. ATA is skew–symmetric matrix 2, then A2 equals
x 1  a. 4A – 3l b. 3A – 4l
5. If A =   and A2 is the identity matrix, then c. A – l d. A + l
1 0
x is equal to  1 5 0
a. – 1 b. 0  0 7 0
12. If A =   then trace of matrix A is
c. 1 d. 2 11 1 9 
6. If  is a complex cube root of unity and
a. 17 b. 25
 0  c. 3 d. 12
A=   , then A50 is
0  13. If A and B are square matrices of size n x n such
a. 2A b. A that A2 – B2 = (A – B)(A + B), then which of the
c. A d. 0 following will be always true?
a. AB=BA
1 2  b. Either of A or B is a zero matrix
7. If A =   and f(t) = t2 – 3t + 7,then c. Either of A or B is an identity matrix
4 5 
d. A = B

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Matrices 28

 3 5 1 17 
14. If A   and B =   , then |AB| is 1 –1
2 0 0 10 c. 3B–1 d.
3
B
equal to
a. 80 b. 100  2x 0   1 0
22. If A =   and A–1 =   , then x
c. –110 d. 92  x x  1 2 
1 1 equal to
15. If A =   , then A100 is equal to 1
1 1 a. 2 b. –
a. 2100 A b. 299 A 2
c. 100 A d. 299A 1
16. If a square matrix A is such that AAT = l = ATA, c. 1 d.
2
then |A| is equal to
a. 0 b. + 1 1 2 
c. ± 2 d. None of these 23. If A =   , then A– is equal to
 3 4
  0 1 0 
17. If A=   and B =   then value of 1  4 2  1  4 2 
 1 1 5 1 2  3 1  2  3 1 
a. – b.
 for which A2 = B is
a 1 b. –1  2 4 2 4
c. 4 d. No real values c.   d.  
 1 3  1 3
18. If A and B are two matrices such that both
A + B and AB are defined, then 1 3
a. A and B are need not be of same order 24. The matrix A satisfying the equation   A=
 0 1
b. A is of order m x m and B is of order n × n
c. both A and B are of same order n × n 1 1 
d. A is of order m x nand B is of order n × m 0 1 is
 
Adjoint and Invertible Matrices  1 4 1 4
a.   b.  
 1  1 0  1 0 
 34 17 
 x 2    1 4 
19. If A =   and A–1 =  3 2  then the c.   d. None of these
3 7  0 1
 34 17 
value of x is 1 x  3 1
a. 2 b. 3 25. If A = x2 4y 
and B =   , Adj
  1 0
c. – 4 d. 4 e. –2
1 0
 1 1 x  (A) + B   , then the values of x and y are
1 x 1 0 1
20. If   has no inverse, then the real
 x 1 1  a. 1, 1 b. + 1, 1
c. 1, 0 d. None of these
value of x is
a. 2 b. 3 cos2  sin 2
26. Inverse of the matrix   is
c. 0 d. 1  sin 2 cos 2 
21. If A and B are square matrices of the same order
and AB = 3l, then A–1 is equal to cos 2  sin 2 cos 2 sin 2 
a.   b.  sin 2  cos 2
 sin 2  cos 2    
1
a. 3B b. B
3 cos 2  sin 2  cos 2 sin 2 
c.   d.  
 sin 2 cos 2    sin 2 cos 2

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Matrices 29
a. 1 b. 2
 a b 0 c. 5 d. None of these
  b a 0
27. If A   , where a2 + b2 = 1 then adj (A) 34. The number of non–trivial solutions of the system
 0 0 1  x – y + z = 0, x + 2y – z = 0, 2x + y + 3z = 0, is
a. 0 b. 1
is equals to c. 2 d. 3
a. A–1 b. AT 35. The simultaneous equations kx + 2y – z = 1,
c. A d. – A (k –1)y – 2z = 2 and (K + 2)z = 3 have only one
(Here, AT is the transpose of A) solution, when
28. Let for any matrix M, M–1 exists, which of the a. K = – 2 b. K = – 1
following is not true? c. K = 0 d. K = 1
a. |M–1 | = |M|–1 b. (M2)–1 = (M–1)2
c. (M ) = (M ) T d. (M–1)–1 = M
T –1 –1
 1 2 5 
 2 4 a  4 
System of Linear Equations 36. If the rank of the matrix   is
 1 2 a  1 
29. Consider the system of linear equations
x1 + 2x2 + x3 = 3 1,then the value of a is
2x1 + 3x2 + x3 = 3 a. – 1 b. 2
3x1 + 5x2 + 2x3 = 1 c. – 6 d. 4
the system has 37. The values of a for which the system of equations
a. infinite number of solutions x + y + z = 0, x + ay + az = 0 and x – ay + z = 0,
b. exactly 3 solutions possesses non–zero solutions, are given by
c. a unique solution a. 1, 2 b. 1, –1
d. no solution c. 1, 0 d. None of these
30. If B is an invertible matrix and A is a matrix, then 38. The value of A. such that x + 3 y + az = 0,
a. rank (BA) = rank (A) 2x + 4 Y – z = °and x + 5 Y – 2z = 0 has a
b. rank (BA) > rank (B) non–trivial solution is
c. rank (BA) > rank (A) a. –1 b. 0
d. rank (BA) > rank (B) c. 1 d. 2
31. The real value of k for which the system of 39. For what value of k, the following system of linear
equations 2kx – 2y + 3z = 0, x + ky + 2z = 0, equations will have infinite solutions
2x + kz = 0, has non–trivial solution is x – y + z = 3, 2x + y – z = 2 and
a. 2 b. – 2 –3x – 2ky + 6z = 3
c. 3 d. – 3 a. k  2 b. k = 0
c. k = 3 d. k  [2, 3]
 2 1 3   9   9   9  x 
 1 3 1  4    4    4   y 2 4 5 
32. If         , then   is 4 8 10 
 3 2 1  10 10 10  z  40. If A =   , the rank of A is equal

 6 12 15
equal to
to
 3 2 a. 0 b. 1
2  3 c. 2 d. 3
a.   b.  
 1   1 

1 2
2 1
c.   d.  
 3  3
33. The system of equations 2x + y – 5 = 0,
x – 2y + 1= 0, 2x –14y – a = 0, is consistent.
Then, a is equal to

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Matrices 30

Exercise 2
(Miscellaneous Problems)

1. Elements of a matrix A of order 10 x 10 are defined

as aij = i + j (where, oils cube root of unity), then  0 0 1
 0 1 0 
tr(A) of the matrix is 8. If A =   ,then only correct statement
a. 0 b.  
 1 0 0 
c. 3 d. None of these
2. The values of x for which the matrix about the matrix A is Jamia Millia Islamia 2007
a. A is a zero matrix
 x  1 3 4  b. A = (– 1) l, where I is a unit matrix
 5 x  2 2  c. A–1 does not exist
A=   is singular, are d. A2 = I
 4 1 x  6
9. If A and B are two square matrices of the same
order such that AB = BA, then (AB)n is equal to
3  205 3
a. 0, b. 0, a. AB b. AnB
2 2 c. B An
d. AnBn
205 10. If A is a symmetric matrix and n E N, then An is
c. 0, + d. None of these a. symmetric matrix
2
b. diagonal matrix
3. If A and B are square matrices of the same order c. skew–symmetric matrix
such that (A + B) (A – B) = A2 – B2, then (ABK–1) 2 is d. None of the above
equal to
a. B 2 b. l 1 2  a 0 
c. A2B2 d. A2 11. Let A =   and B =   , a,b  N. Then,
 3 4 0 b 
4. If A and B are two square matrices of order
a. there exist more than one but finite number of
3 × 3, then which of the following is true?
B's such that AB = BA
a. AB = 0  A = 0 or B = 0
b. there exists exactly one B such that AB = BA
b. det (2AB) = 8 det (A) det (B)
c. there exists infinitely many B's such that
c. A2 – B2 = (A + B) (A – B)
AB = BA
d. det (A + B) = det (A) + det(B)
d. there cannot exist any B such that AB = BA
 1 0 0 12. If A is an invertible matrix of order n, then the
 2 3 0 determinant of adj (A) is equal to
5. The characteristic roots of the matrix   a. |A|n b. |A|n+1
 4 5 6 c. |A| n–1
d. |A|n+2
are 13. Let A, B and C be n × n matrices. Which one of
a. 1, 3, 6 b. 1, 2, 4 the following is a correct statement? MP PET2006
c. 4, 5, 6 d. 2, 4, 6 a. If AB = AC, then B = C
6. If O (A) = 2 × 3 O(B) = 3×2 and O(C) 3 × 3, b. If A3 + 2A2 + 3A + 51 = 0, then A is invertible
which one of the following is not defined? c. If A2 = 0, then A = 0
a. CB + A' b. BAC d. None of the above
c. C (A+B')' d. C(A+B)
 1 1 
 cos2  cos  sin   2 2 
7. If E() =   and and   
sin  cos  sin 2   14. The matrix A =  1
 
1 
 2 2 

by an odd multiple of , then E () E () is a. a. unitary b. orthogonal
2
a. unit matrix b. null matrix c. nilpotent d. involutory
c. diagonal matrix d. None of these 15. If A is a non–singular matrix such that A3 = A + I,
then the inverse of B = A6 – A5 is

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Matrices 31
–1
a. A b. K1 d. If det (A) = + 1,then A exists and all its entries
c. –A d. A–1 are integers
 3/2 1 2  1 1  1 2
16. If P =  , A =   and Q = 24. Let A =   and A'= xA+ yl, then the value
 1/ 2 3 / 2  0 1  5 1
of x and y are
PAP T, then PT Q2005 P is
1 1 2
1 2005  1 2005 a. x = , y = 111 b. x = ,y=
a.  11 11 11
1 
b. 
0  2005 1 
1 2 1 2
c. x = 'y= d. x = ,y =
 1 0 1 0 11 11 11 11
c.   d.  
 2005 1 0 1  1 1 1  4 2 2
17. If A is a skew symmetric matrix of order nand C  2 1 3  5 0  
is a column matrix of order n × 1,then CT AC is 25. If A =   , 10 B =   and
a. an identity matrix of order n  1 1 1   1 2 3 
b. an identity matrix of order 1 B is the inverse of A, then the value of  is
c. a zero matrix of order 1 a. 2 b. 0
d. None of the above c. 5 d. 4
 ab b   1 tan 
18. If A =  2  , then A is equal to 26. If A =  and AB = l, then (sec2)
 a ab    tan  1 
a. idempotent b. involutory B is equal to
c. nilpotent d. scalar
19. Let A and B are two square matrices such that 
a. A () b. A  
AB = A and BA = B, then A2 equals Kerala 2
a. B b. A
 
c. I d. O e. A–1 c. A(–) d. A   
2
20. Matrix A is such that A = 2A – l, where I is the  2
identity matrix, then for n > 2, An is equal to
a. nA – (n – 1)1 b. nA–1 cos   sin  0
–1 sin  cos  0
c. 2n A – (n–1)1 d. 2n – 1 A–1 27. If A =   , then A–1 is
21. If A is a non–singular matrix of order 3, then  0 0 1
adj(adj(A)) is equal to
a. A b. A– a. A b. –A
c. adj(A) d. – adj(A)
1 28. Suppose A is a matrix of order 3 and B = |A| A–1
c. A d. |A| A
A If |A| = – 5, then |B| is equal to Kerala CEE2006
a. 1 b. – 5
  1 4  c. – 1 d. 25
 3 0 1  e. –125
22. The matrix   is invertible, if

 1 1 2   2 1   3 2  1 0
29. If  A   , then A is equal
a.  – 17 b.  – 18  3 2   5 3 0 1 
c.  – 19 d.  – 20
23. Let A be a square matrix all of whose entries are 1 1  1 1
a.   b.  
integers. Then, which one of the following is true? 1 0  0 1
a. If det (A) = +1,then K' need not exist
b. If det (A) = ± 1,then A–' exists but all its entries 1 0 0 1  2 1
c.   d.   e.  
are not necessarily integers 1 1 1 1  0 1
c. If det (A) + 1 to ± 1,then A–1 exists and all
its entries are non–integers

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Matrices 32

cos   sin  0 a. are in AP b. are in GP

 sin  cos  0 c. are in HP d. satisfy a+2b + 3c = 0
30. If () =   , then {f() is equal 38. If A is 3 x 4 matrix and B is a matrix such that A'
 0 0 1 
B and BA' are both defined , then B is of the type
to a. 4 × 4 b. 3 × 4
a. f(– ) b. f()–1 c. 4 × 3 d. 3 × 3
c. f(2) d. None of these 39. The symmetric part of the matrix A =
31. If A is a singular matrix, then A adj (A) is a/an
a. scalar matrix b. zero matrix 1 2 4
6 8 2
c. identity matrix d. orthogonal matrix   is equal to
32. If k is a scalar and 1 is a unit matrix of order 3,  2 2 7 
then adj (kl) is equal to
a. k3l b. k2l  0 2 1   1 4 3
c. – k l3
d. –k2l  2 0 2  2 8 0
33. The system of equations, a.   b.  
x + y + z = 6, x + 2y + 3z = 10 and has no 
 1 2 0 
  3 0 7 
solution, if
a.  = 3,  = 10  0 2 1   1 4 3
b.   3,  = 10  2 0 2 4 8 0
c.   d.  
c.   3,   10 
d.   3,   10  1 2 0   3 0 7 
34. Let a, b and c be any real numbers. Suppose, that 40. If AB = A and BA = B, then B2 is equal to
are real numbers x, y and z not all zero such that a. B b. A
x = cy + bz, y = az + cx, and z = bx + ay have c. –B d. B3
non–zero solution. Then, a2 + b2 + c2 + 2 abc is
equal to
1 0 0 
0 1 0 
a. 1 b. 2 41. If A =   then A2 is equal to
c. – 1 d. 0 a b 1
35. Let a, band e are three positive real numbers.
a. 0 b. –1
The following system of equations
c. l d. 2A
x 2 y2 z 2 x 2 y2 z 2
2
 2  2 =1, 2  2  2 = 1 in x, y and z 1 2 2 
a b c a b c  2 1 2 
has 42 If A =   is a matrix satisfying the
a. infinite solutions  a 2 b 
b. unique solution
equation AAT = 9l, where 1 is 3 × 3 identity
c. no solution
matrix, then the ordered pair (a, b) is equal to
d. finite number of solutions
a. (2, –1) b. (–2,1)
 4 2 (1  x)  c. (2,1) d. (–2,–1)
5 k 1  43. If A is a 3 x 3 matrix such that 15· adj (A)1 = 5,
36. The rank of the matrix   is 2 then then |A| is equal to
 6 3 (1  x) 
1 1
a. + b. +
5 1 5 1 5 25
a. k = ,x= b. k = ,x
2 5 2 5 c. +1 d. + 5
1 5  2 
c. k = ,x= d. None of these 44. If A   and |A3| 1= 27, then a is equal to
5 2  2 
37. If the system of linear equations x + 2ay + az = 0,
a. + 7 b. + 1
x + 3by + bz = 0 and x + 4cy + cz = 0 has a
non–zero. solution, then a, b and c c. + 5 d. + 2

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Matrices 33

MHT-CET Corner

cos   sin  equal to

1. The multiplicative inverse of A =  
 sin  cos     cos  sin    cos  sin  
a.   b.  
 sin  cos    sin  cos 
  cos  sin   cos  sin     cos  sin   sin   cos 
a.   b.   c.   d.  
  sin   cos   sin  cos   cos  sin    cos  sin  
  cos   sin   cos  sin  
c.   d.   0 1 2 
 sin   cos   sin   cos   1 2 3
7. The inverse matrix of A =   is
2. The value of a for which the system of equations  3 1 1 
a3x + (a + 1)3Y + (a + 2)3 z = 0
ax + (a + 1)y + (a + 2) z = 0
1 1 1 1 5
 2 2  2 4 2 
x+y+z=0
has a non–zero solution is –2011 2
   
a. 1 b. 0  4 3 1  1 6 3 
a.  b. 
c. –1 d. None of these 5 3 1 1 2 1
    
 cos   sin   2 2 2  
3. Let A =   , then the I.nverse of A
  sin   cos 
 1 2 3  1 1 1
 3 2 1 1  8 6 2 
c.   d.  
 cos   sin     cos  sin    4 2 3 2  5 3 1 
a.   b.    
  sin   cos   sin  cos  8. The solution of (x, y, z) the equation
 sin   cos    sin   cos   1 0 1  x  1
c.   d. 
cos   sin    cos  sin    1 1 0  y   1 
    =   is (x,y,z)
,z)
a b   0 1 1   z   2 
4. If matrix A =   rthen |A|–1 is equal to
c d  a. (1,1,1) b. (0,–1,2)
a. ad – bc c. (–1,2,2) d. (–1,0,2)
9. For the equations x + 2y + 3z = 1, 2x + y + 3z
1 = 2 and 5x + 5y + 9z = 4
b.
ad  bc a. there is only one solution
b. there exists infinitely many solutions
1  d b
c.   c. there is no solution
ad  bc  c a  d. None of the above
d. None of the above
 cos 2  cos  sin  
3 2 4  10. If A =   and
cos  sin  sin 2  
1 2 1
5. If A =   and Aij are the cofactors of aij'
3 2 6   cos2  cos  sin  
B=   are two matrices
then a11A11+a12A12 +a13 A13 is equal to 2009 cos  sin  sin 2  
a. 8 b. 6 such that the product AB is null matrix, then
c. 4 d. 0  –  is
a. 0
cos   sin  b. multiple of 
6. A=   and AB = BA = l, then B is
 sin  cos   c. an odd multiple of 
d. None of these

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Matrices 34

 cos  sin   a h g x 
11. If A () =   , then the matrix A2() h b f   y
  sin  cos  14. If A = [x y z], B =   and C =   .
a. A(2) b. A()  g f c   z 
c. A(3) d. A(4)
then ABC = O if
 1 1 1 a  a. [ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2gxy + 2fyz + 2czx] = 0
12. If A =   and B =  4 b and b. [ax2 + cy2 + bz2 + xy + yz + zx] = 0
 2  1  
2 2 2
c. [ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2hxy + 2by + 2cz] = 0
(A + B) = A + B . Then, a and b are respectively
d. [ax2 + by2 + cz2 + 2gzx + 2hxy + 2fyz] = 0
a. 1, –1 b. 2, –3
c. –1, 1 d. 3,–2  2 4 
15. If A =   then A2 is equal to
 3 2   1 2 
13. If A + l =   then (A + l). (A –l) is equal to a. null matrix b. unit matrix
4 1 
1 0  0 0
 5 4  5 4 c.   d.  
a.   b.   0 1 0 1
 8 9  8 9 

5 4  5 4 
c.   d.  
8 9   8 9 

Answers
Exercise 1

1. (a) 2. (b) 3. (c) 4. (a) 5. (b) 6. (b) 7. (b) 8. (d) 9. (b) 10. (d)
11. (a) 12. (a) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (b) 16. (b) 17. (d) 18. (c) 19. (d) 20. (d)
21. (b) 22. (d) 23. (a) 24. (c) 25. (a) 26. (d) 27. (a) 28. (b) 29. (d) 30. (a)
31. (a) 32. (c) 33. (d) 34. (a) 35. (b) 36. (c) 37. (b) 38. (a) 39. (c) 40. (b)

Exercise 2
1 (d) 2. (a) 3 (a) 4 b) 5 a) 6 (d) 7 b) 8 (d) 9 (d) 10 a)
11 (c) 12 (c) 13 b) 14 (c) 15 b) 16 a) 17 (c) 18 (c) 19 b) 20 a)
21 (d) 22 a) 23 (d) 24 a) 25 (c) 26 (c) 27 (c) 28 (d) 29 a) 30 a)
31 b) 32 b) 33 (d) 34 a) 35 b) 36 a) 37 (c) 38 b) 39 (d) 40 a)
41 (c) 42 (d) 43 a) 44 a)

MHT-CET Corner
1 b) 2 (c) 3 a) 4 b) 5 a) 6 b) 7 a) 8 (d) 9 a) 10 (c)
11 a) 12 a) 13 a) 14 (d) 15 a)

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 19

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 20

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 21

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 22

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 23

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 24

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