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INTERNATIONAL A-LEVEL
PHYSICS
Unit 4 Energy and Energy resources

Tuesday 11 June 2024 07:00 GMT Time allowed: 2 hours

Materials
For this paper you must have: For Examiner’s Use
• a Data and Formulae Booklet as a loose insert Question Mark
• a ruler with millimetre measurements
1
• a scientific calculator, which you are expected to use where appropriate
• a protractor. 2
3
Instructions 4
• Use black ink or black ball-point pen.
• Fill in the boxes at the top of this page. 5
• Answer all questions. 6
• You must answer the questions in the spaces provided. Do not write 7–21
outside the box around each page or on blank pages.
• All working must be shown. TOTAL
• If you need extra space for your answer(s), use the lined pages at the end of
this book. Write the question number against your answer(s).
• Do all rough work in this book. Cross through any work you do not want
to be marked.

Information
• The marks for questions are shown in brackets.
• The maximum mark for this paper is 80.

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Section A box

Answer all questions in this section.

0 1 Figure 1 shows part of a small hydroelectric power (HEP) station. Some of the river
water enters the extraction pipe. This water flows through a turbine before it
re-enters the river.
The flow in the river can vary, depending on the weather.

Figure 1

For this HEP station:

• the water falls a vertical distance of 25 m

• the mean electrical power output is 79 kW
• the efficiency is 86%.

0 1 . 1 Calculate the mean mass of water entering the extraction pipe every second.
[3 marks]

mean mass = kg

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0 1 . 2 The HEP station has an alternating output of voltage 69 kV rms. box

Calculate the peak current output from the HEP station.

[2 marks]

peak current = A

A second type of HEP station uses a dam and a reservoir to store water.

0 1 . 3 Suggest one environmental benefit of the station shown in Figure 1 compared with
one that uses a dam and a reservoir.
[1 mark]

0 1 . 4 State what is meant by a base-power station.

Go on to discuss whether either type of HEP station can operate as a base-power
station.
[3 marks]

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0 2 Figure 2 shows a filament lamp with a total power output of 60.0 W. box

The glass wall of the lamp has a uniform thickness of 0.64 mm.

Figure 2

Assume the lamp to be a glass sphere of external diameter 5.60 cm.

The lamp is turned on and reaches thermal equilibrium.

The temperature difference across the glass wall is now 1.2 K.

0 2 . 1 Calculate the percentage of the power output of the lamp that transfers through the
glass by conduction.

thermal conductivity of glass = 1.10 W m−1 K−1

[3 marks]

percentage of power output =

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0 2 . 2 At equilibrium, the mean temperature of the glass wall is 131 °C. box

Calculate the energy needed to increase the temperature of the glass from 20 °C
to 131 °C.

density of glass = 2.5 × 103 kg m−3

specific heat capacity of glass = 0.84 kJ kg−1 K−1
[3 marks]

energy = J 6

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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(12 H )
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0 3 A deuterium nucleus with an initial kinetic energy of 1.6 × 10−14 J approaches

a second deuterium nucleus head-on. The second nucleus is initially stationary.

When the nuclei have reached a minimum separation d, each nucleus has a kinetic
energy of 4.0 × 10−15 J.

0 3 . 1 Calculate d.
[3 marks]

d= m

0 3 . 2 On another occasion, two deuterium (12 H ) nuclei have initial kinetic energies

of 1.6 × 10−14 J each.

On this occasion, their minimum separation is different from the value of d in

Question 03.1.

Suggest, without calculation, how this minimum separation differs from the value of d
in Question 03.1.
[3 marks]

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0 3 . 3 The minimum distances in Question 03.1 and Question 03.2 are both too large for the box

two nuclei to fuse.

Deuterium nuclei can fuse in a plasma in which the mean kinetic energy of nuclei
is 1.6 × 10−14 J.

Suggest why some deuterium nuclei can fuse in this plasma.

[1 mark]

0 3 . 4 Explain two reasons why the kinetic theory of gases can model the behaviour of an
ideal gas but cannot model the behaviour of a plasma.
[2 marks]

0 3 . 5 An ideal gas has particles with a mean kinetic energy of 1.6 × 10−14 J.

Calculate the absolute temperature of the gas.

[2 marks]

absolute temperature = K 11

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0 4 The solar fusion cycle has three stages. box

The equation for the reaction in the third stage of the cycle is:

3 He + 3 He → 4 He + 21 p
2 2 2 1

Table 1 shows the mass of each particle involved.

Table 1

Particle Mass / u
3 He
2 3.016029
4 He
2 4.002603
1p
1 1.007823

0 4 . 1 Show that the energy equivalent of a mass of 1 u is approximately 930 MeV.

1 u = 1.661 × 10−27 kg
[2 marks]

0 4 . 2 Calculate, in MeV, the energy released in one reaction in the third stage of the solar
fusion cycle.
[2 marks]

energy = MeV

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The equation for a reaction in the second stage of the solar fusion cycle is: box

2 H + 1 p → 3 He + γ
1 1 2

Table 2 shows the binding energy of each particle involved.

Table 2

Particle Binding energy / pJ

2H
1 0.35593
1p
1 0
3 He
2 1.23489

γ 0

0 4 . 3 Explain how the second stage contributes approximately 1.8 × 10−12 J of the energy
released in one complete cycle.
Support your explanation with a calculation.
[2 marks]

0 4 . 4 Write the equation for the reaction in the first stage of the solar fusion cycle.
[2 marks]

Question 4 continues on the next page

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(11H )
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0 4 . 5 It is estimated that the Sun contains 2 × 1030 kg of hydrogen and emits energy

at the rate of 4 × 1026 W.

Each solar fusion cycle produces 4.5 × 10−12 J of energy.

Estimate, in years, the maximum length of time for which the Sun can continue to emit
energy at its current rate using only the solar fusion cycle.

1
mass of 1.0 mol of H = 1.0 × 10−3 kg
1
[4 marks]

time = years

0 4 . 6 The fusion of two helium nuclei in the core of a star leads to the formation of heavier
elements.

Explain why helium fusion requires the plasma temperature to be greater than the
temperature needed for hydrogen fusion.
[2 marks]

14

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0 5 A wind turbine has a rotor with a diameter of 135 m. box

0 5 . 1 Calculate, in MW, the maximum power available from the air to the turbine when the
wind speed is 11.4 m s−1.

density of air = 1.2 kg m−3

[2 marks]

maximum power = MW

0 5 . 2 State two reasons why the total kinetic energy of the wind passing through the turbine
is not available to the turbine.
[2 marks]

The rotor accelerates from rest to its maximum angular speed of 1.41 rad s−1.

0 5 . 3 Calculate, in revolutions per minute, the maximum frequency of rotation of the rotor.
[1 mark]

frequency = revolutions per minute

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The rotor is connected to an electric generator. box

The wind exerts a constant torque on the rotor.

Two types of resistive torque are exerted on the rotor:

• a constant frictional resistive torque of 4.0 × 105 N m
• a varying resistive torque exerted by the generator.

The total resistive torque is TR.

Figure 3 shows the variation of TR with time t while the rotor is accelerating. The rotor
achieves its maximum angular speed of 1.41 rad s−1 at t = 55 s.

Figure 3

0 5 . 4 Calculate, in MJ, the energy that the wind transfers to the turbine between t = 55 s
and t = 60 s.
Use data from Figure 3.
[2 marks]

energy = MJ

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The moment of inertia of the rotor is 7.1 × 107 kg m2. box

0 5 . 5 Calculate the initial angular acceleration of the rotor.

[2 marks]

angular acceleration = rad s−2

0 5 . 6 Calculate the maximum rotational kinetic energy of the rotor.

[2 marks]

maximum kinetic energy = J

0 5 . 7 Explain why the angular acceleration of the rotor varies between t = 0 and t = 55 s.
[3 marks]

14

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0 6 Figure 4 shows a pump connected to a bicycle tyre through a connecting tube and a box

pressure-operated valve.
Figure 4

Initially, the piston is at the top of the cylinder as shown in Figure 4. The cylinder
contains 2.5 × 10−4 m3 of air at a pressure of 1.0 × 105 Pa and a temperature of 17 °C.
The initial pressure of the air in the tyre is 4.5 × 105 Pa.

When the pump is operated for the first time, the piston is pushed down quickly. All
the air remains in the cylinder until the cylinder pressure is 4.5 × 105 Pa. The valve
opens when the cylinder pressure and the tyre pressure are equal. All the air in the
cylinder then enters the tyre.

Figure 5 shows the variation of pressure with volume for the air in the cylinder.
Figure 5

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0 6 . 1 Determine the work done in compressing the air in the cylinder to a pressure box

of 4.5 × 105 Pa.

[3 marks]

work done = J

0 6 . 2 Calculate, in K, the temperature of the air in the cylinder when the pressure has
increased to 4.5 × 105 Pa.
[2 marks]

temperature = K

Question 6 continues on the next page

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0 6 . 3 The tyre needs an additional 0.27 mol of air to be inflated to its correct pressure. box

The volumes of the connecting tube and the valve are negligible.

Calculate the number of times the pump has to be operated to inflate the tyre.
[3 marks]

number =

0 6 . 4 Explain, with reference to the first law of thermodynamics, why the temperature of the
air in the cylinder increases when the piston is pushed down quickly.
[3 marks]

11

END OF SECTION A

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Turn over for Section B box

DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PAGE

ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

Turn over ►

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Section B box

Each of the questions in this section is followed by four responses, A, B, C and D.

For each question select the best response.

Only one answer per question is allowed.

For each question, completely fill in the circle alongside the appropriate answer.

CORRECT METHOD WRONG METHODS

If you want to change your answer you must cross out your original answer as shown.

If you wish to return to an answer previously crossed out, ring the answer you now wish to select
as shown.

You may do your working in the blank space around each question but this will not be marked.
Do not use additional pages for this working.

0 7 A non-ideal gas has molecules that contain more than one atom.
Each molecule has a moment of inertia.

The internal energy of the gas is the sum of:

[1 mark]

A the translational kinetic energies of all of the molecules.

B the translational, rotational and vibrational kinetic energies of all of the

molecules.

C the potential energies and the translational kinetic energies of all of the
molecules.

D the potential energies and the translational, rotational and vibrational

kinetic energies of all of the molecules.

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0 8 A material is initially solid at a temperature of T1. box

The material is heated with a constant power of P. It melts and the temperature of the
liquid increases to T2.
The graph shows the variation of the temperature T with time t for the material.

The same mass of the same material is now heated with a constant power of 2P.

Which graph shows the new variation of T with t?

The dashed lines show the shape of the original graph.
[1 mark]

A B

C D

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0 9 A student does an experiment to estimate the specific latent heat L of water. box

An electric water heater is placed on a balance and switched on.

The water heater uses a constant power of P.
The student waits until the water is boiling. He then starts the stopwatch and measures
the time t taken for the mass of water to decrease by m.

The student estimates L using:

mL = Pt

Which error would result in an overestimate of L?

[1 mark]

A underestimating t

B overestimating m

C ignoring energy losses from the water heater

D ignoring the mass of drops of water emitted with the steam

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1 0 The front of a house has three parts: a wall, a window and a door. box

The table shows the U-values and the areas for the three parts.

U-value / Area /
Part
Wm 2K 1 m2
wall 1.0 8.0

window 1.5 2.3

door 2.2 1.6

Which row shows the parts in order from the smallest rate of heat transfer to the
largest rate of heat transfer?
[1 mark]

A wall, window, door

B wall, door, window

C window, door, wall

D window, wall, door

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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1 1 Atmospheric pressure is 100 kPa. box

Sample X of an ideal gas has a volume of 2.0 m3 and an initial pressure of 100 kPa above
atmospheric pressure. It is compressed at constant temperature until its volume is VX and
its pressure is 300 kPa above atmospheric pressure.

Sample Y of an ideal gas has a volume of 2.0 m3 and an initial temperature of 177 °C.
It is heated at constant pressure until its temperature is 354 °C and its volume is VY.

What are VX and VY?

[1 mark]

VX / m 3 VY / m 3

A 1.0 2.8

B 1.0 4.0

C 0.67 2.8

D 0.67 4.0

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1 2 A student uses a microscope to observe Brownian motion in some smoke. box

Which statement is not true?

[1 mark]

A Randomly moving air molecules are in collision with smoke particles.

B Smoke particles are seen to move randomly.

C Air molecules are seen to move randomly.

D The random motion of smoke particles demonstrates the random motion

of air molecules.

1 3 A hydrogen (11H ) nucleus has a radius of approximately 1 fm.

Which is the best estimate of the density of a helium-4 ( 42 He) nucleus?

[1 mark]

A 2 × 1017 kg m−3

B 4 × 1017 kg m−3

C 1 × 1018 kg m−3

D 2 × 1018 kg m−3

Turn over for the next question

Turn over ►

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1 4 The graph shows the variation of binding energy per nucleon with nucleon number. box

The position of
200 Hg is shown.
88

What is the best estimate of the release of energy from the fission of a
200 Hg nucleus?
88
[1 mark]

A 0.7 MeV

B 8 MeV

C 62 MeV

D 140 MeV

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1 5 Which graph shows the variation of electron intensity I with diffraction angle for the box

diffraction of electrons by a nucleus?

[1 mark]

Turn over for the next question

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1 6 Neutron absorption cross-section is measured in cm2. Nuclei with a large value of are box

more likely to absorb neutrons.

The table gives nucleon numbers and approximate values of for four isotopes.

Which isotope would be most suitable as a moderator in a thermal fission reactor?

[1 mark]

Nucleon number / cm2

A 6 1000

B 7 0.0005

C 181 0.0005

D 177 1000

1 7 Used fuel rods from a nuclear reactor are stored in water for a long time. The water
contains dissolved boron.

Possible reasons for this type of storage are:

1. to prevent overheating due to radioactive decay of nuclei in the used fuel

2. to shield against radiation from radioactive materials in the used fuel
3. to prevent the possibility of a chain reaction occurring in the remaining uranium in the
used fuel.

Which of these reasons are correct?

[1 mark]

A 1 and 2 only

B 1 and 3 only

C 2 and 3 only

D 1 and 2 and 3

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1 8 P, Q and R are objects with the same mass m and the same length L. box

m
P and R each consist of a light rod with a point mass of mass at each end.
2
1 2
Q is a uniform rod of mass m. Q has a moment of inertia of mL .
3

X Xʹ is the axis of rotation for each object.

Which shows the objects in order of increasing moment of inertia?

[1 mark]

A P, Q, R

B P, R, Q

C R, P, Q

D R, Q, P

Turn over for the next question

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1 9 A wheel has an initial angular velocity of 10 rad s−1. box

The wheel experiences an angular acceleration of −2.0 rad s−2 until its angular velocity
is −20 rad s−1.

How many revolutions does the wheel make during this change of angular velocity?
[1 mark]

A 12

B 20

C 75

D 125

2 0 A remote island has renewable sources that generate between 2300 kW and 2900 kW of
electrical power.
The island needs a continuous power supply of 2500 kW.
The island also has a pumped storage system that stores an energy of 60 MW h.

The output of the renewable resources falls to its minimum value and remains at this
minimum value.

The renewable sources together with the pumped storage system can only supply the
island’s needs for a time t.

What is t?
[1 mark]

A 300 h

B 150 h

C 30 h

D 15 h

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2 1 A student measures how light intensity I varies with distance d from a filament lamp. box

1
The axes show the student’s plot of against d.
I

The points are not all on a straight line through the origin.

What could be a reason for this?

[1 mark]

A The lamp is not a point source of monochromatic light.

B A systematic error has occurred in the measurement of d.

C An additional light source was present for part of the time.

D White light does not obey the inverse-square law. 15

END OF QUESTIONS

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ANSWER IN THE SPACES PROVIDED

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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Question Additional page, if required.
number Write the question numbers in the left-hand margin.

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