2.

1 Cell - Structure, Function and Organisation

Definition
Cell is the basic unit that compose living things

 The function of cell: Carry out all life's functions (growth, respiration and excretion)
 Cells undergo a division process to form new cells and replace damaged cells

Plant Cell

Animal cell

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Comparison between animal cells and plant cells

Animal cell Plant cell

Nucleus
Cell membrane
Cytoplasm
Mitochondria
No cell wall Has cell wall
No chloroplast Has chloroplast
No vacuole Has vacuole
No fixed shape Has fixed shape

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Unicellular and Multicellular Organisms

Unicellular
Consist of only one cell
Unicellular in the animal kingdom:

 Amoeba
 Paramecium

Unicellular in plant kingdom

 Chlamydomonas

Unicellular that has both plant and animals:

 Euglena

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 Multicellular
Consist of more than one cell
Examples of multicellular organisms:

 Human
 Animals
 Plants
 Mucor
 Spirogyra

The types and functions of Animal Cells

 Contain long fibres that function to carry information in the form of impulse to all parts of the body.
Nerve cells
 Have no nucleus.
 Biconcave disc shaped to increase surface area
Red blood cells  Contain haemoglobin that functions to transport oxygen to all parts of the body.
 Transport carbon dioxide from cells in all parts of the body to the lungs.

 Change their form to surround foreign particles and destroy them.

White blood cells
 Sperms carry male genetic materials and an ovum carries female genetic materials.
Reproductive cells
 Contract and relax muscles to enable movement.
Muscle cells
 Form a layer that protects organs in the body. These cells also secrete mucus.
Epithelium cells

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 The types of cells in plants
Epidermal cells

 Function to reduce water loss, allow gaseous exchange and absorption of water and nutrient

Palisade cells

 Contain chlorophyll to absorb sunlight to carry out photosynthesis

Guard cells

 Guard cells control the opening and closing of stoma. A stoma is a small pore between the guard cells. The stoma is usually open during the
day to carry out photosynthesis. The stoma is closed at night or when the plant loses a lot of water on a hot day

Root hair cells

 Root hair cells increase the surface area to absorb more water and nutrient from the soil

The order of cell organisation

Cell \rightarrow→ Tissue \rightarrow→ Organ \rightarrow→ System \rightarrow→ Organism

Cell organisation in animals and plants

Animals Plants
Epithelium cell Epidermal cell
Epithelium tissue Epidermal tissue
Stomach Leaf
Digestive system Transportation system
Organism Organism

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Systems in the human body

Systems Explanation
Excretory system Removes excretory waste from the body.
Skeletal system Supports the body and protects the inner organs such as the lung and heart.
Lymphatic system Drains lymphatic fluid into blood vessels to protect the body from infections of bacteria, virus and others
Digestive system Breaks down complex food into simpler form so that it is more easily absorbed by the body
Muscular system Helps in the movements of the body and inner organs
Integumentary system Protects the body from dehydration and regulates body temperature
Carries information from the brain to
Nervous system
the entire body in the form of impulse
Blood circulatoy system Transports necessary oxygen, nutrients and hormones to all parts of the body
Respiratory system Absorbs oxygen and releases carbon dioxide from the body.
Endocrine system Produces hormones required to coordinate reactions in the body
Reproductive system Produces sperms and ovum to produce offspring.

2.2 Cell Respiration and Photosynthesis

Definition
Respiration can be divide into external respiration and internal respiration.

External respiration: involves exchange of gases between the organism and environment

Cell respiration: oxidation process and break down glucose

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Cell Repiration

Glucose + Oxygen \rightarrow→ Carbon dioxide + Water + Energy

Photosynthesis

Carbon dioxide + Water \begin{aligned} &\text{Light energy}\\ &\quad\longrightarrow\\&\small\text{Chlorophyll} \

end{aligned}Light energy⟶Chlorophyll Glucose + Oxygen

Cell respiration Photosynthesis

Occur in mitochondria Occurs in chloroplast
Process to release energy Process to absorb energy
Uses chemical energy in food Uses energy from light
Occurs in humans, animals, plants and microorganisms Occurs in plants and microorganisms
Breaks down glucose to produce energy Synthesises glucose
Uses glucose and oxygen to produce carbon
Uses carbon dioxide and water to produce oxygen and glucose
dioxide, water and energy
Occurs at all times Occurs only in the presence of light

The process of cell respiration and photosynthesis complement each other:

 Plants produce glucose and oxygen

 All organisms use glucose and oxygen during respiration
 All organisms produce carbon dioxide and water
 Plants use carbon dioxide and water during photosynthesis