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TB Science f1 Chapter 2

The document discusses cells as the basic unit of life. It describes how Robert Hooke first observed cells using a microscope in 1665. Cells undergo cell division to form new cells. Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably. The structures and functions of animal and plant cells are explained. Both unicellular and multicellular organisms are made of cells. Systems in the human body work together to carry out important functions. The processes of cell respiration and photosynthesis are also summarized.

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32 views70 pages

TB Science f1 Chapter 2

The document discusses cells as the basic unit of life. It describes how Robert Hooke first observed cells using a microscope in 1665. Cells undergo cell division to form new cells. Cancer occurs when cells divide uncontrollably. The structures and functions of animal and plant cells are explained. Both unicellular and multicellular organisms are made of cells. Systems in the human body work together to carry out important functions. The processes of cell respiration and photosynthesis are also summarized.

Uploaded by

mekti
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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CHAPTER 2 CELL

AS THE BASIC
UNIT OF LIFE
z
2.1 Cell -
z
Structure,
Function and
Organisation
z
CELL

 Living things
are composed
of basic
units called
cells.
Robert
z
Hooke

 In 1665, an English scientist


named Robert
Hooke invented a simple
microscope
to observe a piece of cork.
 He saw lots of small box-
shaped structures
within the cork.
 Therefore, he named the
structures as cells
z
CELL DIVISION

 Cells undergo division process


to form new cells and replace
damaged cells.
 One individual cell becomes
two cells and so on.
 Cells carry out all life’s
functions such as growth,
respiration, reproduction and
excretion
z

https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B1gIp
Yu5YwDyNHA5R1ZpWl9rRTA/view?u
sp=sharing
z
CANCER CELL
 In controlled
conditions, cells divide
normally.

 Cancer occurs when


normal cells divide
continuously without
control.

 Figure 2.2 shows three


stages of cancerous https://www.cancercenter.com/what-is-cancer

cell development.
CANCER CELL
ANIMAL
z
CELLS

Function of
Structure in
Animal
z Cells and
Plant Cells
z

Control the flow of materials in and out of the cells


CELL MEMBRANE
z

Produve energy for reactions.


MITOCHONDRIA
z

Act as a medium where chemical reactions occur.

CYTOPLASM
z
NUCLEUS

 Control all activities in


the cell.
 Contains chromosomes
consisting of
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) that caries
genetic information.
PLANT
z
CELLS

Function of
Structure in
Animal
Cells and
Plant Cells
z

Produce energy for reactions.


MITOCHONDRIA
z
CYTOPLASM

Act as medium
where chemical
reactions occur.
z

Control the movement of materials in and out of the


cell.
CELL MEMBRANE
z
NUCLEUS

 Control all activities in the


cell.
 Contains chromosomes
consisting of
deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA) that caries genetic
information.
z

Absorbs light energy for the process of


photosynthesis.
CHLOROPLAST
z

Provide support to cells when filled with cell sap .


VACUOLE
z
CELL WALL

 Provide
support,
protection, and
fixed shape to
the cell
z Unicellular and
Multicellular Organisms
 Unicellular organisms (“uni” means
one) are organisms that consist of only
one cell
 Multicellular organisms (“multi” means
many) are organisms that consist of
more than one cell.
 Even though unicellular organisms
consist of only one cell, the organisms
can
carry out all the processes of life such
as growth and reproduction.
UNICELLULAR
z
ORGANISM

 Unicellular organisms in the


animal kingdom are Amoeba and
Paramecium that live in watery areas.
 Euglena has the characteristics
of both plants and animals.
Euglena can make its own food
using sunlight like plants and
move like animals
 A unicellular organism in the plant
kingdom is Chlamydomonas.
z MULTICELLULAR
ORGANISM

 Consist of
many cells.
 Example :
mucor,
spirogyra and
hydra
z
The Types and
Functions of Animal
Cells and Plant Cells
 Epithelium cells

 Nerve cells

 Red blood cells

 Muscle cells

 White blood cells

 Reproductive cells
z
NERVE CELLS

 Contain long fibres


that function
to carry information in
the form
of impulse to all parts
of the body.
z
EPITHELIUM
CELLS
 Form a layer that
protects organs
in the body. These
cells also secrete
mucus
RED BLOOD
z
CELLS

 Have no nucleus.

 Biconcave disc shaped to


increase surface area
 Contain haemoglobin that
functions to transport
oxygen to all parts of the
body.
 Transport carbon dioxide
from cells in all parts of the
body to the lungs.
z
MUSCLE
CELLS

 Contract and
relax muscles
to enable
movement
z
WHITE BLOOD
CELLS

 Change their form


to surround foreign
particles
and destroy them.
z REPRODUCTIVE
CELLS

 Sperms carry male


genetic materials
and an ovum
carries female
genetic materials.
z
PLANT
CELLS

 Epidermis cell

 Palisade cells

 Guard cells

 Root hair cells


z
EPIDERMIS
CELLS

 Function to reduce
water loss, allow
gaseous exchange
and absorption of
water and nutrient.
z
PALISADE
CELLS

 Contain chlorophyll to
absorb sunlight
to carry out
photosynthesis.
z GUARD CELLS
 Guard cells control the opening
and closing of stoma.
 A stoma is a small pore between
the guard cells.
 The stoma is usually open during
the day to carry out
photosynthesis.
 The stoma is closed at night or
when the plant loses a lot of
water on a hot day
ROOT
z
HAIR CELLS

 Root hair cells increase


the surface area to
absorb more water and
nutrient from the soil
z
The Formation of
an Organism
 A group of cells with specific
functions combine to form a
tissue.
 A group of tissues combine to
form an organ.
 A group of organs combine to
form a system.
 Various systems combine to form
an organism.
 The cell organisation of forming
multicellular organisms
SYSTEM
z IN THE HUMAN BODY
 There are various systems that
carry out important functions
inside the human body.
 Each system consists of a few
organs that work together to
carry out a specific function.
 The various functions of all
systems must be coordinated
so that the human body can
carry
out all life processes or
activities effectively.
EXCRETORY
z

SYSTEM

 Removes excretory
waste from the body
z
SKELETAL
SYSTEM
 Supports the body and
protects the inner
organs such as the
lung and heart.
LYMPHATIC
z

SYSTEM

 Drains lymphatic fluid


into blood vessels to
protect the body from
infections of bacteria,
virus and others.
z
DIGESTIVE
SYSTEM

 Breaks down complex food


into simpler form so that it
is more easily absorbed by
the body
z
MUSCULAR
SYSTEM
 Helps in the movements
of the body and inner
organs.
z
INTERGUMENTARY
SYSTEM

Protects the body from


z
dehydration and regulates
body temperature.
z
NERVOUS SYSTEM

 Carries information from the


brain to the entire body in
the form of impulse.
z
BLOOD
CIRCULATORY
SYSTEM
 Carries oxygen,
nutrients and
hormones to all parts
of the body
z
RESPIRATORY
SYSTEM

 Absorbs oxygen and


releases carbon
dioxide from the
body.
z

ENDOCRINE
SYSTEM

z Produces hormones
required to coordinate
reactions in the body
z

REPRODUCTIVE
SYSTEM
 Produces sperms and
ovum to produce
offspring.
z
2.2 CELL
z
RESPIRATION
AND
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
z
RESPIRATION
 Respiration can be divided into
external respiration (breathing) and
internal
respiration (cell respiration).
 Breathing involves exchange of gases
between the organism and
environment whereas cell respiration
is the oxidation process and break
down of glucose that occur inside
living cells to release energy
z
CELL RESPIRATION

 Cell respiration is the process of breaking down food to


release energy.
 The energy released will be used for all life processes that
occur inside the body.
 Cell respiration requires oxygen and glucose to produce
energy, carbon dioxide and water
z PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 Plants make their own food
through photosynthesis.

 Food made by plants is kept in


the
form of glucose known as
starch.

 Therefore, the presence of


starch in leaves shows the
occurrence of photosynthesis.

 Light energy, carbon dioxide,


water and chlorophyll are
needed for photosynthesis.
z
CELLz RESPIRATION AND
PHOTOSYNTHESIS
 The processes of cell respiration and
photosynthesis complement each
other.
 During cell respiration, oxygen is
absorbed and carbon dioxide is
released.
 Released carbon dioxide will be used
by plants to carry out photosynthesis.
 On the other hand, photosynthesis
produces oxygen that is needed by all
organisms for cell respiration.
TAMAT
z

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