FACTORS THAT

AFFECT CLIMATE
Why is climate important?
Climate is an important aspect in our daily living.
They way we dress, and the energy that we
possess in carrying out our tasks are in a way
affected by the type of climate in that particular
place. Climate also affects the world’s biodiversity.
Plant species, animal groups, and even the
population of insects are clues to the type of
climate of an area.
The Impact of
Climate Change
Climate is affected by different factors, namely,
latitude, ocean current, wind, elevation, relief, and
proximity to water. The combination of these factors
determines the distinct characteristics of a region’s
climatic condition.
 Latitude
is a geographic coordinate that specifies the
north- south position of a point on the surface of
Earth. It is an angle which ranges from 0
degrees at the equator to 90 degrees north or
south at the poles.
Latitude is considered the single most
important factor that determines climate. It
dictates the intensity and duration of sun
exposure to Earth. Generally, the farther away
from the equator the region can be found, the
lesser the energy that reaches the ground in
any point of time.
 Three General climatic Zones:

Regions found at 66.5 degrees N to the North Pole comprise the Arctic Region; from 66.5
degrees S to the South Pole is the Antarctic. Places within the arctic climate zones are
covered with permafrost.

Antarctica, all over Greenland, the north of Alaska, Canada, and Russia are some of the
places under this zone. Winters are severe, the sea freezes, and the place is dry as there is
little precipitation in the form of snow.

During summer, this zone experience s continous periods of daylight but monthly
temperature struggles to rise above freezing point. In these regions, the sun hovers above
the horizon at midnight in the summer and never rises at all, at times, during the winter.
 Three General climatic Zones:

Tropic or Tropical Climate refers to the zones within latitudes between 5/10
degrees to 35 degrees. The equatorial belt experiences a non-arid climate with
an average temperature above 18 degrees celcius. Weather condition is humid.
Due to high temperature, active vertical uplift and precipitation accompanied
with thunderstorms are normal events in tropical climates, sunshine, and rainfall
are present that allows the zones to have luxuriant vegetation.

High precipitaiton is usually subjected when sun reaches overhead during the
midday time. Rain forest, savanna, and semi- arid are some of the examples of tropical
climate.
 Three General climatic Zones:

Temperate Climate refers to zone in arrange of latitude between 40

degrees and 60/70 degrees. the north temperature zone extends
from the Tropic of Cancer. The south temperature zone, extends
from the Tropic of Capricorn to the Antarctic Circle.

This zones do not experience extremes of temperature and

precipitation. There are two types of climate, namely, maritime and
continental.
 Three General climatic Zones:

Maritime climate is strongly affected by the oceans

and has a fairly steady temperatures across the
season.

Continental climate increases inland characterized

by warmer summers and colder winter due to the
thermal inertia possessed by the land.
 Ocean Currents
Covering about 71% of the Earth and with a capacity to absorb about twice as much of the
sun’s radiation , worlds oceans are major driving force of the climate system.

There are three main processes that make the ocean circulates: tidal forces, wind stress, and
density differences. Also there are two circulation types:
Wind Driven Circulation
forced by wind-stress on the sea surface including a
momentum exchange. It dominates in the upper hundred
meters from the sea surface; and
Thermohaline Circulation
is an “overturning” circulation which warm water flows
poleward near the surface and is subsequently converted
to cold water that sinks and flows equatorward in the
interior.
 Winds
Air pressure gradient or the difference between regions of high and land pressure
creates wind. The larger the difference in pressure, the stronger the winds become.

As the Earth rotates, it creates an apparent force known as “Cariolis force” that
defelcts the moving air to the right of its initial direction in the Northern Hemisphere
and to the left its initial direction to Southern Hemisphere.

The air moving over Earth’s surface creates fiction at

the lowest one kilometer of the atmosphere.
Elevation
Harnessing sunlight through solar panels for electricity or heating.

Capturing wind power using turbines to produce clean electricity.

Utilizing water flow in rivers or dams to generate energy.

Extracting heat from beneath the Earth's surface for electricity and heating.

Converting organic materials like agricultural waste into fuel.

Energy-Efficient Appliances
Modern refrigerators, washing machines, and other appliances use less electricity without
compromising performance.
Building Insulation
High-performance insulation materials reduce heating and cooling needs.
Industrial Efficiency
Equipment upgrades, energy monitoring systems, and waste heat recovery improve energy use in
manufacturing.
Carbon Capture
and Storage (CCS)
Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) is a technology
designed to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by
capturing carbon dioxide (CO₂) from industrial processes
or power generation and securely storing it underground.
The process involves three main steps:

Capture Transport Storage

 Capture Transport Storage

CO₂ is separated from other The captured CO₂ is The CO₂ is injected into
gases at the source, such as transported via pipelines or deep geological formations,
power plants or factories, ships to a storage site. such as depleted oil and gas
using advanced chemical or fields or saline aquifers,
physical methods. where it is safely contained.
Nature-Based Solutions
Nature-Based Solutions (NbS) are strategies that use
natural processes and ecosystems to address
environmental challenges, including climate change,
while also providing social and economic benefits. These
solutions work with nature to protect, restore, or
sustainably manage ecosystems, enhancing their ability
to absorb carbon, regulate water, and support
biodiversity. Key examples include:
Reforestation and Afforestation
Wetland Restoration
Coastal Ecosystem Protection
Agroforestry
Innovative
Transportation Systems
Innovative Transportation Systems refer to new and advanced methods of
moving people and goods that prioritize sustainability, efficiency, and
reduced environmental impact. These systems aim to reduce greenhouse
gas emissions, alleviate congestion, and enhance the overall efficiency of
transportation networks. Key examples include:
Electric Vehicles (EVs) Bicycle-Sharing Programs
Autonomous Vehicles Hyperloop Technology
Public Transit Electrification Mobility as a Service (MaaS)
Sustainable Agriculture
Sustainable Agriculture refers to farming practices that meet current food and textile needs without
compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. It focuses on maintaining the
health of the environment, supporting economic viability, and promoting social equity. Key practices
include:
Organic Farming
Using natural methods for pest control, crop rotation, and soil fertility instead of synthetic fertilizers
and pesticides.
Agroforestry
Integrating trees and other vegetation into agricultural landscapes to improve biodiversity, soil
health, and water retention.
Conservation Tillage
Reducing or eliminating plowing to improve soil structure, reduce erosion, and enhance water
retention.
Circular Economy
and Waste Management
Circular Economy and Waste Management focus
on creating a sustainable system where resources
are reused, recycled, and regenerated, reducing
waste and minimizing environmental impact.
Unlike the traditional linear economy (take, make,
dispose), a circular economy aims to extend the
lifecycle of products and materials through
recycling, reuse, and repurposing.
THANK YOU
We hope this discussion has provided valuable insights
into the importance of sustainable strategies to address the
climate crisis.