BAHIR DAR INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Faculty of Civil and Water Resource Engineering

Pavement materials, analysis and design
Chapter 3.
Pavement
Materials

Ins. Haimanot F.
Email: haimanotfirew21@gmail.com
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 PAVEMENT MATERIALS
 Type of pavement materials generally grouped in to two
 Unbound pavement materials
 Bound pavement materials

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 Unbound Pavement Materials
Test on Aggregate
 Essential test on Aggregates
Particle size distribution

Moisture content , water absorption and specific gravity

Shape tests

Los Angeles Abrasion test(LAA)

Aggregate Crush value test(ACV)

Aggregate impact Value (AIV)

Ten percent finer

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 Test on Aggregate / Shape tests
Flakiness index determination
 A sample aggregate was sieve through serious of sieve size.

 The retained aggregate on each sieve was weighed separately on a metal tray.

 37.5-28, 28-20, 20-14, 14-10 and 10-6.3 thickness gauges were selected and
the retained sample on sieve size (mm) 28, 20, 14, 10 and 6.3 were added
respectively and shake the gauge.

 The aggregate particles that passed the gauge was weighed

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 Test on Aggregate / Shape tests
Elongation index determination
 A sample aggregate was sieve through serious of sieve size.

 The retained aggregate on each sieve was weighed separately on a metal tray.

 37.5-28, 28-20, 20-14, 14-10 and 10-6.3 thickness gauges were selected and
the retained sample on sieve size (mm) 28, 20, 14, 10 and 6.3 were added
respectively and shake the gauge.

 The aggregate particles that retained on the gauge was weighed

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Test on Aggregate / LLA
 2.5 kg aggregate which is free of adherent coating and
dust and which passes sieve size 20mm was taken.
 The same amount aggregate like the above but which
pass 14mm sieve size and retained on 10mm sieve size
will taken.
 The selected aggregate grade and steel
spheres.
 The samples were mixed together and the steel balls
were also added and inserted in to the LAA machine.
 The LAA test machine was set for 500 revolutions with
33 rev/min.
 The sample was discharged from the machine and then
sieved through sieve size 2mm.
 The retained mass on 2mm sieve weighed.

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 Test on Aggregate / ACV
 2.5 kg aggregate sample that passed 14mm sieve size and retained on 10mm sieve size will
be taken.

 The cylinder will placed on the base plate and the sample will be separated in to 3 equal
portions on the metal tray.

 The first portion was added in to the cylinder and tamped with tamping road for 25
blows at a distance of 5cm above the sample surface. For the remaining 2 portions, this
will done in the same manner.

 The surface of the aggregate will be leveled and the plunger also inserted into the
cylinder.

 The test sample with the plunger, base plate and cylinder was placed on the compression
testing machine.

 40KN load will applied through the plunger for 10 minutes until the gauge read a load of
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400KN and then the load will released.

 The aggregate was removed from the cylinder and sieved through 2.36mm sieve size.
 Unbound base and sub-base material
 Selection of unbound materials for base course, sub-base, capping
and selected subgrade layers are depend on physical and
chemical properties of materials as shown below. The main
categories with a brief summary of their characteristics are
shown in Table below.

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 Notes: These specifications may be modified according to site conditions,
material type and principal use.
 Base Course Materials
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CRUSHED STONE
 Table 3.2, Grading Limits for Graded Crushed Stone Base Course
Materials (GB1), depending on the local conditions for a particular
project
 Base Course Materials
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CRUSHED STONE
 Basic criteria the material should satisfy
 Base Course Materials
NATURALLY OCCURRING GRANULAR MATERIALS, BOULDERS, WEATHERED ROCKS
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 Table 3-4: Recommended Particle Size Distributions for Mechanically

Stable Natural Gravels and Weathered Rocks for Use as Base Course
Material (GB2, GB3)
 Sub Base Course Materials
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 The sub-base is an important load spreading layer. It

enables traffic stresses to be reduced to acceptable
levels in the subgrade.
 It acts as a working platform for the construction of the
upper pavement layers and acts as a separation layer
between subgrade and base course.
 In some cases it also acts as a filter or drainage layer.
 Sub Base Course Materials
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 In wet climatic conditions, the most stringent

requirements are dictated by the need to support
construction traffic and paving equipment. In such cases,
the sub-base material needs tight specification.
 In dry climatic conditions, in areas of good drainage, and
where the road surface remains well sealed, unsaturated
moisture conditions prevail and sub-base specifications
may be relaxed.
 Sub Base Course Materials
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 Table 3-5: Recommended Plasticity Characteristics for Granular SubBases (GS)

 Table 3-6: Typical Particle Size Distribution for Sub-Bases (GS) Which Will Meet
Strength Requirements
 Capping Layers (GC)
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 Capping Layer materials are often required to provide

sufficient cover on weak subgrades.
 They are used in the lower pavement layers as a substitute for a
thick sub-base to reduce costs (a cost comparison should be
conducted)
 As an illustrative example, approximately 30cm of “GC”
material placed on an S1 or S2 subgrade will allow selecting a
pavement structure as for an S3 subgrade.
 A minimum CBR of 15 percent is specified at the highest
anticipated moisture content when compacted to a minimum of
95 % of the maximum dry density (Heavy Compaction).
 Gravel Surfaced Roads
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 Gravel road pavements are generally utilized for

roads where design traffic flow Annual Average Daily
Traffic (AADT) is less than 200.
 ALL-WEATHER ACCESS: An essential consideration in
the design of gravel roads is to ensure all-weather
access.
 This requirement places particular emphasis on the need
for sufficient bearing capacity of the pavement structure
and provision of drainage and sufficient earthworks in flood
or problem soil areas (e.g. black cotton).
 Gravel Surfaced Roads
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 MATERIAL CHARACTERISTICS: Soils used for improved subgrade layers

shall be non-expansive and free from any deleterious matter. They shall
comply with the requirements shown in Table below.
 Gravel Surfaced Roads
GRAVEL WEARING COURSE MATERIAL SPECIFICATION
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 Table 3-8 Gradation requirements for gravel wearing course (ERA)

 Pavement Materials Stabilization
 ‘Stabilization’: alteration of the properties of an existing soil either
 by blending (mixing) two or more materials and improving particle size
distribution or
 by the use of stabilizing additives to meet the specified engineering
properties.
 Quite often materials are stabilized for road construction in most parts of the
world for the following one or more objectives:
 Improve the strength,
 Improve the volume stability
 Improve durability
 Improve high permeability
 Introduction (cont…)
 Four techniques of stabilization commonly practiced in pavement
construction are
 Mechanical stabilization

 Cement stabilization

 Lime stabilization, and

 Bitumen stabilization
 Introduction (cont…)
 Stabilization is not a straightforward application of a given stabilizing

agent; a number of aspects should be taken into account in the

selection of the proper stabilization technique. The factors that
should be considered are:
 Physical and chemical composition of the soil to be stabilized

 Availability and economical feasibility of stabilizing agents

 Ease of application

 Site constraints

 Climate

 Curing time, and safety

 1. Mechanical stabilization
 Mechanical stabilization is an improvement of an available material
by blending it with one or more materials in order to improve the
particle size distribution and plasticity characteristics
 Typical materials used for mechanical stabilization include
 river deposited sand,
 natural gravel, silt sands, sand clays, silt clays,
 crushed run quarry products and waste quarry products,
 volcanic cinders and scoria,
 poorly graded laterites and
 beach sands, etc.
 Materials produced by blending have properties similar to
conventional unbounded materials and can be evaluated by in the
same way.
 2. Cement stabilization
 Cement is an effective stabilizing agent applicable to a wide range of soils

and situations.
 It has two important effects on soil behaviors:

 Reduces the moisture susceptibility of soils ⎯

 cement binds the particles greatly and reduces moisture induced

volume change (shrinkage and swell) and
 it also improve strength stability under variable moisture

 Develop inter-particle bonds in granular materials ⎯ increase elastic

modulus.
 Soil properties progressively change with increasing cement contents
Table: General guidelines on cement requirement to stabilize soil

Granular
Materials

Silt-Clay
Materials
 3. Lime stabilization
 Lime here used to describe
 calcium oxide (CaO);
 calcium hydroxide Ca(OH)2
Lime is an effective stabilizing agent for clayey materials to improve both
workability and strength.
 Lime is not effective with cohesion less or low cohesion materials
 The reaction between soil and lime are complex and still not
completely understood
 The strength of lime stabilized materials is dependent on
 The amount and type of lime
Curing time and temperature
Compaction
The quality of water
Uniformity of mixing are important factors affecting the quality of
production as they are in cement stabilization
 3. Lime stabilization (cont…)

Figure: Effect of lime content and time on the CBR values of lime stabilized soil
Table: Properties of Cement and Lime-Stabilized Materials [ERA, 2013]
 4. Bituminous stabilization
 Bituminous stabilization is used with
 non-cohesive granular materials ⎯ where the bitumen adds
cohesive strength;
 with cohesive materials ⎯ where the bitumen “waterproofs” the
soil thus reducing loss of strength with increase in moisture
content.
 Because more care is necessary in bituminous stabilization to achieve
satisfactory mixing, its use has not been as widespread as cement and
lime stabilizations.
THANK YOU !!!
QUESTIONS ???

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