Chain Rule - Year 2 Core PMT

Question Scheme Marks AOs

1 (a) Attempts
dx
y. = ( 2sin 2t + 3sin t ) × 16sin t cos t and uses sin 2t = 2sin t cos t M1 2.1
dt

Correct expanded integrand. Usually for one of

=( R) ∫ 48sin t cos t + 16sin 2t dt
2 2

∫ 48sin t cos t + 64sin t cos t dt

A1 1.1b
=( R) 2 2 2

=( R) ∫ 24sin 2t sin t + 16sin 2t dt

2

Attempts to use cos 4t =

1 − 2sin 2 2t = (
1 − 8sin 2 t cos 2 t ) M1 1.1b

∫
a
R = 8 − 8cos 4t + 48sin t cos t dt
2
* A1* 2.1
0

π
Deduces a = B1 2.2a
4
(5)

∫ 8 − 8cos 4t + 48sin t cos t dt =

(b) M1 2.1
8t − 2sin 4t + 16sin t
2 3

A1 1.1b
π
8t − 2sin 4t + 16sin 3 t  4 = 2π + 4 2 M1 2.1
  0 A1 1.1b

(4)

(9 marks)

Notes:

(a) Condone work in another variable, say θ ↔ t if used consistently for the first 3 marks
dx
M1: For the key step in attempting y. = ( 2sin 2t + 3sin t ) × 16sin t cos t with an attempt to use
dt
dx
sin 2t = 2sin t cos t Condone slips in finding but it must be of the form k sin t cos t
dt
dx
E.g. I y. = ( 2sin 2t + 3sin t ) × k sin t cos t = ( 4sin t cos t + 3sin t ) × k sin t cos t
dt
dx k
E.g. II y. = ( 2sin 2t + 3sin t ) × k sin t cos t = ( 2sin 2t + 3sin t ) × sin 2t
dt 2

A1: A correct (expanded) integrand in t . Don't be concerned by the absence of ò or dt or limits

=( R) ∫ 48sin t cos t + 16sin =2t dt or ( R )

∫ 48sin t cos t + 64sin t cos t dt
2 2 2 2 2

= such as ( R )
∫ 24sin 2t sin t + 16sin 2t dt
2
but watch for other correct versions
Chain Rule - Year 2 Core PMT

M1: Attempts to use cos 4t =±1 ± 2sin 2 2t to get the integrand in the correct form.
P
If they have the form P sin 2t it is acceptable to write P sin 2t=
2 2

2
( ±1 ± cos 4t )
2 2
If they have the form Q sin t cos t sight and use of sin 2t and/or cos 2t will usually be seen first.
There are many ways to do this, below is such an example
 1 − cos 2t   1 + cos 2t   1 − cos2 2t   1 cos2 2t   1 1 + cos 4t 
Q sin t cos t = =   =  − = Q −
2 2
Q    Q Q 
 2  2   4  4 4  4 8 
   
Allow candidates to start with the given answer and work backwards using the same rules.
2 2
So expect to see cos 4t =±1 ± 2 × sin 2t or cos 4t =±2 × cos 2t ± 1 before double angle identities for
sin 2t or cos 2t are used.
A1*: Proceeds to the given answer with correct working. The order of the terms is not important.
Ignore limits for this mark. The integration sign and the dt must be seen on their final answer.
If they have worked backwards there must be a concluding statement to the effect that they
know that they have shown it. The integration sign and the dt must also be seen

∫ 48sin t cos t + 64sin t cos t dt

2 2 2
E.g. Reaches

∫ 8 − 8cos 4t + 48sin t cos t dt

2
Answer is

∫ 8 − 8 (1 − 2sin 2t ) + 48sin t cos t dt

2
=
2

∫ 16sin 2t + 48sin t cos t dt

2
=
2

=
∫ 64sin t cos t + 48sin t cos t dt
2 2 2

which is the same, 

π
B1: Deduces a = . It may be awarded from the upper limit and can be awarded from (b)
4
(b)
M1: For the key process in using a correct approach to integrating the trigonometric terms.
May be done separately.
There may be lots of intermediate steps (e.g. let u = sin t) .
There are other more complicated methods so look carefully at what they are doing.

∫ 8 − 8cos 4t + 48sin t cos t dt =

... ± P sin 4t ± Q sin t where P and Q are constants
2 3

∫
A1: 8 − 8cos 4t + 48sin t cos t dt =8t − 2sin 4t + 16sin t ( + c )
2 3

If they have written 16sin 3 t as 16sin t 3 only award if further work implies a correct answer.
Similarly, 8t may be written as 8x. Award if further work implies 8t, e.g. substituting in their limits.
Do not penalise this sort of slip at all, these are intermediate answers.
π π π
M1: Uses the limits their a and 0 where a = in an expression of the form kt ± P sin 4t ± Q sin 3 t
, or
6 4 3
leading to an exact answer. Ignore evidence at lower limit as terms are 0
8
A1: CSO 2π + 4 2 or exact simplified equivalent such as 2π + or 2π + 32 .
2
π

∫ 8t +λ sin 4t + 16sin t ( + c ) would lead to the

4
8 − 8cos 4t + 48sin t cos t dt =
2 3
Be aware that
0

correct answer but would only score M1 A0 M1 A0

Chain Rule - Year 2 Core PMT

Question Scheme Marks AOs

2(a) ...xe x + ...e x M1 1.1b

k ( xe + e
x x
) A1 1.1b

( )
1
d 1
e3 x − 2 =  3e3 x ( e3 x − 2 ) 2
−
B1 1.1b
dx 2
1 1
3 −
(e3 x − 2) 2 ("7" xe x + "7"e x ) − " "e3 x (e3 x − 2) 2  "7" xe x
2 dM1 2.1
( f '( x) = ) 3x
e −2
7e ( e (2 − x) − 4 x − 4 )
x 3x

f ( x) = 3 A1 1.1b
2(e3 x − 2) 2
(5)
(b) 3x
e (2 − x) − 4 x − 4 = 0  x(...e 3x 3x
 ...) = ...e  ... M1 1.1b
3x
2e − 4
x= * A1* 2.1
e3 x + 4
(2)
(c) Draws a vertical line x = 1 up to the curve then across to the line y = x
then up to the curve finishing at the root (need to see a minimum of 2 B1 2.1
vertical and horizontal lines tending to the root)
(1)
(d)(i) 2e3 − 4
x2 = = 1.5017756... M1 1.1b
e3 + 4
x2 = awrt 1.502 A1 1.1b
(ii)  = 1.968 dB1 2.2b
(3)
(e) 2e3 x − 4
h( x) = −x
e3 x + 4 M1 3.1a
h(0.4315) = −0.000297... h(0.4325) = 0.000947...
Both calculations correct and e.g. states:
• There is a change of sign
A1cao 2.4
• e.g f '( x) is continuous
•  = 0.432 (to 3dp)
(2)
(13 marks)
Notes
(a)
M1: Attempts the product rule on xe x (or may be 7 xe x ) achieving an expression of the form ...xe x  ...e x .
If it is clear that the quotient rule has been applied instead which may be quoted then M0.

A1: k ( xe x + e x ) (e.g. 7( xe x + e x ) ) or equivalent which may be unsimplified (may be implied by further

work)

( )
1
d 1
e3 x − 2 =   3e3 x ( e3 x − 2 ) 2 (simplified or unsimplified)
−
B1: 
 dx 2
Chain Rule - Year 2 Core PMT

dM1: Attempts to use the quotient rule. It is dependent on the previous method mark.
Score for achieving an expression of the form
1 1
3x 3 3x 3x −
(e − 2) ("7" xe + "7"e ) − " "e (e − 2) 2  "7" xe x
2 x x

( f '( x) = ) 2 or equivalent (do not be

e3 x − 2
3
concerned by the constants for their “7” or their “ ” which may be both 1)
2
If it is clear that the quotient rule has been applied the wrong way round then score M0.
Alternatively, applies the product rule. Score for achieving an expression of the form
1 3
− 3 3x 3x −
( f '( x) = ) (e − 2) ("7" xe + "7"e ) − " "e (e − 2) 2  "7" xe x or equivalent (do not be
3x 2 x x

2
3
concerned by the constants for their “7” or their “ ” which may be both 1)
2
Do not condone invisible brackets.
7e x ( e3 x (2 − x) − 4 x − 4 )
A1: ( f ( x) = ) 3
following a fully correct differentiated expression.
3x
2(e − 2) 2

You may need to check to see if (a) is continued after other parts for evidence of this.
dy
Condone the lack of f ( x) = on the left hand side or allow the use of or y instead.
dx
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Alternative (a) attempt using the triple product rule
d  3x
− 
1
3x
−
1
3x
−
1
 1 3x 3x
−
3
e.g.  7 xe (e − 2)  = 7e (e − 2) + 7 xe (e − 2) + 7 xe   −   3e (e − 2)
x 2 x 2 x 2 x 2
dx    2 
 1  3 
( 7e + 7 xe x ) (e3 x − 2) + 7 xe x   −   3e3 x 7e x  e3 x − 2 + xe3 x − 2 x − xe3 x 
x

 2  2  7e x ( e3 x (2 − x) − 4 x − 4 )
 3
= 3
 3
3x
(e − 2) 2 3x
(e − 2) 2
2(e3 x − 2) 2
M1: Attempts the product rule on xe x → ...xe x  ...e x which may be seen within the expression
1 1
− −
...e x (e3 x − 2) 2
 ..xe x (e3 x − 2) 2
+ ... simplified or unsimplified.
 1
− 
1
k ( xe x + e x ) which may be seen within the expression k  e x (e3 x − 2) 2 + xe x (e3 x − 2) 2  + ...
−
A1:
 
simplified or unsimplified.
 1 −
3
 x  1 3x 3x
− 
3
B1:  −   3e 3x
(e 3x
− 2) 2
which may be seen within the expression .... + k  xe   −   3e (e − 2) 2

 2    2  
simplified or unsimplified.
dM1: A complete method using all three products (which may appear all on one line). Do not condone
invisible brackets.
A1: As above in main scheme notes.
(b) Note that if they do not have values A = −4, B = −4 in (a) (which may be seen later) then
maximum score is M1A0*
M1: Sets their e3 x (2 − x) − 4 x − 4 equal to zero, collects terms in x on one side of the equation and non x
terms on the other and attempts to factorise the side with x as a common factor. Condone sign slips
only for this mark. Allow A and B to be used instead of "− 4" and "− 4"
Chain Rule - Year 2 Core PMT

A1*: Achieves the given answer with no errors including invisible brackets. If they do not reach the
2e3 xn − 4
printed answer then it is A0. If they subsequently write xn +1 = 3 xn then isw
e +4
(c)
B1: Starting at x1 = 1 look for at least 2 sets of vertical and horizontal lines drawn (may be dashes)
tending to  . Condone a lack of arrows on the lines but the sequence of lines should finish at the
point of intersection where the root is. Condone the initial vertical line not starting from the x-
axis. Mark the intention to draw horizontal and vertical lines. If they have any lines to the left of
x = 1 this is B0. If they use both diagrams and do not indicate which one they want marking, then the
“copy of Diagram 1” should be marked.
Examples scoring B1: Examples scoring B0:

(d)(i)
M1: Substitutes 1 into the iterative formula. The values embedded in the formula is sufficient for this
mark. May be implied by awrt 1.50
A1: awrt 1.502 isw
(d)(ii)
dB1: 1.968 cao (which can only be scored if M1 is scored in (d)(i))
SC: If (d)(i) is rounded to 1.50 then allow 1.97 in (d)(ii) to score M1A0dB1 for (d)
(e)
M1: Attempts to substitute x = 0.4315 and 0.4325 into a suitable function and gets one value correct
(rounded or truncated to 1sf). It is allowable to use a tighter interval that contains the root
0.4317388728…
If no function is stated then may be implied by their answers to e.g. f (0.4315), f (0.4325)
You will need to check their calculation is correct.
Other possible functions include:
2e3 x − 4
• h( x) = x − (other way round to MS) h(0.4315) = 0.0002974... , h(0.4325) = −0.0009479...
e3 x + 4
 7e x e3 x (2 − x) − 4 x − 4 
• their f ( x) =  
( )
 3 
 2(e3 x − 2) 2 
(If correct A and B then f (0.4315) = 0.005789... , f (0.4325) = 0.01831... )
• their g( x) =  ( e3 x (2 − x) − 4 x − 4 )
(If correct A and B then g(0.4315) = 0.002275..., g(0.4325) = 0.007261... )
A1: Requires
• Both calculations correct (rounded or truncated to 1sf)
• A statement that there is a change in sign and that their function is continuous (must refer to
the function used for the substitution (which is not f ( x) )
Accept equivalent statements for f (0.4315)  0 , f (0.4325)  0 e.g.
f (0.4315)  f (0.4325)  0 , “one negative one positive”. A minimum is “change of sign and
continuous” but do not allow this mark if the comment about continuity is clearly incorrect
e.g. “because x is continuous” or “because the interval is continuous”
• A minimal conclusion e.g. “hence  = 0.432 ”, “so rounds to 0.432”. Do not allow
“hence root”
Chain Rule - Year 2 Core PMT

Question Scheme Marks AOs

3(a) dy
x3 → ...x 2 and 3 y 2 → ... y M1 1.1b
dx
dy
2 xy → 2 y + 2 x B1 1.1b
dx
dy dy dy
3x 2 + 2 x + 2y + 6y = ...  = .... M1 2.1
dx dx dx
dy 2 y + 3x 2
=− A1 1.1b
dx 2x + 6 y
(4)
(b) 2 ( 5 ) + 3 ( −2 )
2
dy
=−
dx 2 ( −2 ) + 6 ( 5 )
or e.g. M1 1.1b
dy dy dy  11 
3(−2)2 + 2(−2) + 2  5 + 6  5 = 0  = ...  − 
dx dx dx  13 
13
y −5=" "( x + 2) dM1 1.1b
11
13x − 11y + 81 = 0 A1 2.2a
(3)
(7 marks)
Notes
dy
(a) Allow equivalent notation for the e.g. y
dx
2 dy
M1: Attempts to differentiate x 3 → ...x 2 and 3 y → ... y where … are constants
dx
dy
B1: Correct application of the product rule on 2xy: 2 xy → 2 x + 2y
dx
dy
Note that some candidates have a spurious = ... at the start (as their intention to differentiate) and this
dx
can be ignored for the first 2 marks
dy dy
M1: For a valid attempt to make the subject, with exactly 2 different terms in coming from 3y 2 and
dx dx
dy dy
2xy. Look for (...  ...) = ...  = ... which may be implied by their working.
dx dx
Condone slips provided the intention is clear.
dy
For those candidates who had a spurious = ... at the start, they may incorporate this in their
dx
dy
rearrangement in which case they will have 3 terms in and so score M0.
dx
If they ignore it, then this mark is available for the condition as described above.
dy 2 y + 3x 2 dy −2 y − 3x 2 2 y + 3x 2
A1: =− oe e.g. = , Isw once a correct expression is seen.
dx 2x + 6 y dx 2 x + 6 y −2 x − 6 y
Note that it is sometimes unclear if the minus sign(s) is/are correctly placed and you may have to use
your judgement. Evidence may be available in part (b) to help you decide if they have the correct
expression.
Chain Rule - Year 2 Core PMT

(b)
dy 2 y + 3x 2
M1: Substitutes x = ˗2 and y = 5 into = "− "
dx 2x + 6 y
dy
They must have x’s and y’s in their but condone slips in substitution provided the intention is clear.
dx
As a minimum look for at least one x and at least one y substituted correctly.
dy
Note that this mark may be implied by their value for and may be implied if, for example, they find
dx
2 y + 3x 2
the negative reciprocal or the reciprocal of "− " and then substitute x = ˗2 and y = 5
2x + 6 y
Alternatively, substitutes x = ˗2 and y = 5 into their attempt to differentiate and then rearranges to find a
dy
value or numerical expression for
dx
dM1: Attempts to find the equation of the normal using their gradient of the tangent and x = ˗2 and y = 5
13
correctly placed. Score for an expression of the form ( y − 5) = " "( x + 2) or if they use y = mx + c
11
they must proceed as far as c =… Must be using the negative reciprocal of the tangent gradient.
2x + 6 y
Note that y − 5 = ( x + 2) is not a correct method unless the gradient is evaluated first before
2 y + 3x 2
expanding.
A1: 13x − 11y + 81 = 0 or any integer multiple of this equation including the “= 0”, not just a, b, c given.
e.g., 26 x − 22 y + 162 = 0 is likely if they don’t cancel down their gradient.