Load Flow Analysis

Contents
1. How to solve Load Flow .................................................................................................... 3
1.1 Procedure to Draw First Element - Bus ........................................................................... 7
1.2 Procedure to Draw Transmission Line............................................................................. 8
1.3 Procedure to Draw Generator ....................................................................................... 10
1.4 Procedure to Enter Load Data ....................................................................................... 12
1.5 Solve Load Flow Analysis.............................................................................................. 12
1.6 Procedure to plot the results on the Single Line Diagram.............................................. 14
1.7 Quick Solve load flow ……………………………………………………………………… 19
1.8 Frequency Dependent Load flow ………………………………………………………… 26
1.9 Optimal load flow Analysis ……………………………………………………………… 34
1.10 Feed Current Simulation ………………………………………………………………… 49

PRDC, India 1
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

PRDC, India 2
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

1. How to solve Load Flow

Figure shows a single line diagram of a 5 bus system with two generating units, seven lines.
Per-unit transmission line series impedances and shunt susceptances are given on 100
MVA base in table 1.1. Real power generation, real and reactive power loads in MW and
MVAR are given in table 1.2.
With bus 1 as slack, use the following methods to obtain a load flow solution:
(a) Gauss-Siedel using Y-bus, with acceleration factors of 1.4 and tolerances of 0.0001
and 0.0001 per unit for the real and imaginary components of voltage.
(b) Newton-Raphson using Ybus, with tolerance of 0.01 per unit for the real and reactive
bus powers.

Assume the base voltage for the bus as 220 kV and system frequency as 60 Hz.
Impedances and line charging for the sample system.

PRDC, India 3
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Table : 1.1
Bus code Impedance Line charging
From - To R+jX in pu B/2 in pu
1-2 0.02+j0.06 0.0+j0.030
1-3 0.08+j0.24 0.0+j0.025
2-3 0.06+j0.18 0.0+j0.02
2-4 0.06+j0.18 0.0+j0.02
2-5 0.04+j0.12 0.0+j0.015
3-4 0.01+j0.03 0.0+j0.010
4-5 0.08+j0.24 0.0+j0.025

Generation, loads and bus voltages for sample system

Table : 1.2
Bus Bus Voltage Generation Generation Load Load
No MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 1.06+j0.0 0 0 0 0
2 1.00+j0.0 40 30 20 10
3 1.00+j0.0 0 0 45 15
4 1.00+j0.0 0 0 40 5
5 1.00+j0.0 0 0 60 10

Procedure to enter the data for performing studies using MiPower.

MiPower - Database Configuration

Open Power System Network Editor. Select menu option Database  Configure.

Click here to specify the

name of the database

PRDC, India 4
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Configure Database dialog is popped up as shown below. Click Browse button. Open
dialog box is popped up as shown below, where you are going to browse the desired
directory and specify the name of the database to be associated with the single line
diagram. Click Open button after entering the desired database name. Configure
Database dialog will appear with path chosen.

Select the folder and

give the database
name and Open

Click OK
Click to clear the
database path

Note: Do not work in the MiPower directory

Click OK button on the Configure database

dialog. The dialog as shown appears.
Uncheck the Power System Libraries and
Standard Relay Libraries. For this example these
standard libraries are not needed, because all the
data is given on Pu for power system libraries
(like transformer, line\cable, generator), and relay
libraries are required only for relay co-ordination
studies. If Libraries are selected, standard
libraries will be loaded along with the database.
Click Electrical Information tab. Since the
impedances are given on 100 MVA base, check
the pu status.

Enter the Base MVA and Base frequency as shown below. Click on Breaker Ratings button
to give breaker ratings. Click OK button to create the database to return to Network Editor.

PRDC, India 5
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Bus Base Voltage Configuration

In the network editor, configure the base voltages for the single line diagram. Select menu
option ConfigureBase voltage. The dialog shown below appears. If necessary change
the Base-voltages, color, Bus width and click OK.

PRDC, India 6
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

1.1 Procedure to Draw First Element - Bus

Click on Bus icon provided on power system tool bar. Draw a bus and a dialog appears
prompting to give the Bus ID and Bus Name. Click OK. Database manager with
corresponding Bus Data form will appear. Modify the Area number, Zone number and

Contingency Weightage data if it is other than the default values. If this data is not
furnished, keep the default values. Usually the minimum and maximum voltage ratings are 
5% of the rated voltage. If these ratings are other than this, modify these fields. Otherwise
keep the default values.
Bus description field can be effectively used if the bus name is more than 8 characters. If
bus name is more than 8 characters, then a short name is given in the bus name field and
the bus description field can be used to abbreviate the bus name. For example let us say
the bus name is Northeast, then bus name can be given as NE and the bus description
field can be North East.

After entering data click save  this invokes Network Editor. Follow the same procedure for
remaining buses. Following table gives the data for other buses.

Bus Bus Nominal

Number Name Voltage(kV)
2 South 220
3 Lake 220
4 Main 220
5 Elm 220

PRDC, India 7
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Note: Since the voltages are mentioned in pu, any kV can be assumed. So the base voltage
is chosen as 220 kV.

1.2 Procedure to Draw Transmission Line

Click on Transmission Line icon provided on power system toolbar. To draw the line click in
between two buses and to connect to

the from bus double clicking LMB (Left Mouse

Button) on the

From Bus and join it to another bus by double

clicking the mouse button on the To Bus. Element
ID dialog will appear.
Enter Element ID number and click OK. Database
manager with corresponding Line\Cable Data form
will be open. Enter the details of that line as shown
below. Enter Structure Ref No.as 3001 and click on
Transmission Line Library >> button.

Line & Cable Library form will appear. Enter Transmission line library data in the form as
shown below for Line1-2.

PRDC, India 8
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

After entering data Save and Close. Line\Cable Data form will appear. Click Save,
which invokes Network Editor to update next element. Data for remaining elements given in
the following table.

Transmission Line Element Data

Line From No. Of Structure

To Bus
No Bus circuits Ref. No.
2 1 3 1 2
3 2 3 1 3
4 2 4 1 3
5 2 5 1 4
6 3 4 1 5
7 4 5 1 2

Transmission Line Library Data

Thermal
Structure Ref Structure Ref Resistance Reactance Line charging
Rating in
No Name In pu pu B/2 in pu
MVA
1 Line 1-2 0.02 0.06 0.03 100
2 Line1-3 & 4-5 0.08 0.24 0.025 100
3 Line2-3 & 2-4 0.06 0.18 0.02 100
4 Line2-5 0.04 0.12 0.015 100
5 Line3-4 0.01 0.03 0.01 100

PRDC, India 9
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

1.3 Procedure to Draw Generator

Click on Generator icon provided on power system tool bar. Connect it to bus 1 by clicking
the LMB on Bus 1. The Element ID dialog will appear. Enter ID number and click OK.
Database with corresponding Generator Data form will appear. Enter details as shown
below.

Since the specified voltage is given as 1.06 pu, enter the value. Voltage will be calculated
and appear in the specified voltage field in kV

Since generator at bus 1 is mention as slack bus, only specified voltage will have
importance.

Note: At slack bus, only voltage and angle are mentioned. Scheduled power, real power
minimum and maximum constraints do not have much importance.

If the bus is a PV bus (like bus 2), then scheduled power, specified voltage, minimum and
maximum real and reactive power data is must.

Enter Manufacturer Ref. No.as 1 and click on Generator Library button. Generator library
form will appear.

PRDC, India 10
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

After entering data Save  and close. In Generator Data form click Save. Network
Editor Screen will be invoked. Similarly connect generator 2 at bus 2. Enter its details as
given in the following table.
Generator 2 Element Data
Manufacturer Ref.No 2
No. of Units parallel 1
Specified voltage 220
Derated MVA 50
Scheduled Power 40
Real Power Min. 0
Real Power Max. 40
Reactive Power Min 30
Reactive Power Max 30

Note: Since in the data at bus 2, it is mentioned the Q generation as 30 MVAR. It means
that generator has to generate 30 MVAR compulsorily. So mention Q min and Q max data
as same (30) for this particular case. Thus bus has become PQ bus.

Generator 2 Library Data

MVA Rating 50
MW rating 40
kV rating 220
Manufacturer Name Gen2

PRDC, India 11
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

1.4 Procedure to Enter Load Data

Click on Load icon provided on power system tool bar. Connect load 1 at BUS2 by clicking
the LMB on Bus 2. Element ID dialog will appear. Give ID No as 1 and say OK. Load Data
form will appear. Enter load details as shown below. Then click save button, which invokes
Network Editor.

Connect other loads to buses 3, 4 and 5. Enter other load details as given in the following
table.

Load Details
Load No Bus No MW MVAR
2 5 60 10
3 3 45 15
4 4 40 5

1.5 Solve Load Flow Analysis

Select Menu option SolveLoad Flow Analysis. Following dialog will appear.

PRDC, India 12
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

1. Click on study info

2. After giving
Required
Information execute

3. After executing click here to get report

When Study Info button is clicked, following dialog will open. Select Gauss-Siedel Method
and enter acceleration factor as 1.4 and P-Tolerance and Q-Tolerance as 0.0001. Click OK.

PRDC, India 13
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Execute load flow analysis and click on Report in load flow analysis dialog to view report.
Repeat the procedure with P and Q tolerances as 0.01 for Newton Raphson Method.

Report
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---

|::::: LOAD FLOW BY GAUSS-SIEDEL METHOD :::::|

|-----CASE NO : 1 CONTINGENCY : 0 SCHEDULE NO : 0-----|
|-----CONTINGENCY NAME : Base Case RATING CONSIDERED : NOMINAL -----|

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
%%

|~~~~~ INPUT DATA ~~~~~|

|***** SYSTEM SPECIFICATION *****|

Largest Bus Number Used : 5 Actual Number of Buses : 5

Number of Two Winding Transformers: 0 Number of Three Winding Transformers :
0
Number of Transmission Lines :7 Number of Series Reactors : 0
Number of Series Capacitors :0 Number of Circuit Breakers : 0
Number of Shunt Reactors :0 Number of Shunt Capacitors : 0
Number of Shunt Impedances :0 Number of Generators : 2
Number of Loads :4 Number of Load Characteristics : 0
Number of Frequency Relays :0 Number of Gen.Capability Curves : 0
Number of Filters : 0 Number of Tie Line Schedules : 0
Number of Convertors : 0 Number of DC Links : 0
Number of Shunt Connected FACTS :0 Number of Power Injections : 0
Number of TCSC Connected :0 Number of SPS Connected : 0
Number of UPFC Connected :0 Number of Wind Generators : 0
Number of wtg Curves :0 Number of wtg Detailed Curves: 0
Number of solar plants :0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Load Flow With Gauss Seidel Method : 5
Number of Zones : 1
Print Option : 3 - Both Data and Results Print
Plot Option : 1 - Plotting with p.u. Voltage
No Frequency Dependent Load Flow, Control Option: 0
Base MVA : 100.0
Nominal System Frequency (Hz) : 60.0
Frequency Deviation (Hz) : 0.0
Flows in MW and MVAr, Option : 0
Slack Bus : 0 (Max. Generation Bus)
Transformer Tap Control Option : 0
Q Checking Limit (Enabled) : 0
Real Power Tolerance (p.u.) : 0.00010
Reactive Power Tolerance (p.u.) : 0.00010
Maximum Number of Iterations : 15
Bus Voltage below which Load Model is Changed : 0.75000
Circuit Breaker Resistance (p.u.) : 0.00000

PRDC, India 14
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
Circuit Breaker Reactance (p.u.) : 0.00010
Transformer R/X Ratio : 0.05000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
--

|***** PRESENT WORTH ANALYSIS DATA *****|

Annual Percentage Interest Charges : 15.000

Annual Percent Operation & Maintenance Charges : 4.000
Life of Equipment (Years) : 20.000
Energy Unit Charge (kWh) : 2.500 Rs
Loss Load Factor : 0.300
Cost Per MVAr (Lakhs) : 5.000 Rs
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|***** ZONE WISE MULTIPLICATION FACTORS *****|

ZONE P LOAD Q LOAD P GEN Q GEN SH REACT SH CAP C LOAD

---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
0 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
1 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000 1.000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|~~~~~ SYSTEM DATA ~~~~~|

|***** BUS DATA *****|

BUS NO. AREA ZONE BUS kV VMIN(p.u.) VMAX(p.u.) NAME

-------- ---- ---- -------- ---------- ---------- --------
1 1 1 132.000 0.980 1.080 North
2 1 1 132.000 0.980 1.080 South
3 1 1 132.000 0.980 1.080 Lake
4 1 1 132.000 0.980 1.080 Main
5 1 1 132.000 0.980 1.080 Elm
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|***** TRANSMISSION LINE DATA *****|

STA CKT FROM FROM TO TO LINE PARAMETER RATING KMS

NODE NAME* NODE NAME* R(p.u.) X(p.u.) B/2(p.u.) MVA
--- --- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- ---------
3 1 1 North 2 South 0.02000 0.06000 0.03000 100 1.00
3 1 1 North 3 Lake 0.08000 0.24000 0.02500 100 1.00
3 1 2 South 3 Lake 0.06000 0.18000 0.02000 100 1.00
3 1 2 South 4 Main 0.06000 0.18000 0.02000 100 1.00
3 1 2 South 5 Elm 0.04000 0.12000 0.01500 100 1.00
3 1 3 Lake 4 Main 0.01000 0.03000 0.01000 100 1.00
3 1 4 Main 5 Elm 0.08000 0.24000 0.02500 100 1.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Line Charging Susceptance (p.u.) : 0.29000
Total Line Charging MVAr at 1 p.u. Voltage : 29.000
Number of Lines Opened on Both the Ends : 0
Total Line Charging susceptance of Existing Lines (p.u.) : 0.29000
Total Line Charging MVAr at 1 p.u. Voltage of Existing Lines : 29.000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Total Capacitive Susceptance : 0.00000 p.u. - 0.000 MVAr
Total Inductive Susceptance : 0.00000 p.u. - 0.000 MVAr
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRDC, India 15
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
|***** GENERATOR DATA *****|

Sl.No* FROM FROM REAL Q-MIN Q-MAX V-SPEC CAP. MVA STAT
NODE NAME *POWER(MW) MVAr MVAr p.u. CURV RATING
------ -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- ---- ------
1 1 North 80.0000 0.0000 60.0000 1.0600 0 100.00 3
2 2 South 40.0000 30.0000 30.0000 1.0000 0 50.00 3
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|***** LOAD DATA *****|

Sl.No.FROM FROM REAL REACTIVE COMP COMPENSATING MVAR VALUE CHAR F/V*
NODE NAME* MW MVAr MVAr MIN MAX STEP NO. NO. STAT
------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ------- ------- -------
1 2 South 20.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0 3 0
2 3 Lake 45.000 15.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0 3 0
3 4 Main 40.000 5.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0 3 0
4 5 Elm 60.000 10.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0 0 3 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|~~~~~ OUTPUT RESULTS ~~~~~|

Total Specified MW Generation : 120.00000

Total Minimum MVAr Limit of Generator : 30.00000
Total Maximum MVAr Limit of Generator : 90.00000
Total Specified MW Load : 165.00000 Changed to 165.00000
Total Specified MVAr Load : 40.00000 Changed to 40.00000
Total Specified MVAr Compensation : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
Total (Including Out of Service Units)
Total Specified MW Generation : 120.00000
Total Minimum MVAr Limit of Generator : 30.00000
Total Maximum MVAr Limit of Generator : 90.00000
Total Specified MW Load : 165.00000 Changed to 165.00000
Total Specified MVAr Load : 40.00000 Changed to 40.00000
Total Specified MVAr Compensation : 0.00000 Changed to 0.00000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|----- GENERATOR DATA FOR FREQUENCY DEPENDENT LOAD FLOW -----|

SLNO* FROM FROM P-RATE P-MIN P-MAX %DROOP

PARTICI BIAS
NODE NAME* MW MW MW FACTOR SETTING
C0 C1 C2
------ -------- -------- -------- --------- --------- --------- --------- --
1 1 North 80.000 0.0000 80.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1.0000 0.1000 0.0100
2 2 South 80.000 0.0000 40.0000 4.0000 0.0000 0.0000
1.0000 0.1000 0.0100
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Acceleration Factor : 1.40
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Slack Bus Angle (degree) : 0.00
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
TOTAL NUMBER OF ISLANDS IN THE GIVEN SYSTEM : 1
TOTAL NUMBER OF ISLANDS HAVING ATLEAST ONE GENERATOR : 1
|----- SLACK BUSES CONSIDERED FOR THE STUDY -----|
ISLAND NO. SLACK BUS NAME SPECIFIED MW

PRDC, India 16
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
---------- --------- -------- ------------
1 1 North 80.000

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---

Iteration count = 1 Error = 0.052538 Bus = 2

Iteration count = 2 Error = 0.015724 Bus = 5

Iteration count = 3 Error = 0.007669 Bus = 5

Iteration count = 4 Error = 0.002768 Bus = 2

Iteration count = 5 Error = 0.002594 Bus = 5

Iteration count = 6 Error = 0.001050 Bus = 4

Iteration count = 7 Error = 0.000867 Bus = 3

Iteration count = 8 Error = 0.000394 Bus = 2

Iteration count = 9 Error = 0.000217 Bus = 3

Iteration count = 10 Error = 0.000117 Bus = 3

Iteration count = 11 Error = 0.000044 Bus = 2

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|***** BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS *****|

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAr MW MVAr MVAr

NO. NAME p.u. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
-------- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -----
1 North 1.0600 0.00 129.535 -7.468 0.000 0.000 0.000 <
2 South 1.0475 -2.81 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 0.000
3 Lake 1.0242 -5.00 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
4 Main 1.0236 -5.33 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
5 Elm 1.0180 -6.15 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

|***** LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES *****|

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAr MW MVAr LOADING
---- -- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 North 2 South 88.825 -8.610 1.4093 -2.4345 84.2#
2 1 1 North 3 Lake 40.710 1.141 1.1911 -1.8583 38.4^
3 1 2 South 3 Lake 24.690 3.535 0.3513 -3.2385 24.7&
4 1 2 South 4 Main 27.936 2.957 0.4413 -2.9660 27.5^
5 1 2 South 5 Elm 54.824 7.346 1.1253 0.1756 52.8$
6 1 3 Lake 4 Main 18.900 -5.167 0.0357 -1.9898 19.1&

PRDC, India 17
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
7 1 4 Main 5 Elm 6.334 -2.280 0.0307 -5.1178 6.8&
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 0
@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 1
$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 1
^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 2
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 3
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUSES BETWEEN WHICH ANGLE DIFFERENCE IS > 30 degrees ARE: ZERO
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISLAND FREQUENCY SLACK-BUS CONVERGED(1)
------ --------- ----------- ------------
1 60.00000 1 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

|***** SUMMARY OF RESULTS *****|

TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 169.535 MW

TOTAL REAL POWER INJECTION (-ve LOAD) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 22.532 MVAr
GENERATION p.f. : 0.991

TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MW

TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : -0.000 MW
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : -0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : -0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : -0.000 MVAr

TOTAL TCSC REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SPS REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL UPFC INJECTION : -0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS DRAWAL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 165.000 MW

TOTAL REAL POWER DRAWAL (-ve gen.) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 40.000 MVAr
LOAD p.f. : 0.972
TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 4.584616 MW (4.584616+0.000000)

PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 2.704
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : -17.429226 MVAr

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---

PRDC, India 18
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
|----- ZONE WISE DISTRIBUTION -----|
Description Zone # 1
---------------- ----------
MW generation 169.5349

MVAr generation 22.5315

MW wind gen. 0.0000

MVAr wind gen. 0.0000

MW solar gen. 0.0000

MVAr solar gen. 0.0000

MW load 165.0000

MVAr load 40.0000

MVAr compensation 0.0000

MW loss 4.5846

MVAr loss -17.4292

MVAr - inductive 0.0000

MVAr - capacitive 0.0000

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|----- ZONE WISE EXPORT (+ve) / IMPORT (-ve) -----|
Zone # 1 MW & MVAr
------ -------- --------
1 -----
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|----- AREA WISE EXPORT (+ve) / IMPORT (-ve) -----|
Area # 1 MW & MVAr
------ -------- --------
1 -----
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
|----- AREA WISE DISTRIBUTION -----|
Description Area # 1
---------------- ----------
MW generation 169.5349

MVAr generation 22.5315

MW wind gen. 0.0000

MVAr wind gen. 0.0000

MW solar gen. 0.0000

MVAr solar gen. 0.0000

MW load 165.0000

PRDC, India 19
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

MVAr load 40.0000

MVAr compensation 0.0000

MW loss 4.5846

MVAr loss -17.4292

MVAr - inductive 0.0000

MVAr - capacitive 0.0000

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Version Number : 9.1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.6 Procedure to plot the results on the Single Line Diagram

Select Menu option PlotLoad Flow Analysis. Following dialog will appear.

Select Voltage and Flow

unit

Click OK

PRDC, India 20
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

1.7 Quick Solve ->Load Flow (Shortcut method to perform Load flow
analysis)
Select menu option Quick Solve  Load Flow. Load flow analysis is executed and
automatically results are plotted on GUI.

Contingency Analysis

1. Click RMB on the element to be opened (Out of service) and Select Menu option
Element StatusOpen

PRDC, India 21
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Go to quick solve &

select Load Flow

PRDC, India 22
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

2. Select Menu option ConfigureSave Contingency for saving contingency in database.

Following dialog will appear

Enter Contingency No.

Contingency Description

Click OK

3. Execute Load Flow Analysis

PRDC, India 23
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
Load Flow Result: -
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS
NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE GEN MW GEN MVAR OAD MW LOAD MVAR COMP MVAR
---- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- ------
1 North 1.0600 0.00 131.639 5.385 0.000 0.000 0.000#
2 South 1.0328 -4.05 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 0.000
3 Lake 0.9939 -8.09 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
4 Main 0.9960 -8.07 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
5 Elm 0.9980 -7.97 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAR MW MVAR LOADING

---- -- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- ----
1 1 1 North 2 South 131.639 5.385 3.0982 2.7238 124.3@
2 1 1 North 3 Lake LINE IS OPEN
3 1 2 South 3 Lake 43.274 7.150 1.1019 -0.8034 42.5^
4 1 2 South 4 Main 42.883 6.093 1.0725 -0.8997 41.9^
5 1 2 South 5 Elm 62.463 9.495 1.5093 1.4339 61.2$
6 1 3 Lake 4 Main -2.682 -6.922 0.0043 -1.9670 7.5&
7 1 4 Main 5 Elm -0.938 -3.015 0.0009 -4.9674 3.2&

Overloading

Procedure to add Different Generation Schedules:

PRDC, India 24
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

1. Select menu option Configure -> Schedule OR Double Click LMB on the Generator to
invoke database manager. Following database form will appear

Click to Add
Schedule

dules
Click Here

2. Close and Reopen Generator database to update the changes. Click on Select Button in
Contingency & Schedule toolbar to switch between different Contingencies and Schedules.
Following dialog box will appear.

Select Contingency
& Schedule Number

3. Enter the schedule details in Generator Data form and save 

4. Execute Load Flow Analysis and plot the results on the Single line Diagram

PRDC, India 25
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Pshnew= 20 MW

1. Click on study info

2. After giving
required
information
execute

3. After executing click here to get report

PRDC, India 26
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Procedure for Contingency Ranking Analysis:

1. Select Menu option SolveLoad Flow Analysis. Following dialog will appear.
Click Here

Enter Cont.No

2. When Study Info button is clicked, following dialog will open. Select Fast Decoupled
Method -> Contingency Analysis and click on Contingency Ranking Analysis tab

3. Enter the contingency number in New field and select elements from the Symbol Nos.
table
4. Execute Load Flow analysis.

Report: -
CONTINGENCY RANKING
PIV: VOLTAGE PERFORMANCE INDEX
PIF: OVER LOAD PERFORMANCE INDEX
HIGH VALUE INDICATES LOAD FLOW UNABLE TO CONVERGE
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
SLNO FROM NAME TO NAME PIV RANK VOLT PIF RANK LOAD
LESS MORE
---- ---- -------- ---- -------- ---------- ---- ---- ---------- ---- ------------------------------------------------------
1 1 North 2 South 2.482e+001 1 4 2.918e+000 1 1
2 1 North 3 Lake 1.891e+000 7 0 2.287e+000 2 1
3 2 South 3 Lake 2.505e+000 5 0 1.305e+000 7 0
4 2 South 4 Main 2.434e+000 6 0 1.464e+000 4 0

PRDC, India 27
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
5 2 South 5 Elm 6.250e+000 2 1 2.068e+000 3 0
6 3 Lake 4 Main 2.690e+000 3 0 1.462e+000 5 0
7 4 Main 5 Elm 2.649e+000 4 0 1.361e+000 6 0
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1.8 Frequency Dependent Load Flow:

Frequency dependent load flow is done to find the variation of frequency due to load and
generation mismatch.
The types of frequency dependent load flow are

(a) Flat Tie-Line control

(b) Flat Frequency control

In Flat tie line control the power generation is kept constant and a slight variation in
frequency is allowed. If the load is more compared to generation there will be reduction of
frequency and vice versa.

In Flat frequency control the frequency is kept constant and variation in power is allowed.
Each generator is given a participation factor, which decides the power it shares when there
is mismatch between load and generation due to frequency being kept constant.

Flat Tie-Line control:

1. Execute LFA with FDLF->slack bus option in Load Flow Analysis study info

------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAR MW MVAR MVAR

NO. NAME P.U. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
---- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -----
1 North 1.0600 0.00 129.584 -7.444 0.000 0.000 0.000#<
2 South 1.0475 -2.81 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 0.000
3 Lake 1.0242 -5.00 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
4 Main 1.0236 -5.33 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
5 Elm 1.0179 -6.15 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
2. Change the generator Schedule and Pmax to that obtained in initial load flow also
enter droop in percentage in generator data form.
3. Select. Frequency dependent Load FlowFlat Tie-Line control

4. Execute Load Flow Analysis

PRDC, India 28
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Select

Click OK

Report:-
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAr MW MVAr MVAr

NO. NAME p.u. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
-------- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -----
1 North 1.0600 0.00 129.595 -7.416 0.000 0.000 0.000 #<
2 South 1.0474 -2.81 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 0.000
3 Lake 1.0242 -5.00 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
4 Main 1.0236 -5.33 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
5 Elm 1.0179 -6.15 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

PRDC, India 29
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAr MW MVAr LOADING
---- -- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -----
1 1 1 North 2 South 88.869 -8.575 1.4106 -2.4304 84.2#
2 1 1 North 3 Lake 40.724 1.159 1.1920 -1.8553 38.4^
3 1 2 South 3 Lake 24.693 3.546 0.3515 -3.2376 24.7&
4 1 2 South 4 Main 27.935 2.962 0.4413 -2.9657 27.5^
5 1 2 South 5 Elm 54.822 7.343 1.1252 0.1757 52.8$
6 1 3 Lake 4 Main 18.874 -5.202 0.0356 -1.9898 19.1&
7 1 4 Main 5 Elm 6.333 -2.285 0.0307 -5.1175 6.8&
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 0
@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 1
$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 1
^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 2
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 3
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUSES BETWEEN WHICH ANGLE DIFFERENCE IS > 30 degrees ARE: ZERO
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISLAND FREQUENCY SLACK-BUS CONVERGED(1)
------ --------- ----------- ------------
1 59.99985 1 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 169.595 MW
TOTAL REAL POWER INJECTION (-ve LOAD) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 22.584 MVAr
GENERATION p.f. : 0.991

TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MW

TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MW
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL TCSC REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SPS REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL UPFC INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS DRAWAL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 165.000 MW

TOTAL REAL POWER DRAWAL (-ve gen.) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 40.000 MVAr
LOAD p.f. : 0.972
TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAr

PRDC, India 30
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 4.586907 MW ( 4.586907+

0.000000)
PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 2.705
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : -17.420643 MVAr
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Change (Increase / Decrease) Load Data.

Load Bus. No Initial MW New MW

Load1 2 20 25

6. Execute Frequency dependent Load Flow Analysis

Report:-
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAr MW MVAr MVAr

NO. NAME p.u. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
-------- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -----
1 North 1.0600 0.00 134.739 -4.269 0.000 0.000 0.000 #<
2 South 1.0453 -2.91 40.000 30.000 25.000 12.500 0.000
3 Lake 1.0225 -5.08 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
4 Main 1.0218 -5.41 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
5 Elm 1.0159 -6.25 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAr MW MVAr LOADING
---- -- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 North 2 South 93.180 -5.980 1.5427 -2.0034 88.1#
2 1 1 North 3 Lake 41.560 1.711 1.2411 -1.6857 39.2^
3 1 2 South 3 Lake 24.330 3.385 0.3412 -3.2419 24.3&
4 1 2 South 4 Main 27.642 2.839 0.4323 -2.9656 27.2^
5 1 2 South 5 Elm 54.673 7.301 1.1206 0.1830 52.8$
6 1 3 Lake 4 Main 19.308 -4.977 0.0370 -1.9732 19.5&
7 1 4 Main 5 Elm 6.480 -2.198 0.0322 -5.0805 7.0&
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 0
@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 1
$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 1
^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 2
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 3
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUSES BETWEEN WHICH ANGLE DIFFERENCE IS > 30 degrees ARE: ZERO
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISLAND FREQUENCY SLACK-BUS CONVERGED(1)

PRDC, India 31
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
------ --------- ----------- ------------
1 59.84554 1 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 174.739 MW
TOTAL REAL POWER INJECTION (-ve LOAD) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 25.731 MVAr
GENERATION p.f. : 0.989

TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MW

TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MW
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL TCSC REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SPS REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL UPFC INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS DRAWAL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 170.000 MW

TOTAL REAL POWER DRAWAL (-ve gen.) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 42.500 MVAr
LOAD p.f. : 0.970
TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 4.747187 MW (4.747187+

0.000000)
PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 2.717
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : -16.767246 MVAr
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Observation:
To meet increased load demand of 5 MW at BUS 2 without increase in Generation
MW, frequency drops to 59.84 Hz from its nominal frequency 60 Hz.

Flat Frequency control:

1. Execute LFA with FDLF->slack bus option in Load Flow Analysis study info
------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAR MW MVAR MVAR

NO. NAME P.U. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
---- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- ------ -- -------- ----
1 North 1.0600 0.00 129.584 -7.444 0.000 0.000 0.000 #<

PRDC, India 32
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
2 South 1.0475 -2.81 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 0.000
3 Lake 1.0242 -5.00 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
4 Main 1.0236 -5.33 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
5 Elm 1.0179 -6.15 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
------------------------------------------------------------------------

2. Change the generator Schedule and Pmax to that obtained in initial load flow, also
enter participation factor in generator data form. Participation factor for Gen1 = 25%
and for Gen2 = 75%. Total participation factor for all generators is 100%.
Note: Real power maximum for Gen1, Pmax = 150MW and for Gen2,
Pmax = 60MW.

3. Select. Frequency dependent Load FlowFlat Frequency control

4. Execute Load Flow Analysis

Report:-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAr MW MVAr MVAr

NO. NAME p.u. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
-------- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -----
1 North 1.0600 0.00 129.590 -7.421 0.000 0.000 0.000 #<
2 South 1.0474 -2.81 40.000 30.000 20.000 10.000 0.000
3 Lake 1.0242 -5.00 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
4 Main 1.0236 -5.33 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
5 Elm 1.0179 -6.15 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0

PRDC, India 33
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 1

NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAr MW MVAr LOADING
---- -- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -----
1 1 1 North 2 South 88.860 -8.580 1.4103 -2.4312 84.2#
2 1 1 North 3 Lake 40.723 1.158 1.1919 -1.8555 38.4^
3 1 2 South 3 Lake 24.695 3.546 0.3515 -3.2375 24.7&
4 1 2 South 4 Main 27.937 2.962 0.4414 -2.9655 27.5^
5 1 2 South 5 Elm 54.824 7.343 1.1253 0.1759 52.8$
6 1 3 Lake 4 Main 18.874 -5.202 0.0356 -1.9898 19.1&
7 1 4 Main 5 Elm 6.333 -2.285 0.0307 -5.1176 6.8&
----------------------------------------------------------------------------

! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 0

@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 1
$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 1
^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 2
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 3
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0

BUSES BETWEEN WHICH ANGLE DIFFERENCE IS > 30 degrees ARE: ZERO

TOTAL AREA INTERCHANGE ERROR FOR ISLAND 1 : -0.000432 MW

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 169.590 MW
TOTAL REAL POWER INJECTION (-ve LOAD) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 22.579 MVAr
GENERATION p.f. : 0.991

TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MW

TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MW
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL TCSC REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SPS REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL UPFC INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

PRDC, India 34
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
TOTAL SHUNT FACTS DRAWAL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 165.000 MW

TOTAL REAL POWER DRAWAL (-ve gen.) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 40.000 MVAr
LOAD p.f. : 0.972
TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 4.586773 MW (4.586773+0.000000)

PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 2.705
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : -17.421289 MVAr
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
5. Change (Increase / Decrease) Load Data.

Load Bus. No Initial MW New MW

Load1 2 20 30

6. Execute Frequency dependent Load Flow Analysis with Flat Frequency Control
Report:-
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAr MW MVAr MVAr

NO. NAME p.u. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
-------- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -----
1 North 1.0600 0.00 132.112 -2.027 0.000 0.000 0.000 #<
2 South 1.0445 -2.83 47.566 30.000 30.000 15.000 0.000
3 Lake 1.0219 -5.03 0.000 0.000 45.000 15.000 0.000
4 Main 1.0211 -5.36 0.000 0.000 40.000 5.000 0.000
5 Elm 1.0151 -6.19 0.000 0.000 60.000 10.000 0.000
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 1
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAr MW MVAr LOADING
---- -- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 1 North 2 South 90.941 -4.067 1.4722 -2.2272 85.9#
2 1 1 North 3 Lake 41.164 2.040 1.2232 -1.7500 38.9^
3 1 2 South 3 Lake 24.509 3.213 0.3464 -3.2314 24.5&
4 1 2 South 4 Main 27.786 2.704 0.4377 -2.9543 27.3^
5 1 2 South 5 Elm 54.746 7.244 1.1278 0.2012 52.9$
6 1 3 Lake 4 Main 19.104 -4.767 0.0363 -1.9781 19.3&
7 1 4 Main 5 Elm 6.415 -2.131 0.0317 -5.0875 6.9&
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 0
@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 1
$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 1
^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 2

PRDC, India 35
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 3
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUSES BETWEEN WHICH ANGLE DIFFERENCE IS > 30 degrees ARE: ZERO
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
TOTAL AREA INTERCHANGE ERROR FOR ISLAND 1 : 10.087900 MW
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 179.678 MW
TOTAL REAL POWER INJECTION (-ve LOAD) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 27.973 MVAr
GENERATION p.f. : 0.988

TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MW

TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MW

TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MW
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL TCSC REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SPS REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL UPFC INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS DRAWAL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 175.000 MW

TOTAL REAL POWER DRAWAL (-ve gen.) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 45.000 MVAr
LOAD p.f. : 0.968
TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 4.675261 MW (4.675261+0.000000)

PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 2.602
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : -17.027382 MVAr
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Observation:
To meet increased load demand of 10 MW at BUS 2 with constant system
frequency generation MW increases depending on the participation factors of generators.

1.9 Optimal Load Flow Analysis:

Figure shows a single line diagram of a 3 bus system with two generating units, three lines.
Per-unit transmission line series impedances and shunt susceptances are given on 100
MVA base. Real power generation, real and reactive power loads in MW and MVAR are
given in table Conduct the optimal load flow analysis.

PRDC, India 36
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
Assume the base voltage for the bus as 11 kV and system frequency as 50 Hz.

Impedances and line charging for the sample system

Generation, loads and bus voltages for sample system

Table: 1.2
Bus Generation Generation Load Load
Bus Voltage
No MW MVAR MW MVAR
1 1.04+j0.0 0 0 0 0
2 1.02+j0.0 100 -- 50 20
3 1.00+j0.0 0 0 250 150

Procedure to enter the data for performing studies using MiPower.

MiPower - Database Configuration

Open Power System Network Editor. Select menu option Database  Configure.
Configure Database dialog is popped up as shown below. Click Browse button.

PRDC, India 37
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Click here to specify the

name of the database

Open dialog box is popped up as shown below, where you are going to browse the desired
directory and specify the name of the database to be associated with the single line
diagram. Click Open button after entering the desired database name. Configure
Database dialog will appear with path chosen.

Note : Do not work in the MiPower directory

Click OK button on the Configure database dialog. The dialog shown below appears.

PRDC, India 38
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
Uncheck the Power System Libraries and Standard Relay Libraries . For this example
these standard libraries are not needed, because all the data is given on pu for power
system libraries (like transformer, line\cable, generator), and relay libraries are required only
for relay co-ordination studies. If Libraries are selected, standard libraries will be loaded
along with the database. Click Electrical Information tab. Since the impedances are given
on 100 MVA base, check the pu status. Enter the Base MVA and Base frequency as shown
below. Click on Breaker Ratings button to give breaker ratings. Click OK button to create
the database to return to Network Editor.

Bus Base Voltage Configuration

In the network editor, configure the base voltages for the single line diagram. Select menu
option ConfigureBase voltage. The dialog shown below appears. If necessary change
the Base-voltages, color, Bus width and click OK.

PRDC, India 39
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Procedure to Draw First Element - Bus

Click on Bus icon provided on power system tool bar. Draw a bus and a dialog appears
prompting to give the Bus ID and Bus Name. Click OK. Database manager with
corresponding Bus Data form will appear. Modify the Area number, Zone number and
Contingency Weightage data if it is other than the default values. If this data is not
furnished, keep the default values. Usually the minimum and maximum voltage ratings are 
5% of the rated voltage. If these ratings are other than this, modify these fields. Otherwise
keep the default values.
Bus description field can be effectively used if the bus name is more than 8 characters. If
bus name is more than 8 characters, then a short name is given in the bus name field and
the bus
description field can be used to abbreviate the bus name. For example let us say the bus
name is Northeast, then bus name can be given as NE and the bus description field can be
North East.

PRDC, India 40
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
After entering data click Save  which invokes Network Editor. Follow the same
procedure for remaining buses. Following table gives the data for other buses.

Bus Bus Nominal

Number Name Voltage (kV)
2 Bus2 11
3 Bus3 11

Note: Since the voltages are mentioned in pu, any kV can be assumed. So the base voltage
is chosen as 11kV.

Procedure to Draw Transmission Line

Click on Transmission Line icon provided on power system tool bar. To draw the line click
in between two buses and to connect to the from bus double clicking LMB (Left Mouse
Button) on the From Bus and join it to another bus by double clicking the mouse button on
the To Bus. Element ID dialog will appear.

Enter Element ID number and click OK. Database manager with corresponding Line\Cable
Data form will be open. Enter the details of that line as shown below.

PRDC, India 41
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Enter Structure Ref No.as 1 and click on Transmission Line Library >> button.

Line & Cable Library form will appear. Enter Transmission line library data in the form as
shown below for Line1-2

After entering data Save and Close. Line\Cable Data form will appear. Click Save ,
which invokes Network Editor to update next element. Data for remaining elements given in
the following table.

Transmission Line Element Data

PRDC, India 42
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Line From No. Of Structure

To Bus
No Bus circuits Ref. No.
2 1 3 1 2
3 2 3 1 3

Transmission Line Library Data

* Thermal Rating 250MVA

Procedure to Draw Generator

Click on Generator icon provided on power system tool bar. Connect it to bus 1 by clicking
the LMB on Bus 1. The Element ID dialog will appear. Enter ID number and click OK.
Database with corresponding Generator Data form will appear. Enter details as shown
below.

PRDC, India 43
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Since generator at bus 1 is mention as slack bus, only specified voltage will have
importance.
Note: At slack bus, only voltage and angle are mentioned. Scheduled power, real power
minimum and maximum constraints do not have much importance.

If the bus is a PV bus (like bus 2), then scheduled power, specified voltage, minimum and
maximum real and reactive power data is must.

Enter Manufacturer Ref. No. as 1 and click on Generator Library button. Generator library
form will appear.

PRDC, India 44
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

After entering data Save  and close. In Generator Data form click Save . Network
Editor Screen will be invoked. Similarly connect generator 2 at bus 2. Enter its details as
given in the following table.

Generator 2 Element Data

Manufacturer Ref.No 2
No. of Units parallel 1
Specified voltage 11
Derated MVA 250
Scheduled Power 100
Real Power Min. 0
Real Power Max. 200
Reactive Power Min 70
Reactive Power Max 70

Note: Since in the data at bus 2, it is mentioned the Q generation as 30 MVAR. It means
that generator has to generate 30 MVAR compulsorily. So mention Q min and Q max data
as same (70) for this particular case. Thus bus has become PQ bus.

Generator 2 Library Data

MVA Rating 250
MW rating 200
kV rating 11
Manufacturer Name Gen2

Procedure to Enter Load Data

Click on Load icon provided on power system tool bar. Connect load 1 at BUS2 by clicking
the LMB on Bus 2. Element ID dialog will appear. Give ID No as 1 and say OK. Load Data
form will appear. Enter load details as shown below. Then click save button, which invokes
Network Editor.

PRDC, India 45
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Give the
compensation
details

Connect other load to buses 3. Enter other load details as given in the following table.

Load Details
Load No Bus No MW MVAR
2 3 50 20

Solve Load Flow Analysis

Select Menu option SolveLoad Flow Analysis. Following dialog will

appear.

PRDC, India 46
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

1. Click on study info

2. After giving
required
information execute

3. After executing click here to get report

When Study Info button is clicked, following dialog will open. Select Fast Decoupled Load
Flow and enable Optimal Load Flow Analysis

Click here

PRDC, India 47
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Enter all the details and click ok. Then execute.

Report
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
#NO BUS-NO BUS-NAME ORG-COMP ORG-VOLT FINAL-COMP FINAL-VOLT
MVAr p.u. MVAr p.u.
--- ------ -------- -------- -------- ---------- ----------
1 3 Bus3 0.000 0.927 30.000 0.949
2 2 Bus2 0.000 1.020 0.000 1.034
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ADDITIONAL COMPENSATION PROVIDED IN THE SYSTEM : 30.000 MVAr
ORIGINAL LOSS IN THE SYSTEM : 12.190 MW
CURRENT LOSS IN THE SYSTEM : 10.657 MW
REDUCTION IN LOSS IN THE SYSTEM : 1.533 MW
ANNUAL INCOME DUE TO REDUCTION IN LOSS : 10072539 Rs
ANNUAL EXPENSE TOWARDS O&M : 600000 Rs
ANNUAL SAVING DUE TO COMPENSATION : 9472539 Rs
PRESENT WORTH OF SAVING : 59291763 Rs
TOTAL INVESTMENT ON ADDITIONAL CAPACITOR : 15000000 Rs
NET PRESENT WORTH (SAVING) : 44291763 Rs
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE MW MVAr MW MVAr MVAr

NO. NAME p.u. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
-------- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -----
1 Bus1 1.0400 0.00 210.657 56.462 0.000 0.000 0.000
2 Bus2 1.0338 -3.21 100.000 70.000 50.000 20.000 0.000

PRDC, India 48
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
3 Bus3 0.9490 -7.12 0.000 0.000 250.000 150.000 30.000 @
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 1
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME MW MVAr MW MVAr LOADING
---- -- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -------- -----
1 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 36.629 -20.323 0.5024 -30.2462 40.3^
2 1 3 Bus3 1 Bus1 -167.112 -62.996 6.9160 13.7890 73.2$
3 1 3 Bus3 2 Bus2 -82.888 -57.004 3.2388 2.9185 40.6^
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 0
@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 0
$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 1
^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 2
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 0
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
BUSES BETWEEN WHICH ANGLE DIFFERENCE IS > 30 degrees ARE: ZERO
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISLAND FREQUENCY SLACK-BUS CONVERGED(1)
------ --------- ----------- ------------
1 60.00000 1 1
----------------------------------------------------------------------------
Summary of results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 310.657 MW
TOTAL REAL POWER INJECTION (-ve LOAD) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (CONVENTIONAL) : 126.462 MVAr
GENERATION p.f. : 0.926

TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MW

TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (WIND) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION (SOLAR) : 0.000 MVAr
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MW
TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL TCSC REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SPS REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL UPFC INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS INJECTION : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS DRAWAL : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 300.000 MW

PRDC, India 49
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
TOTAL REAL POWER DRAWAL (-ve gen.) : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 170.000 MVAr
LOAD p.f. : 0.870
TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 30.000 MVAr
TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAr

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 10.657196 MW(10.657196+0.000000)

PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 3.431
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : -13.538651 MVAr

----------------------------------------------------------------------------
---
The load flow results plotted before and after the Q-compensation (MVAR) is shown
below.

Type the ZZcode for

MVAR Compensation
as ZZDC3

PRDC, India 50
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

The optimal MVAR

required

1.10 Feed Current Simulation

This simulation is for distribution network

Procedure for executing feed current simulation is given below for a sample network

1. Prepare GUI and database for the following 11 kV network

2. Execute normal load flow and plot the results on GUI as shown
3. Enter feed current data for the feeder 1-2 which is as shown below.

PRDC, India 51
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow
Feed Data : Current = 100 A and Power factor = 0.8

4. In Study info of Load flow analysis dialog select Feed current simulation option

Select line flow

unit as Amp,
Angle

5. Execute load flow analysis and plot the results on GUI. In plot LFA window select
the power flow display option as Amp-Angle. Following diagram shows feed current
simulation results plotted on SLD.

PRDC, India 52
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Report :
-------------------------------------------------------------------------------
number 3 pspec 1.524205 qspece 1.143154 psum 3.000000 qsum 1.452966
i 1 pmult force 0.508068 qmult force 0.786772
k 2 after pload qload 0.050807 0.038105
k 3 after pload qload 0.050807 0.038105
k 4 after pload qload 0.050807 0.038105
Iteration count 0 maxp 0.050807 maxq 0.038105
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 1 maxp 0.001077 maxq 0.000963
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 2 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000001
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 3 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000

number 3 pspec 1.524205 qspece 1.143154 psum 1.554081 qsum 1.160905

i 1 pmult force 0.980776 qmult force 0.984709
k 2 after pload qload 0.049830 0.037522
k 3 after pload qload 0.049830 0.037522
k 4 after pload qload 0.049830 0.037522
Iteration count 0 maxp 0.000977 maxq 0.000583
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 1 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000
------------------------------------------------------------------------

PRDC, India 53
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Iteration count 2 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000

number 3 pspec 1.524205 qspece 1.143154 psum 1.523704 qsum 1.142786
i 1 pmult force 1.000329 qmult force 1.000321
k 2 after pload qload 0.049846 0.037535
k 3 after pload qload 0.049846 0.037535
k 4 after pload qload 0.049846 0.037535
Iteration count 0 maxp 0.000016 maxq 0.000012
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 1 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Iteration count 2 maxp 0.000000 maxq 0.000000
------------------------------------------------------------------------
Line-number From-Bus Name To-Bus Name MW MVAR
----------- ---------- -------- ---------- -------- ---------- ---------
3 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 1.524 1.143
------------------------------------------------------------------------

BUS VOLTAGES AND POWERS

NODE FROM V-MAG ANGLE AMPS ANG-DEG AMPS ANG-DEG AMPS

NO. NAME P.U. DEGREE GEN GEN LOAD LOAD COMP
---- -------- ------ ------ -------- -------- -------- -------- -----
1 Bus1 1.0000 0.00 100.001 -36.870 0.000 -90.000 0.000
2 Bus2 0.9888 0.07 0.000 -90.000 33.122 -36.910 0.000
3 Bus3 0.9775 0.14 0.000 -90.000 33.503 -36.838 0.000
4 Bus4 0.9813 0.12 0.000 -90.000 33.375 -36.862 0.000
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MINIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (@ mark) : 0
NUMBER OF BUSES EXCEEDING MAXIMUM VOLTAGE LIMIT (# mark) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MINIMUM Q LIMIT (< mark) : 0
NUMBER OF GENERATORS EXCEEDING MAXIMUM Q LIMIT (> mark) : 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
LINE FLOWS AND LINE LOSSES

SLNO CS FROM FROM TO TO FORWARD LOSS %

NODE NAME NODE NAME AMPS ANG-DEG MW MVAR LOADING
---- -- ---- -------- ---- -------- -------- -------- -------- --------
1 1 2 Bus2 4 Bus4 66.879 -36.850 0.0083 0.0049 36.5^
2 1 3 Bus3 4 Bus4 33.503 143.162 0.0021 0.0012 18.3&
3 1 1 Bus1 2 Bus2 100.001 -36.870 0.0185 0.0110 54.6$
------------------------------------------------------------------------
! NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BEYOND 125% : 0
@ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 100% AND 125% : 0
# NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 75% AND 100% : 0
$ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 50% AND 75% : 1
^ NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 25% AND 50% : 1
& NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 1% AND 25% : 1
* NUMBER OF LINES LOADED BETWEEN 0% AND 1% : 0
------------------------------------------------------------------------
ISLAND FREQUENCY SLACK-BUS CONVERGED(1)
------ --------- ----------- ------------
1 50.00000 1 0

PRDC, India 54
 TM
MiPower How to solve Load flow

Summary of results
TOTAL REAL POWER GENERATION : 1.524 MW
TOTAL REAL POWER INJECT,-ve L : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACT. POWER GENERATION : 1.143 MVAR
GENERATION pf : 0.800

TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT REACTOR INJECTION : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MW

TOTAL SHUNT CAPACIT.INJECTION : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL TCSC REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL SPS REACTIVE DRAWL : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL UPFC FACTS. INJECTION : 0.0000 MVAR

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS.INJECTION : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL SHUNT FACTS.DRAWAL : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL REAL POWER LOAD : 1.495 MW

TOTAL REAL POWER DRAWAL -ve g : 0.000 MW
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOAD : 1.126 MVAR
LOAD pf : 0.799
TOTAL COMPENSATION AT LOADS : 0.000 MVAR
TOTAL HVDC REACTIVE POWER : 0.000 MVAR

TOTAL REAL POWER LOSS (AC+DC) : 0.028820 MW(0.028820+0.000000)

PERCENTAGE REAL LOSS (AC+DC) : 1.891
TOTAL REACTIVE POWER LOSS : 0.017124 MVAR
----------------------------------------------------------------------

Feed current simulation will work with all type of load flow. For the above sample it
gives better results with NR method. For feed current only one feeder will be
considered and below that feeder there may be a ring circuit.

PRDC, India 55