Circuit modelling and simulation

Spice-like simulators and Spice Netlists

Simscape Specialized Power Systems: Load Flow Analyzer

https://mathworks.com/help/sps/powersys/ref/loadflowanalyzer-app.html

Santi Agatino Rizzo – Advanced Circuit Analysis and Design – A.Y. 2024/25
 Load Flow
Tree-phase networks under normal conditions at steady-state.
We will consider only symmetric positive-sequence and balanced load.
Simple electrical networks:
substations → nodes (buses)
overhead or cable lines → branches
generators → connections to nodes
loads → connections to nodes
A substation with two voltage levels → two buses
(it has a transformer)

Substation with two bars with the same → two buses

Type of node
generation node: there is at least one generator (leading to a power surplus)
load node: there is no generator but there is at least one load
interconnection node: there is no generator nor load
 Load Flow -
IEEE 56-bus system
n=56

generation node

load node

interconnection node
 Load Flow
IEEE 14-bus system
n=14

Branch
→
Z=R+jX
or
Y=G+jB
 Load Flow
Equivalent single-phase circuit
Modeling the bus-ground element with an independent source generator,
the usual relation hold
𝑌 𝑉ሶ = 𝐼𝐺ሶ
𝑌𝑖𝑖 self admittance equal to the sum of the admittances of the branches incident on bus i.
𝑌𝑖𝑗 negative sum of the admittances of the branches connecting bus i and j.
At bus k:
𝑃𝑘 + 𝑗𝑄𝑘 = 𝑉ሶ𝑘 𝐼 ∗ሶ 𝐺,𝑘
which is equivalent to
𝑃𝑘 − 𝑗𝑄𝑘 = 𝑉 ∗ሶ 𝑘 𝐼𝐺,𝑘
ሶ
Considering equation k (in the matrix)
ሶ = 𝑌𝑘,1 𝑉1ሶ + 𝑌𝑘,2 𝑉ሶ2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑘,𝑛 𝑉𝑛ሶ
𝐼𝐺,𝑘
 Load Flow
𝑃𝑘 − 𝑗𝑄𝑘 = 𝑉 ∗ሶ 𝑘 𝐼𝐺,𝑘
ሶ
ሶ
𝐼𝐺,𝑘 = 𝑌𝑘,1 𝑉1ሶ + 𝑌𝑘,2 𝑉ሶ2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑘,𝑛 𝑉𝑛ሶ
Combining them
𝑃𝑘 − 𝑗𝑄𝑘 = 𝑉 ሶ∗ 𝑘 𝑌𝑘,1 𝑉1ሶ + 𝑌𝑘,2 𝑉ሶ2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑘,𝑛 𝑉𝑛ሶ
Recalling that
𝑉1ሶ = 𝑉1 𝑒 𝑗𝜗1 = 𝑉1 cos 𝜗1 + 𝑗 𝑉1 sin 𝜗1
…
𝑉 ሶ∗ 𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘 𝑒 −𝑗𝜗𝑘 = 𝑉𝑘 cos 𝜗𝑘 − 𝑗 𝑉𝑘 sin 𝜗𝑘
Then
𝑃𝑘 − 𝑗𝑄𝑘 = 𝑌𝑘,1 𝑉𝑘 𝑉1 𝑒 𝑗 𝜗1 −𝜗𝑘
+ 𝑌𝑘,2 𝑉𝑘 𝑉2 𝑒 𝑗 𝜗2 −𝜗𝑘
+ ⋯ + 𝑌𝑘,𝑛 𝑉𝑘 𝑉𝑛 𝑒 𝑗 𝜗𝑛 −𝜗𝑘
 Load Flow
𝑃𝑘 − 𝑗𝑄𝑘 = 𝑌𝑘,1 𝑉𝑘 𝑉1 𝑒 𝑗 𝜗1 −𝜗𝑘
+ 𝑌𝑘,2 𝑉𝑘 𝑉2 𝑒 𝑗 𝜗2 −𝜗𝑘
+ ⋯ + 𝑌𝑘,𝑛 𝑉𝑘 𝑉𝑛 𝑒 𝑗 𝜗𝑛 −𝜗𝑘

Grouping the real and imaginary parts

𝑃𝑘 = 𝑌𝑘,1 𝑉𝑘 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜗1 −𝜗𝑘 + 𝑌𝑘,2 𝑉𝑘 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜗2 −𝜗𝑘 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑘,𝑛 𝑉𝑘 𝑉𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜗𝑛 −𝜗𝑘

Recalling that
𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜗1 −𝜗𝑘 = 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗1
𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜗1 −𝜗𝑘 = −𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗1
It follows that
𝑃𝑘 = 𝑌𝑘,1 𝑉𝑘 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗1 + 𝑌𝑘,2 𝑉𝑘 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑘,𝑛 𝑉𝑘 𝑉𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗𝑛
𝑄𝑘 = 𝑌𝑘,1 𝑉𝑘 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗1 + 𝑌𝑘,2 𝑉𝑘 𝑉2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑘,𝑛 𝑉𝑘 𝑉𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗𝑛
 Load Flow
Load Flow (Power flow) equations
𝑃𝑘 = 𝑌𝑘,1 𝑉𝑘 𝑉1 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗1 + 𝑌𝑘,2 𝑉𝑘 𝑉2 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑘,𝑛 𝑉𝑘 𝑉𝑛 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗𝑛
𝑄𝑘 = 𝑌𝑘,1 𝑉𝑘 𝑉1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗1 + 𝑌𝑘,2 𝑉𝑘 𝑉2 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗2 + ⋯ + 𝑌𝑘,𝑛 𝑉𝑘 𝑉𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜗𝑘 −𝜗𝑛

They are 2n equations

At each bus, we want to know:

𝑃𝑘 , 𝑄𝑘 , 𝑉𝑘 , 𝜗𝑘

➔ 4n unknowns ?

NO !!!
 Load Flow
To solve a load flow, you need to determine these four quantities at each bus:
- the net active power P and reactive power Q injected into the bus
- the voltage magnitude V and angle 𝜗 of bus positive-sequence voltage (positive-sequence
voltage or phase voltage)
However, two of the above quantities are known at every bus and the other two must be
determined. Therefore, the following bus types are used:

Swing bus
This bus imposes the voltage magnitude V and angle 𝜗.
The load flow solution returns the active power P and reactive power Q that is generated or
absorbed at that bus in order to balance generated power, loads, and losses.
A bus in the model must be defined as a swing bus.
For a positive-sequence load flow, you typically select one synchronous machine or voltage
source as a swing bus.
 Load Flow
To solve a load flow, you need to determine these four quantities at each bus:
- the net active power P and reactive power Q injected into the bus
- the voltage magnitude V and angle 𝜗 of bus positive-sequence voltage (positive-sequence
voltage or phase voltage)
However, two of the above quantities are known at every bus and the other two are to be
determined. Therefore, the following bus types are used:

PV bus
For this type of bus, specify P and V.
This is a generation bus where a generator, such as a voltage source or three-phase
synchronous machine, is connected.
The active power P is generated and the generator terminal voltage V is imposed.
The load flow solution returns the machine reactive power Q that is required to maintain the
reference voltage magnitude V, and the reference voltage angle 𝜗.
 Load Flow
To solve a load flow, you need to determine these four quantities at each bus:
- the net active power P and reactive power Q injected into the bus
- the voltage magnitude V and angle 𝜗 of bus positive-sequence voltage (positive-sequence
voltage or phase voltage)
However, two of the above quantities are known at every bus and the other two are to be
determined. Therefore, the following bus types are used:

PQ bus
At this bus, the specified active power P and reactive power Q are either injected into the bus
(generation PQ bus) or absorbed by a load connected at that bus.
The load flow solution returns the bus voltage magnitude V and angle 𝜗.
Simscape Specialized Power Systems
 Example

G1
L5
~

~
G0
L1 L2 L3
L4
 Example

G1

G0

L1 L2 L3 L5
L4
 Swing BUS

Default values

Removing the tick

Default values
PQ BUS
 Branches

Default values
Load Flow Analyzer
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Initial values

To be
evaluated
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Load Flow Solution kvar
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Load Flow Solution