Diploma in

Electrical Engineering
Laboratory Manual
Microprocessor and Controller
Applications (4360902)
SEMESTER-6TH
Enrollment No
Name
Branch
Academic Term
Institute

Directorate Of Technical Education

Gandhinagar - Gujarat
pg. 1
 DTE’s Vision:

● To facilitate quality technical and professional education having relevance for both
industry and society, with moral and ethical values.
● Giving equal opportunity and access.
● Aiming to prepare globally competent technocrats.
DTE’s Mission:
1.Quality technical and professional education with continuous improvement of all the
resources and personnel
2.To promote conducive ecosystem for Academic, Industry, Research, Innovations and
Start-ups.
3.To provide affordable quality professional education with moral values, equal
opportunities, accessibility and accountability
4.To allocate competent and dedicated human resources and infrastructure to the
institutions for providing world-class professional education to become a Global Leader
(“Vishwa Guru”)
Institute’s Vision:

Institute’s Mission:

Department’s Vision:

Department’s Mission:

pg. 2
 Certificate

This is to certify that Mr./Ms

………………………………………………………………….Enrollment No.
………….……………. of 6th Semester of Diploma in ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING of
………………………………………………………………………. (GTU Code) has
satisfactorily completed the term work in course MICROPROCESSOR AND
CONTROLLER APPLICATIONS (4360902) for the academic year: ……………………
Even Term.

Place:…………………..

Date: …………………..

Signature of Course Faculty Signature of Head of the Department

pg. 3
 Preface
The primary aim of any laboratory/Practical/field work is enhancement of required skills
as well as creative ability amongst students to solve real time problems by developing relevant
competencies in psychomotor domain. Keeping in view, GTU has designed competency focused
outcome-based curriculum -2021 (COGC-2021) for Diploma engineering programmes. In this
more time is allotted to practical work than theory. It shows importance of enhancement of skills
amongst students and it pays attention to utilize every second of time allotted for practical
amongst Students, Instructors and Lecturers to achieve relevant outcomes by performing rather
than writing practice in study type. It is essential for effective implementation of competency
focused outcome- based Green curriculum-2021. Every practical has been keenly designed to
serve as a tool to develop & enhance relevant industry needed competency in each and every
student. These psychomotor skills are very difficult to develop through traditional chalk and
board content delivery method in the classroom. Accordingly, this lab manual has been designed
to focus on the industry defined relevant outcomes, rather than old practice of conducting
practical to prove concept and theory.

By using this lab manual, students can read procedure one day in advance to actual
performance day of practical experiment which generates interest and also, they can have idea of
judgement of magnitude prior to performance. This in turn enhances predetermined outcomes
amongst students. Each and every Experiment /Practical in this manual begins by competency,
industry relevant skills, course outcomes as well as practical outcomes which serve as a key role
for doing the practical. The students will also have a clear idea of safety and necessary
precautions to be taken while performing experiment.

This manual also provides guidelines to lecturers to facilitate student-centered lab

activities for each practical/experiment by arranging and managing necessary resources in order
that the students follow the procedures with required safety and necessary precautions to achieve
outcomes. It also gives an idea that how students will be assessed by providing Rubrics.

Microcontroller is used in almost all the domestic, industrial, consumer goods and
otherhigh end products. Automation is used in every field of engineering and microcontroller
isinbuilt element of these systems and devices. Diploma engineers have to deal with various
microprocessor and microcontroller based systems and maintain them. This course is intended to
develop the skills tomaintain and solve the application problems related to microprocessor and
microcontrollers.

Although we try our level best to design this lab manual, but always there are
chances of improvement. We welcome any suggestions for improvement.

pg. 4
Programme Outcomes (POs) :

1. Basic and Discipline specific knowledge: Apply knowledge of basic

mathematics, science and engineering fundamentals and engineering
specialization to solve the engineering problems.

2. Problem analysis: Identify and analyse well-defined engineering problems

using codified standard methods.

3. Design/ development of solutions: Design solutions for engineering well-

defined technical problems and assist with the design of systems components or
processes to meet specified needs.

4. Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing: Apply modern

engineering tools and appropriate technique to conduct standard tests and
measurements.

5. Engineering practices for society, sustainability and environment: Apply

appropriate technology in context of society, sustainability, environment and
ethical practices.

6. Project Management: Use engineering management principles individually, as

a team member or a leader to manage projects and effectively communicate
about well-defined engineering activities.

7. Life-long learning: Ability to analyze individual needs and engage in updating

in the context of technological changes in field of engineering.

pg. 5
 Practical Outcome - Course Outcome Matrix
CO1 CO2 CO3 CO4
SR. Practical Outcome/Title of experiment
No.
Explore various blocks of Microprocessor
1 √
System.
Demonstrate the architecture of 8085
2 √
microprocessor.
3 Test and verify the features of 8085 Trainer Kit. √
Identify various pin of Microprocessor chip
4 √
8085.
5 Learn architecture of Microcontroller chip 8051. √
Use 8085 Simulation tool / Trainer kit for
6 √
running ASM programs.
Identify various pin of Microcontroller chip
7 √
8051.
Develop assembly language program for
8 arithmetic addition of two 8-bit numbers using √
µP 8085 kit/8085 Simulator.
Develop assembly language program for
9 arithmetic subtraction of two numbers using µP √
8085 kit/8085 Simulator.
Develop assembly language program for
10 arithmetic multiplication of two numbers using √
μP 8085 kit/8085 Simulator.
Implement a program to exchange the content of
11 √
two memory locations.
Develop assembly language program to find
12 √
One’s Complement of an 8-bit Number.
Develop assembly language program to find
13 √
Two’s Complement of an 8-bit Number.
Design 1-kilobyte Memory Interface with 8085
14 √
microprocessor.
Develop an application of PLC using Up-Down
15 √
Counter.
Study hardware and software associated with
16 √
PLC.

pg. 6
Industry Relevant Skills
The following industry relevant skills are expected to be developed in the
students by performance of experiments of this course.
a. Identify the relevant microcontroller.
b. Interface various I/O devices with microcontroller.
c. Interpret the program.

Guidelines to Course Faculty

1. Course faculty should demonstrate experiment with all necessary
implementation strategies described in curriculum.
2. Course faculty should explain industrial relevance before starting of each
experiment.
3. Course faculty should Involve & give opportunity to all students for hands on
experience.
4. Course faculty should ensure mentioned skills are developed in the students by
asking.
5. Utilise 2 hrs of lab hours effectively and ensure completion of write up with
quiz also.
6. Encourage peer to peer learning by doing same experiment through fast
learners.

Instructions for Students

1. Organize the work in the group and make record of all observations.
2. Students shall develop maintenance skill as expected by industries.
3. Student shall attempt to develop related hand-on skills and build confidence.
4. Student shall develop the habits of evolving more ideas, innovations, skills
etc.
5. Student shall refer technical magazines and data books.
6. Student should develop habit to submit the practical on date and time.
7. Student should well prepare while submitting write-up of exercise.

pg. 7
RUBRIC FOR PROGRESSIVE ASSESMENT OF PRACTICAL (WITHOUT
PERFORMANCE)

Performance Ineffective Adequate Effective Outstanding Total

Indicators (0-2marks) (3marks) (4marks) (5marks) (25)
Student gave Student gave Student gave Student gave
Understanding
reply to 30% of reply to 50% of reply to 70% of reply to 85%
of concept
asked questions asked questions asked questions asked questions

Explanation Student was able Student was able Student was able Student was able
of conclusion to reach to 30% of to reach to 50% to reach to 70% to reach to 85%
correct of correct of correct of correct
conclusion conclusion conclusion conclusion

Participation is Used time Used time mostly Used time well in

minimum. moderate in lab in lab focused lab focused
Participation focused attention in attention in
attention in exercise. exercise.
exercise.

Students seldom Students Students Students always

showed sincerity, sometimes frequently showed sincerity,
Student discipline and showed showed sincerity, discipline and
behaviour regularity sincerity, discipline and regularity
discipline and regularity
regularity

Quality of Clarity, neatness, Clarity, Clarity, neatness, Clarity, neatness,

term work nomenclatures neatness, nomenclatures nomenclatures
were fair nomenclatures were very good were excellent
were good

TOTAL
OBTAINED

pg. 8
RUBRIC FOR PROGRESSIVE ASSESMENT OF PRACTICAL PERFORMANCE

Performance Ineffective Adequate Effective Outstanding Total

Indicators
(0-2) (3) (4) (5) (25)
Student gave Student gave Student gave Student gave
Understanding of
reply to 30% of reply to 50% of reply to 70% of reply to 85% of
concept
asked questions asked questions asked questions asked questions

Student was able Student was able Student was Student was able
to make circuit to make circuit able to make to make circuit
connection and connection and circuit connection and
Skill for performance of performance of connection and performance of
practical practical after practical after performance of practical without
performance assistance major assistance practical after any assistance
with safety minor assistance
Student needed Student needed Student followed
practises many reminders few reminders to Student needed all safety
to follow safety follow safety reminders only practices without
practices practices once to follow any reminder
safety practices

Participation is Used time Used time Used time well in

minimum. moderate in lab mostly in lab lab focused
Participation focused attention focused attention in
in exercise. attention in exercise.
exercise.

Student was able Student was able Student was Student was able
to take readings, to take readings, able to take to take readings,
plot graphs, do plot graphs, do readings, plot plot graphs, do
calculations, calculations, graphs, do calculations,
Interpretation of
derive conclusion derive conclusion calculations, derive conclusion
result
etc. after etc. after major derive etc. without any
complete assistance conclusion etc. assistance
assistance after minor
assistance

Student showed Student showed Student showed Student showed

either ethical ethical conduct & ethical conduct ethical conduct &
Ethical conduct
conduct or attitude of & attitude of attitude of
& team work
showed attitude of working in team working in team working in team
working in team sometimes many times always

TOTAL
OBTAINED

pg. 9
 Continuous Assessment Sheet
Enrolment No: Name: Term:

Sr. Practical Outcome/Title of experiment Marks

No. Page Date (25) Sign

Explore various blocks of Microprocessor

1
System.
Demonstrate the architecture of 8085
2
microprocessor.
3 Test and verify the features of 8085 Trainer Kit.

4 Identify various pin of Microprocessor chip 8085.

5 Learn architecture of Microcontroller chip 8051.

Use 8085 Simulation tool / Trainer kit for
6
running ASM programs.
Identify various pin of Microcontroller chip
7
8051.
Develop assembly language program for
8 arithmetic addition of two 8-bit numbers using
µP 8085 kit/8085 Simulator.
Develop assembly language program for
9 arithmetic subtraction of two numbers using µP
8085 kit/8085 Simulator.
Develop assembly language program for
10 arithmetic multiplication of two 8-bit numbers
using µP 8085 kit/8085 Simulator.
Implement a program to exchange the content of
11
two memory locations.
Develop assembly language program to find
12 One’s Complement of an 8-bit Number.
Develop assembly language program to find
13 Two’s Complement of an 8-bit Number.
Design 1-kilobyte Memory Interface with
14 8085 microprocessor.
Develop an application of PLC using Up-Down
15 Counter.
Study hardware and software associated with
16
PLC.

pg. 10
 Date: ……………
Practical No.1: Explore various blocks of Microprocessor System.
A. Objective:
Microprocessor is the heart of the computer system. It is a small
computation unit that is fabricated on a single chip. The components used in
building up the chip are transistors, registers, diodes, etc. which work together
to perform the assigned operation.It accepts the input in binary form, processes
them as per the instruction stored in the memory, and performs the arithmetic
logic and sequential digital logic operation. From this practical students are
able to understand functioning of different blocks in microprocessor.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):
1. PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2: Problem Analysis
3. PO3: Design/ development of solution
4. PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation& Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Demonstrate microprocessor-based system’
1. Identify the function of various blocks in microprocessor.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

Interpret the salient features of 8085 microprocessor.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
Explore various blocks of Microprocessor System.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices.

G. Prerequisite Theory:
Microprocessor is a kind of integrated circuit (IC) unit which combines
all the basic functions of a central processing unit (CPU) of the computer.It is a
programmable unit that is fabricated on the silicon chip and it consists of an
ALU unit, clock, control unit, and register array which accepts the input in
binary form (0’s and 1’s) and delivers the output after processing the input data
as per the instructions fetched into the memory unit.
The basic building blocks of this processor are an ALU, register array,
and the main control processing unit. The function of the arithmetic logical
unit (ALU) is to perform mathematical and logical operations based on the data
fetched from the input units or the memory device.The register array is a

pg. 11
 combination of register and accumulator. The control unit handles the overall
processing and flow of data in the computer.

Figure 1 Block Diagram of Microprocessor system

Microprocessor consists of three types of buses: a Data bus, a control

bus, and an address bus. It is a combination of conductors proposed for the
transmission of data containing address and control information to various
elements in it. The data bus is bidirectional and carries to and from the
memory. The address bus is the unidirectional bus that carries the address of
the input or output port from the CPU towards the memory or I/O port. The
control bus carries the clock signal, interrupt signal and ready signal and these
are bidirectional and denote the state of the process.

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart:

Faculty will demonstrate the use and function of various blocks in
microprocessor system using chart or presentations.

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity
No. /Components/Trainer kit
1. Chart Block diagram of As per resources
Microprocessor system available

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. Handle computer system with care.
2. Start and shutdown system with proper procedure.
K. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
pg. 12
 …………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………

L. Practical related Quiz.

1. Write function of ALU.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………
2. List types of buses in microprocessor system.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………
3. Write the function of Register.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………

M. References:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microprocessor/index.htm

pg. 13
N. Assessment-Rubrics

Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks

No. Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Explanation of conclusion 5
3. Participation 5
4. Student behaviour 5
5. Quality of term work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with Date

pg. 14
 Date: ……………
Practical No.2: Demonstrate the architecture of 8085 microprocessor.
A. Objective:
Microprocessors are applicable to wide range of information processing tasks,
ranging from general computing to real time monitoring systems. From this
practical student are able to understand different blocks in 8085 architecture
and their functions.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):
1. PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2: Problem Analysis
3. PO3: Design/ development of solution
4. PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation& Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Demonstrate microprocessor-based system’
1. Understand the function of each blocks in 8085 microprocessor.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

Interpret the salient features of 8085 microprocessor.
E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
Learn architecture of Microprocessor chip 8085
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)
1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices

G. Prerequisite Theory:
8085 Architecture
Architecture of 8085 microprocessor is as shown in Fig. 1. In addition to the
arithmetic & logic circuits, the ALU includes the accumulator, which is part of
every arithmetic & logic operation. General purpose 8 bit registers B, C, D, E,
H & L can be used singly or can be used as 16 bit register pairs BC, DE, HL.
8085 has 8 bit flag register which contains S (sign flag),Z (zero flag),
AC(auxiliary carry flag), P (parity flag) & CY (carry flag). The Program
Counter is a 16 bit register that is used to control the sequencing of the
execution of instructions. This register always holds the address of the next
instruction. The Stack Pointer (SP) is also a 16-bit register that is used to point
into memory.

pg. 15
 Figure 1 8085 Microprocessor Architecture

Address bus (A15-A8):It carries the most significant 8-bits of memory or I/O
address.
Data bus (AD7-AD0):It carries the least significant 8-bit address and data bus.
Control and status signals: These signals are used to identify the nature of
operation. There are 3 control signal and 3 status signals. Three control signals
are RD, WR & ALE.RD signal indicates that the selected I/O or memory
device is to be read and is ready for accepting data available on the data bus.
WR signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into a selected
memory or I/Olocation.ALE is a positive going pulse generated when a new
operation is started by the microprocessor. When the pulse goes high, it
indicates address. When the pulse goes down it indicates data. Three status
signals are IO/M, S0 & S1.IO/M signal is used to differentiate between I/O and
Memory operations, i.e. when it is high indicates I/O operation and when it is
low then it indicatesmemoryoperation.S1 & S0signals are used to identify the
type of current operation.
Power Supply: There are 2 power supply signals − VCC & VSS. VCC
indicates +5v power supply and VSS indicates ground signal.
pg. 16
 Clock Signals:There are 3 clock signals, i.e. X1, X2, CLK OUT.A crystal is
connected at X1 and X2 pins and is used to set frequency of the internal clock
generator. This frequency is internally divided by 2.CLK OUTis used as the
system clock for devices connected with the microprocessor.
Interrupts & externally initiated signals:Interrupts are the signals generated by
external devices to request the microprocessor to perform a task. There are 5
interrupt signals, i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR.INTAis an
interrupt acknowledgment signal.RESET IN is used to reset the microprocessor
by setting the program counter to zero.RESET OUT is used to reset all the
connected devices when the microprocessor is reset.READY signal indicates
that the device is ready to send or receive data. If READY is low, then the
CPU has to wait for READY to go high.HOLD signal indicates that another
master is requesting the use of the address and data buses.HLDA (HOLD
Acknowledge) indicates that the CPU has received the HOLD request and it
will relinquish the bus in the next clock cycle. HLDA is set to low after the
HOLD signal is removed.
Serial I/O signals:There are 2 serial signals, i.e. SID and SOD used for serial
communication.The output SOD (Serial output data line) is set/reset as
specified by the SIM instruction.The data on SID (Serial input data line) is
loaded into accumulator whenever a RIM instruction is executed.
H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart:

Faculty will demonstrate the architecture of 8085 microprocessor using chart

or presentations.

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity
No. /Components/Trainer kit
1. Chart 8085 Microprocessor As per resources
Block diagram available

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. Handle chart with care.

K. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
………………

pg. 17
L. Practical related Quiz.
1. List general purpose registers of 8085 microprocessor.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………
2. 8085 microprocessor had ……… data lines and ………. Address lines.

3. List hardware interrupts of 8085.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………
M. References:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microprocessor/index.htm
N. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks
No. Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Explanation of conclusion 5
3. Participation 5
4. Student behaviour 5
5. Quality of term work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with Date

pg. 18
 Date: __________

Practical No.3: Test and verify the features of 8085 Trainer Kit.

A. Objective: After performing of this experiment you will be able to:

(a)Interpret and evaluate the technical specifications of 8085 trainer Kit_VMC-
8501(VYNITICS MAKE).
(b) Test and verify microprocessor’s interfacing with memory and peripheral
by using 8085 trainer kit_ VMC-8501(VYNITICS MAKE).

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

1. PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2: Problem Analysis
3. PO3: Design/ development of solution
4. PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation& Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

Learn to develop, test & interpret the technical features and specifications of
8085 trainer kit.

D. Expected Course Outcomes (COs)

Interpret the salient features of 8085 microprocessor.

E. Practical Outcome (PrOs)

Test and verify the features of 8085 Trainer Kit

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome

(ADOs)
a) Follow safety practices.
b) Work as a group member (while performing experiments)
c) Follow ethical practices.
d)Practice environmentally friendly methods and processes. (Environment
related)

G. Prerequisite Theory:
8085 Microprocessor Trainer
8085microprocessors as a Central Processing Unit and clock frequency for the
system is 3.0MHz and is generated from a crystal of 6.14MHz. 8085 has got 8-
bit data lines and 16-bit address lines. The lower 8 address lines and 8-bit data
lines are multiplexed. Since the lower 8 address bits appear on the bus during
the first clock cycle of a machine cycle and the 8 bit data appears on the bus
during the 2nd and 3rd clock cycle, it becomes necessary to latch the lower 8
address bits during the first clock cycle so that the 16 bit address remains
available in subsequent cycles. This is achieved using a latch 74LS373.
The training kit which we are going to use in this lab is VMC-8501(Vynitics
make) which communicates with the outside world through a general-purpose
HEX keyboard and six digits seven segment display.
pg. 19
The on-board resident system monitor software is very powerful and provides
various software utilities. The kit provides support for powerful software
commands like INSERT, DELETE, BLOCK MOVE, RELOCATE, STRING,
FILL and MEMORY COMPARE etc. The kit is configured around the
internationally adopted standard STD bus which is most popular bus for
process control and real time applications. All the address, data and control
lines are available at the edge connector. The kit is fully expandable for any
kind of application.

Fig. 3.1Front View of 8085 Trainer kit _VMC8501 when switch on

Fig. 3.2 View of 8085 Trainer kit _VMC8501 when entering the program

MEMORY:
8085 kit provides 8/32K bytes of RAM using 6264/62256 chip and 8K bytes
of EPROM for monitor. There is one memory space provided on kit. This one
space can be defined any address slots from 8000 - DFFF depending upon the
size of the memory chip to be used. Total onboard memory can be extended to
64K bytes.

pg. 20
Memory Map of kit:
0000H TO OFFFH = EPROM(2732)
1000H TO 17FFH = RAM#1(6 1/6)
1800H TO 1FFFH = RAM#2(6 1/6)
2000H TO 27FFH = RAM#3(6 1/6)
2800H TO 2FFMH = RAM#4(6 1/6)
309FH TO 300FH = 256bytes of user stop
30AOH TO 3FFFH = fold back memory
4000H TO FFFFH = expendable memory
I/O DEVICES
The various I/O chips used in STUDENT-85AD microprocessor kit are 8255,
8253 & 8155.
The functional role of all these chips is given below:

(i) 8279 (Keyboard and Display Controller):

8279 is a general-purpose programmable keyboard and display i/o interface
device designed for use with the 8085 microprocessor.it provides a scanned
interface to 28 contact key matrix provided in VMC-850X and scanned
interface for the six seven segment display.8279 has got 16 X 8 display RAM
which can be loaded or interrogated by the CPU. When a key is pressed, its
corresponding code is entered in the FIFO queue of 8279 and can now be read
by the microprocessor.
(ii) 8255 (Programmable and Peripheral Interface):
8255 is a Programmable and Peripheral Interface designed to use with 8085
Microprocessor. It has got three Input/output ports of 8 lines each (PORT –A,
PORT-B, PORT-C). Port c can be divided into two ports of 4 lines each named
as port C upper and port C lower.
(iii) 8155 (Programmable I/O Port & Timer Interface) –
Optional 8155 is a programmable I/O ports and timer interface designed to use
with 8085 Microprocessor. The 8155 includes 256 bytes of R/W memory,
three I/O ports and a Timer. This basically acts as a general purpose I/O device
to interface peripheral equipment to the system bus. It is not necessary to have
an external logic to interface with peripheral devices since the functional
configuration of 8155 is programmed by the system software. It has got two 8-
bit parallel I/O port (Port-A, Port-B) and one 6-bit (Port-C). Ports A & B also
can be programmed in the handshake mode, each port using three signals as
handshake signals from Port-C. The timer is a 14 bit down counter and has
four modes
(iv) 8253 (Programmable Internal Timer):
This chip is a programmable interval Timer/Counter and can be used for the
generation of accurate time delays. Various other functions that can be
pg. 21
implemented with this chip are programmable rate generator, Even Counter,
Binary rate Multiplier, Real Time Clock etc. This chip has got three in
dependent 16 bit counters each having a count rate of up to 2 KHz. The first
Timer/Counter (i.e. Counter 0) is being used for Single Step operation.
However, it connection are also brought at connector space C4. For single step
operation CLKO signal of Counter 0 is getting a clock frequency of 1.535
MHz. The counter 1 is used to generate clock for 8251. Counter 1 & Counter 2
are free for the user. Clock for the CLK1, CLK2 is to be given externally.
Display:
VMC-850x provides 6 digits of seven segment display. Four digits are for
displaying the address of any location or name of any register, whereas the rest
of the two digits are meant for displaying the contents of a memory location or
of a register. All the six digits of the display are hexadecimal notation.
Technical specifications for VMC-8501U:
 Based on 8085 CPU operating at 6.144 MHz crystal frequency
 8K bytes of EPROM loaded with powerful monitor program
 8K bytes of RAM available to the user.
 Total on board memory expansion upto 64K bytes using
2732/2764/27128/6264/ 62256 with 1 socket of 28 pin
 Battery backup for RAM with 3.6V rechargeable cell
 Memory mapping definable by the user
 16 bit programmable TIMER/COUNTER using 8253
 Additional serial port using 8251 (OPTIONAL)
 Real Time Clock (OPTIONAL)
 24 I/O lines provided through 8255
 RS-232C interface through SID/SOD Lines with Auto baud rate
 USB Interface to connect kit to computer (OPTIONAL)
 V-USB Terminal Software to operate kit from USB Port to execute all
commands like Examine Mem, Execute, Assembler & Dissembler etc.
Two modes of commands:
 Hex Key pad mode & Serial mode
 All address, data & control lines are buffered and made available at the
 edge connector as per STD bus configuration
 25/28 key hexadecimal keyboard and six seven segment displays
through 8279
 Powerful software commands like Relocate, String, Fill, Insert, Delete,
Block Move, Examine/Compare Memory, Examine Register, Insert
Data, Delete Data, Single Step, GO, Break Point in both Serial &
Keyboard mode
 Facility for Downloading/Uploading files from/to PC
 Enclosed in an attractive ABS plastic cabinet with cover
 In-built Power supply
pg. 22
 KEYBOARD DESCRIPTION:
Vinytics 8085 kit has 28 keys and six-seven segment display to communicate
with the outside world. As kit is switches ON, a message –‘UP 85’ is displayed
on the display and all keys are in command mode.

Fig. 3.3 8085 Trainer kit _VMC8501 keyboard illustration

The Some commonly used Command keys on keyboard is as shown below:

 RESET:-Reset the system.

 VCTINT:-Hardware interrupt via keyboard, RST 7.5.
 SHIFT:-Provides a second level command to all keys.
 GO:-To execute a program.
 SI:-To execute the program on single step mode.
 EXREG:-EXAMINE REGISTER; allows user to examine and modify the
contents of different register.
 PRE:-Previous is used as an intermediate terminator in case of examine
memory.
 DEL:-DELETE the part of the program or data with relocation, by one or more
bytes.
 INS:-Inserts the part of the program or data with relocation, by one or more
bytes.
 B.M:-BLOCK MOVE allows user to move a block of memory to any RAM
area.
 FILL:-Allows user to fill RAM area with a constant.
 REL:-RELOCATES a program written for some memory area and to be
transferred to other memory area.
 INSDATA :-Inserts one or more data bytes from the user’s program/data area.
 DELDATA :- Deletes one or more data bytes from the user’s program/data
area.
 STRING :- Finds out the string of data lying at a particular address or
addresses
 MEMC:-Memory Compare: Compares two blocks of memory for equality
 0–9–F :- Hexadecimal keys

pg. 23
 In Enter Program into Trainer Kit :
To Enter Program into Trainer Kit follow steps
1. Press “RESET” kit will display “UP 8085”.
2. EXMEM (key processor
represent address field)
3. Enter the Program Starting
address (16 bit) and digit in
hex
4. Press ‘NEXT’ key
5. Enter the opcode /data
6. Press “NEXT”, address is
incremented automatically
7. Enters program opcode and
data
till last HLT/ RST-5
instruction Hex code
8. Press “NEXT”&RESET’ key

How to executive program :

In Execute / RUN Program into Trainer Kit
1. Press “RESET” kit will display “UP 8085”.
2. Press “GO”
3. Enter theaddress location in
which line program was
executed
4. Press “FILL / (.) ” key
5. EXMEM (key processor
represent address field) to
show RESULTs
6. Press “NEXT” & “RESET” key

To execute /RUN program

7. with SINGLE
INSTRUCTION (SI) mode

pg. 24
 EXAMINE / MODIFY
8.
REGISTER (EXREG)

H. Experimental set up

Fig. 3 Block diagram of 8085 Trainer kit _VMC8501

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity
No.
/Components/Trainer kit
As mentioned in prerequisite theory As per resources
1 8085 based trainer kit
section available

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

1. Connections should be proper and tight.
2. Switch “ON” the power after completing the circuit.

K. Procedure to be followed/Source code (CE & IT software subjects):

1) Switch on the power supply and kit will display “UP 8085”.
2) Press reset ~ examine memory ~ program starting memory address ~ next ~
opcode ~ next and so on up to the end of program opcodes
pg. 25
 3) To execute the program press Reset ~ go ~ starting address ~ execute
buttons
4) To check the result press Reset ~ examine memory~Memory address(where
the result has been stored in program) ~Next
L. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………

M. Practical related Quiz.

Que:1 Explain the function of Program Counter.

Que: 2 Draw flag register.

N. References / Suggestions (lab manual designer should give)

I.https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=BbxXjoNLtZ4
II.https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e0/Microprocessor%2B
all%2Bexperiment%2BIT.pdf
III.https://people.iitism.ac.in/~download/lab%20manuals/ece/5.%20ECC211%
20Microprocessor%20&%20Microcontroller%20Lab.pdf

O. ASSESMENT RUBRICS
Sr. No. Criteria Maximum Marks
Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Skill for practical performance with safety
5
practises
3. Participation 5
4. Interpretation of result 5
5. Ethical conduct & team work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with Date

pg. 26
 Date: ……………

Practical No.4: Identify various pin of Microprocessor chip 8085.

A. Objective:
8085 is the 8 bit microprocessor available in 40-pin DIP (Dual Inline Package)
chip. Microprocessors are applicable to wide range of information processing
tasks, ranging from general computing to real time monitoring systems. From
this practical students are able to identify various pins and their functions.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):
1. PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2: Problem Analysis
3. PO3: Design/ development of solution
4. PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation& Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Demonstrate microprocessor-based system’
1.Identify the function of given pins.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(COs)

Interpret the salient features of 8085 microprocessor.

E. Practical Outcome(PrO)
Learn pin diagram of Microprocessor chip 8085

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADOs)

1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices
G. Prerequisite Theory:
8085 Architecture
Pin diagram of 8085 microprocessor is as shown in Fig. 1. The pins of an 8085
microprocessor can be classified into seven groups.
Address bus (A15-A8):It carries the most significant 8-bits of memory or I/O
address.
Data bus (AD7-AD0):It carries the least significant 8-bit address and data bus.
Control and status signals:These signals are used to identify the nature
ofoperation. There are 3 control signal and 3 status signals.Three control
signals areRD, WR & ALE.RD signal indicates that the selected I/O or
memory device is to be read and is ready for accepting data available on the
data bus.WR signal indicates that the data on the data bus is to be written into
a selected memory or I/Olocation.ALE is a positive going pulse generated
when a new operation is started by the microprocessor. When the pulse goes
high, it indicates address. When the pulse goes down it indicates data.Three

pg. 27
 status signals are IO/M, S0 & S1.IO/Msignal is used to differentiate between
I/O and Memory operations, i.e. when it is high indicates I/O operation and
when it is low then it indicates memoryoperation.S1 & S0signals are used to
identify the type of current operation.
Power Supply: There are 2 power supply signals − VCC & VSS. VCC
indicates +5v power supply and VSS indicates ground signal.

Figure 2 8085 microprocessor pin diagram

Clock Signals:There are 3 clock signals, i.e. X1, X2, CLK OUT.A crystal is connected
at X1 and X2 pins and is used to set frequency of the internal clock generator.
This frequency is internally divided by 2.CLK OUTis used as the system clock
for devices connected with the microprocessor.
Interrupts & externally initiated signals:Interrupts are the signals generated by
external devices to request the microprocessor to perform a task. There are 5
interrupt signals, i.e. TRAP, RST 7.5, RST 6.5, RST 5.5, and INTR.INTAis an
interrupt acknowledgment signal.RESET IN is used to reset the microprocessor
by setting the program counter to zero.RESET OUT is used to reset all the
connected devices when the microprocessor is reset.READY signal indicates that
the device is ready to send or receive data. If READY is low, then the CPU has to
wait for READY to go high.HOLD signal indicates that another master is
requesting the use of the address and data buses.HLDA (HOLD Acknowledge)

pg. 28
 indicates that the CPU has received the HOLD request and it will relinquish the
bus in the next clock cycle. HLDA is set to low after the HOLD signal is
removed.
Serial I/O signals: There are 2 serial signals, i.e. SID and SOD used for serial
communication. The output SOD (Serial output data line) is set/reset as specified
by the SIM instruction. The data on SID (Serial input data line) is loaded into
accumulator whenever a RIM instruction is executed.
H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart:
Faculty will demonstrate the use and function of pins of 8085 using chart or
presentations.
I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity
No. /Components/Trainer kit
1. Chart 8085 Microprocessor As per resource
pin diagram. available.

J. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
K. Practical related Quiz.
1. Explain ALE signal.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
2. 8085 is ___ bit microprocessor and it can have an access upto ____KB of
memory with 16 bit address bus.

3. What is TRAP?
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………………………………………………………………………………...

pg. 29
L. References:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microprocessor/index.htm

M. Assessment-Rubrics

Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks

No. Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Explanation of conclusion 5
3. Participation 5
4. Student behaviour 5
5. Quality of term work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with Date

pg. 30
 Date: ……………
Practical No.5: Learn architecture of Microcontroller chip 8051.
A. Objective:
Microcontroller had wide range of applications in electronic system needing
real time processing/control, starting from domestic applications such as
washing machine, TV and air conditioners. Microcontrollers are also used in
automobiles, process control industries, cell phones, robotics and in space
applications.From this practical students are able to understand different blocks
in 8051 architecture.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):
1. PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing.

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Implement microcontroller-based
system/equipment’
1. Understand the function of each block in 8051 microcontroller architecture.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(COs)

Interpret the salient features of 8051 microcontrollers.

E. Practical Outcome(PrOs)
Learn architecture of Microcontroller chip 8051.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADOs)

1. Follow precautionary measures.
2. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
3. Follow ethical practices

G. Prerequisite Theory:
8051 Architecture
8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller. It is built with 40 pins DIP (dual inline
package) having 4KB of ROM storage and 128 bytes of RAM storage, two 16-
bit timers. It consists of four parallel 8-bit ports, which are programmable as
well as addressable as per the requirement. An on-chip crystal oscillator is
integrated in the microcontroller.In the 8051 microcontroller architecture, the
system bus plays a key role to connect all the devices to the central processing
unit. This bus includes an 8-bit data bus, a 16-bit address bus & bus control
signals. Other devices can also be interfaced throughout the system bus like
ports, memory, interrupt control, serial interface, the CPU, timers.

pg. 31
 Figure 1 8051 Microcontroller Architecture

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart:

Faculty will demonstrate the architecture of 8051 using chart or presentations.

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
No. /Components/Trainer kit
1. Chart 8051 Microcontroller As per resource
Block diagram available.

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. Handle chart with care.

K. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………

pg. 32
L. Practical related Quiz.
1. List special function registers of 8051 Microcontroller.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………
2. Internal RAM ………….. bytes and Internal ROM …………. bytes in
8051.
3. How many address lines need to interface 512 byte memory with 8051?
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………
M. References:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microprocessor/index.htm
N. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks
No. Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Explanation of conclusion 5
3. Participation 5
4. Student behaviour 5
5. Quality of term work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with Date

pg. 33
 Date: ……………
Practical No.6: Use 8051 Simulation tool / Trainer kit for running ASM programs.
A. Objective:
Simulator is software which will execute the program and show the results
exactly to the program running on the hardware, if the programmer found any
errors in the program at the time of simulation, he can change the program and
re-simulate the code and get the expected result, before going to the hardware
testing. Students are able to build and validate their program very easily and in
an interactive way using simulators.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2: Problem Analysis
3. PO3: Design/ development of solution
4. PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation& Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Implement microcontroller-based
system/equipment’
1. Test and validate program using simulator/trainer kit.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

Interpret the salient features of 8085 microprocessor.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
Use 8051 Simulation tool / Trainer kit for running ASM programs.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

1. Operate Computer system/trainer kit carefully with safety and necessary
precaution.
2. Follow precautionary measures.
3. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
4. Follow ethical practice

G. Prerequisite Theory:
MCU 8051 is an 8051 simulator which is very simple to use and have an
interactive IDE (Integrated Development Environment). It is developed by
Martin Osmera. There are many features for this IDE they are:It supports both
C and assembly language for compilation and simulation.
It has in-built source code editor, graphical note pad, ASCII charts, Assembly
symbol viewer etc. Also supports number of 8051 IC’s like at89c51, A89S52,
8051, 8052, etc.

pg. 34
 It will support the certain electronic simulation like LED, 7segment display,
LCD display etc. which will help in giving the output when you interface these
things to the hardware directly.
It has tools like hex decimal editors, base converters, special calculator, file
converter, inbuilt hardware programmer etc.
It has syntax validation, pop base auto completion etc.

Figure 3MCU 8051Simulator

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart:

Faculty will demonstrate the user interface of 8051 simulator.

I. Resources/Equipment Required

Sr. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
No. /Components/Trainer
kit
1. Hardware Computer System with basic As per
configuration Batch
2. Software Open Source MCU 8051 Size
Simulator

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. Handle computer system/Trainer Kit with care.
2. Start and shutdown system with proper procedure.

pg. 35
K. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………

L. Practical related Quiz.

1. List different open source8051 Simulators.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………
M. References:
http://sourceforge.net/projects/mcu8051ide/files/

N. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. No. Criteria Maximum Marks
Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Skill for practical performance with safety
5
practises
3. Participation 5
4. Interpretation of result 5
5. Ethical conduct & team work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with Date

pg. 36
 Date: ……………
Practical No.7: Identify various pin of Microcontroller chip 8051.
A. Objective:
Microcontroller had wide range of applications in electronic system
needing real time processing/control, starting from domestic applications such
as washing machine, TV and air conditioners. Microcontrollers are also used in
automobiles, process control industries, cell phones, robotics and in space
applications. From this practical students are able to identify various pins of
8051 microcontroller and their functions.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Implement microcontroller-based
system/equipment’
a. Identify the function of given pins.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

Interpret the salient features of 8051 microcontrollers.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
Learn pin diagram of Microcontroller chip 8051.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
c. Follow ethical practices

G. Prerequisite Theory:
8051 Architecture
8051 is an 8-bit microcontroller. It is built with 40 pins DIP (dual
inline package) having 4KB of ROM storage and 128 bytes of RAM storage,
two 16-bit timers. It consists of four parallel 8-bit ports, which are
programmable as well as addressable as per the requirement. An on-chip
crystal oscillator is integrated in the microcontroller.In the 8051
microcontroller architecture, the system bus plays a key role to connect all the
devices to the central processing unit. This bus includes an 8-bit data bus, a 16-
bit address bus & bus control signals. Other devices can also be interfaced
throughout the system bus like ports, memory, interrupt control, serial
interface, the CPU, timers.
Pins 1 to 8(Port 1): The Pins 1.0 to 1.7 are 8 Pins of port 1. Each of them can
be configured as input or output pin.

pg. 37
Pin 9: It is used to Reset Microcontroller 8051. A positive pulse is given on
this Pin to reset Microcontroller.
Pin 10 to 17(Port 3): These Pins are similar to Pins of Port 1. These Pins can be
used as universal Input or output. These are dual function Pins. Function of
each Pin is given as
Pin 10 It is Serial Data Receive.
Pin 11 It is Serial Data Transmit.
Pin 12 Interrupt 0 input.
Pin 13 Interrupt 1 input.
Pin 14 Counter 0 clock input.
Pin 15 Counter 1 clock input.

Figure 1. 8051 microprocessor pin diagram

Pin 16 Writing Signal for Writing content on external RAM.

Pin 17 Reading Signal to read contents of external RAM.

pg. 38
 Pin 18 and 19: These are input output PINS for oscillator. An internal oscillator
is connected to Micro controller through these PINS.
Pin 20: Pin 20 is grounded.
Pin 21 to 28 (Port 2): These Pins can be configured as Input Output Pins. But
this is only possible in case when we don't use any external memory. If we use
external memory then these pins will work as high order address bus (A8 to
A15).
Pin 29: If we use an external ROM then it should has a logic 0 which indicates
Micro controller to read data from memory.
Pin 30: This Pin is used for ALE that is Address Latch Enable. If we use
multiple memory chips then this pin is used to distinguish between them. This
Pin also gives program pulse input during programming of EPROM.
Pin 31: If we have to use multiple memories then by applying logic 1 to this
pin instructs Micro controller to read data from both memories first internal
and afterwards external.
Pin 32 to 39(Port 0): Similar to port 2 and 3, these pins can be used as input
output pins when we don't use any external memory. When ALE or Pin 30 is at
1 then this port is used as data bus, when ALE pin at 0, then this port is used as
lower order address bus(A0 to A7).
Pin 40: VCC +5V power supply.

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart:

Faculty will demonstrate the use and function of pins of 8051 using chart or
presentations.

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment/ Specification Quantity
No. Components/Trainer
kit
1. Chart 8051 Microcontroller As per resources
pindiagram. available

J. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………

pg. 39
K. Practical related Quiz.
a. Higher order address bus is connected to port ……….. and Lower order
address bus is connected to port …………. for external memory
interfacing.

b. List interrupts of 8051.

…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………

L. References:
https://www.tutorialspoint.com/microprocessor/index.htm

M. Assessment-Rubrics

Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks

No. Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Explanation of conclusion 5
3. Participation 5
4. Student behaviour 5
5. Quality of term work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with Date

pg. 40
 Date: ……………

Practical No.8: Develop assembly language program for arithmetic addition of two
8-bit Numbers using µP 8085 kit/8085 Simulator.

A. Objective:
8085 microprocessor contain an Arithmetic Logic Unit, which is
responsible for performing mathematical operations at lightning-fast speeds. A
set of registers input data into the ALU on which the ALU performs operations
based on the instructions it receives. This practical will help the students to
develop programming skills in assembly language using basic instruction for
arithmetic operations.
The two numbers are stored at memory address 2000 and 2001. After addition
store the answer in the memory address 2002

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. PO1: Basic & Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2: Problem Analysis
3. PO3: Design/ Development of Solution
4. PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Implement microprocessor-based
system/equipment’
1. Perform mathematical operation like data addition using various arithmetic
instructions.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

Interpret the salient features of 8085 microprocessor.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
Write and execute assembly language programs based on Arithmetic
Instruction.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

1. Operate Computer system(simulator)/trainer kit carefully with safety and
necessary precaution.
2. Follow precautionary measures.
3. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
4. Follow ethical practices.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
 This program adds two operands stored in memory location 2000H and
2001H, without considering the carry produced (if any).
 Let us assume that the operands stored at memory location 2000H is 14H
and 2001H is 89H.

pg. 41
  Initially, H-L pair is loaded with the address of first memory location.
 The first operand is moved to accumulator from memory location 2000H
and H-L pair is incremented to point to next memory location.
 The two operands are added and the result is stored in accumulator.
 H-L pair is again incremented and the result is moved from accumulator to
memory location 2002H.
Programs given below are sample programs faculty can assign similar programs with
different logic to students)

ADDRESS OP CODE LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENT

C000 21 LXI H, 2000H Make HL pair register pair as memory
C001 00 pointer pointing at memory address
2000.
C002 20
"HL points pointing 2000H"
C003 7E MOV A,M Move the first data from memory
address 2000 to Accumulator register.
"Get first Operand"
C004 23 INX H Increment HL pair by one thus pointing
towards the next memory address
where next data is stored.
"HL points Pointing 2001H"

C005 86 ADD M Addition of 1st number stored in

accumulator to 2nd number stored in
memory address 2001. The result of
addition is stored in accumulator.
"Add second operand"

C006 23 INX H Increment HL pair by one thus pointing

towards the next memory address
where next result is to be stored.
"HL points pointing 2002H"
C007 77 MOV M, A Move the result of addition to the
memory address where it has to be
stored.
"Store result at2002H"

C008 76 HLT Stop.

pg. 42
H. OBSERVATION AND RESULT:
Table I: Register/Memory Status
Reg/Mem 2000 2001 2002
Address
Data before XX XX XX
execution

Data After 14 89 9D
Execution

I. Other Special Remarks for Results:

DATA:
First Number: (2000H) = 14H
Second Number:(2001H) = 89H
Result = 14H + 89H = 9DH

J. Procedure:
To develop assembly language program we need to follow the following step
1. Divide the problem into small parts.
2. Write assembly language program.
3. Convert assembly language program in to machine language program.
4. Load the machine language program in to 8085 trainer kit and execute it.
5. Observe the result.
6. Note the values of the result in the observation table.

K. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity
No. /Components/Trainer kit
1. Hardware 8085 Microprocessor Trainer kit As per
Batch
2. Software Open Source 8085 Simulator Size

L. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. Handle computer system/Trainer Kit with care.
2. Check rules / syntax of assembly programming
3. Start and stop system with proper procedure.

M. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………

pg. 43
N. Practical related Quiz.
1. If content of A is FF h, then after execution of INR A content of A is
………..
2. Data of A=15H , B=02H after execution of ADD B, data of A= ……….. H
& B= …………… H.
3. Data of A=09H , B=02H after ADC B data of A= ……….. H & B=
…………… H.
4. ………………………………… flag will get set, when carry is generated
from D3 to D4.
O. References:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108105102
http://what-when-how.com/8051-microcontroller/arithmetic-instructions/
P. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks
No. Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Skill for practical performance with safety
5
practises
3. Participation 5
4. Interpretation of result 5
5. Ethical conduct & team work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with Date

pg. 44
 Date: ……………

Practical No.9: Develop assembly language program for arithmetic subtraction of two
numbers using µP 8085 kit.

A. Objective:
8085 microprocessor contain an Arithmetic Logic Unit, which is responsible
for performing mathematical operations at lightning-fast speeds. A set of
registers input data into the ALU on which the ALU performs operations based
on the instructions it receives. This practical will help the students to develop
programming skills in assembly language using basic instruction for
arithmetic operations.
The two numbers are stored at memory address 2000 and 2001. After
subtraction store the answer in the memory address 2002
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):
1. PO1: Basic & Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2: Problem Analysis
3. PO3: Design/ Development of Solution
4. PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Implement microprocessor-based
system/equipment’
1. Perform mathematical operation like data subtraction using various
arithmetic instructions.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

Interpret the salient features of 8085 microprocessor.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)

Develop programming skills in assembly language using basic instruction for

arithmetic operations.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

1. Operate Computer system(simulator)/trainer kit carefully with safety and
necessary precaution.
2. Follow precautionary measures.
3. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
4. Follow ethical practices

G. Prerequisite Theory:
The two numbers are stored at memory address 2000 and 2001. After
subtraction store the answer in the memory address 2002.
pg. 45
  This program subtracts two operands stored in memory location 2000H and
2001H, along with considering the borrow taken (if any).
 Let us assume that the operands stored at memory location 2000H is 05H
and 2001H is 02H.
 Initially, H-L pair is loaded with the address of first memory location.
 The first operand is moved to accumulator from memory location 2000H
and H-L pair is incremented to point to next memory location.
 The two operands are subtracted and the result is stored in accumulator.
 H-L pair is incremented and the result is moved from accumulator to
memory location 2002H.

Programs given below are sample programs faculty can assign similar programs with
different logic to students)

ADDRESS OPCODE LABE MNEMONICS COMMENT

C000 21 L LXI H, 2000 Make HL pair register pair as
C001 00 memory pointer pointing at
memory address 2000.
C002 20
"HL points 2000H"

C003 7E MOV A,M Move the first data from memory

address 2000 to Accumulator
register.
C004 23 INX H "Get first operand"
Increment HL pair by one thus
pointing towards the next
memory address where next data
is stored.
C005 96 SUB M "HL points of
Subtraction 1st number stored
2001H"
in accumulator to 2nd number
stored in memory address 2001.
The result of subtraction is stored
in accumulator.
C006 23 INX H "Subtract second
Increment HL pairoperand"
by one thus
pointing towards the next
memory address where next
result is to be stored.
"HL points 2002H"
C007 77 MOV M, A Move the result of subtraction to
the memory address where it has
to be stored
"Store result at 2002H"

C008 EF RST 5 To set break point.

pg. 46
H. OBSERVATION AND RESULT:

Table I: Register/Memory Status

Reg/Mem 2000 2001 2002

Address
Data before XX XX XX
execution
Data After 05 02 03
Execution

I. Other Special Remarks for Results:

Data:
First Number:(2000H)=05H
Second Number:(2001H)=02H

Result: 05H–02H=03H

J. Procedure:
To develop assembly language program we need to follow the following step
1. Divide the problem into small parts.
2. Write assembly language program.
3. Convert assembly language program in to machine language program.
4. Load the machine language program in to 8085 trainer kit and execute it.
5. Observe the result.
6. Note the values of the result in the observation table.
K. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity
No. /Components/Trainer kit
1 Hardware 8085 Microprocessor Trainer kit As per
Batch
2 Software Open Source 8085 Simulator Size
. Android Cell: 8085 Simulator
Ultimate.

L. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. Handle computer system/Trainer Kit with care.
2. Check rules / syntax of assembly programming
3. Start and stop system with proper procedure.

M. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………

pg. 47
N. Practical related Quiz.

1. If content of A is FF h, then after execution of DCR A content of A is

………..

2. Data of A=15H , B=02H after execution of SUB B, data of A= ……….. H

& B= …………… H.

O. References:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108105102
https://www.sim8085.com/
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105102/

P. Assessment-Rubrics

Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks

No. Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Skill for practical performance with safety
5
practises
3. Participation 5
4. Interpretation of result 5
5. Ethical conduct & team work 5
Total marks 25

Sign With Date

pg. 48
 Date: ……………

Practical No.10: Develop assembly language program for arithmetic multiplication

of two 8-bit numbers using µP 8085 kit/8085 Simulator.

A. Objective:
8085 microprocessor contains an Arithmetic Logic Unit, which is
responsible for performing mathematical operations at lightning-fast speeds. A
set of registers input data into the ALU on which the ALU performs operations
based on the instructions it receives. This practical will help the students to
develop programming skills in assembly language using basic instruction for
arithmetic operations.
The two numbers are stored at memory address D000H and D001H. After
multiplication store the answer in the memory address D002H

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. PO1: Basic & Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2: Problem Analysis
3. PO3: Design/ Development of Solution
4. PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Implement microprocessor-based
system/equipment’
a. Perform mathematical operation like data multiplication using various
arithmetic instructions.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

Interpret the salient features of 8085 microprocessor.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
Write and execute assembly language programs based on Arithmetic
Instruction.
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)
1. Operate Computer system(simulator)/trainer kit carefully with safety and
necessary precaution.
2. Follow precautionary measures.
3. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
4. Follow ethical practices
G. Prerequisite Theory:
1. Start the program by loading accumulator with 00.
2. Move the data into B register.
3. Move the second data in C register.
4. Add contents of register B with contents of accumulator.
pg. 49
 5. Decrement the value of C register.
6. Make a loop with condition “JUMP IF NOT ZERO”.
7. Store the result in memory location.
8. Terminate to program.

Programs given below are sample programs faculty can assign similar programs with
different logic to students)

ADDRESS OP CODE LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENT

2000H MVI A, 00 Initialize accumulator to 00.

2001H 00
2002H LDA D000H Load the content of memory location
2003H 00 D000H to accumulator.
2004H D0
2005H MOV B,A Move the content of accumulator in to
register B.
2006H LDA D001H Load the content of memory location
2007H 01 D001H to accumulator
2008H D0
2009H MOV C,A Move the content of accumulator in
to register C.
200A H LOOP ADD B Add the contents of register B to the
accumulator.
200B H DCR C Decrement the content of register C.
200C H JNZ Jump if no zero to address of LOOP.
200D H STA D002H Store the result in memory location
200E H 02 D002H.
200F H D0
2010 H HLT Terminate the program.

H. OBSERVATION AND RESULT:

Table I: Register/Memory Status

Reg/Mem D000 D001 D002

Address
Data before XX XX XX
execution

Data After FF 01 FF
Execution

pg. 50
 I. Other Special Remarks for Results:

DATA:
First Number: (D000H) = FFH
Second Number:(D001H) = 01H

Result: (D002H)= FFH × 01H = FFH

.
J. Procedure:
To develop assembly language program we need to follow the following step
1. Divide the problem into small parts.
2. Write assembly language program.
3. Convert assembly language program in to machine language program.
4. Load the machine language program in to 8085 trainer kit and execute it.
5. Observe the result.
6. Note the values of the result in the observation table.
K. Resources/Equipment Required

Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity

No. /Components/Trainer
kit
1. Hardware 8085 Microprocessor Trainer kit As per
Batch
2. Software Open Source 8085 Simulator Size

L. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. Handle computer system/Trainer Kit with care.
2. Check rules / syntax of assembly programming
3. Start and stop system with proper procedure.

M. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………

pg. 51
N. Practical related Quiz.
1. If content of A is FF h, then after execution of DCR A content of A is
………..

2. Data of A=12H , B=03H after execution of ADD B, data of A= ……….. H

& B= …………… H.

O. References:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108105102
http://what-when-how.com/8051-microcontroller/arithmetic-instructions/

P. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks
No. Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Skill for practical performance with safety
5
practises
3. Participation 5
4. Interpretation of result 5
5. Ethical conduct & team work 5
25

Sign with Date

pg. 52
 Date: ……………
Practical No.11: Implement a program to exchange the content of two memory locations.

A. Objective:
8085 microprocessor contain an Arithmetic Logic Unit, which is
responsible for performing mathematical operations at lightning-fast speeds. A
set of registers input data into the ALU on which the ALU performs operations
based on the instructions it receives. This practical will help the students to
develop programming skills in assembly language using data transfer
instructions.
The two numbers are stored at memory address 3000H and 4000H. After
program exchange the contents of memory location 3000H and 4000H.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. PO1: Basic & Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2: Problem Analysis
3. PO3: Design/ Development of Solution
4. PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Implement microprocessor-based
system/equipment’
1. Perform mathematical operation like data subtraction using various
arithmetic instructions.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

Interpret the salient features of 8085 microprocessor.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
Develop programming skills in assembly language using basic data transfer
instructions.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

1. Operate Computer system(simulator)/trainer kit carefully with safety and
necessary precaution.
2. Follow precautionary measures.
3. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
4. Follow ethical practices

pg. 53
G. Prerequisite Theory:
 Load content of memory location 3000h in to accumulator
 Now move this content in to register B(In register B -3000H content)
 Memory location 4000h content move in to accumulator.
 Accumulator (4000h memory location) content store in to 3000h memory
location.
 Move register B content(3000H memory location data) in to accumulator.
 Accumulator (3000h memory location) content store in to 4000h memory
location.

Programs given below are sample programs faculty can assign similar programs with
different logic to students)

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONIC COMMENT

2000 3A S 3000H
LDA Load content of 3000h
2001 00 memory location in to
2002 30 accumulator.

2003 MOV B,A Move the content of

accumulator in to register B.

2004 3A LDA 4000H Load content of 4000h

2005 00 memory location in to
2006 40 accumulator.

2007 32 STA 3000H Store the content of

2008 00 accumulator in to 3000H
2009 30 memory location.

200A 78 MOV A,B Move the content of register B

into register A.

200B 32 STA 4000H Store the content of

200C 00 accumulator in to 4000H
200D 40 memory location.

200E EF RST 5 To set break point.

pg. 54
H. OBSERVATION AND RESULT:

Table I: Register/Memory Status

Reg/Mem 3000h 4000h

Address
Data before 16 14
execution

Data After 14 16
Execution

I. Other Special Remarks for Results:

Data:
Content of memory location 3000H=16H
Content of memory location 3000H=14H

Result:
Content of memory location 3000H=14H
Content of memory location 3000H=16H

J. Procedure:
To develop assembly language program we need to follow the following step
1. Divide the problem into small parts.
2. Write assembly language program.
3. Convert assembly language program in to machine language program.
4. Load the machine language program in to 8085 trainer kit and execute it.
5. Observe the result.
6. Note the values of the result in the observation table.

K. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity
No. /Components/Trainer
kit
1. Hardware 8085 Microprocessor Trainer kit As per
Batch
2. Software Open Source 8085 Simulator Size
Android Cell: 8085 Simulator
Ultimate.

L. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. Handle computer system/Trainer Kit with care.
2. Check rules / syntax of assembly programming
3. Start and stop system with proper procedure

pg. 55
M. References:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108105102
https://www.sim8085.com/
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105102/

N. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. No. Criteria Maximum Marks
Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Skill for practical performance with safety 5
practises
3. Participation 5
4. Interpretation of result 5
5. Ethical conduct & team work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with date

pg. 56
 Date: ……………
Practical No.12: Develop assembly language program to find One’s Complement of an 8-bit
Number.
A. Objective:
8085 microprocessor contain an Arithmetic Logic Unit, which is
responsible for performing mathematical operations at lightning-fast speeds. A
set of registers input data into the ALU on which the ALU performs operations
based on the instructions it receives. This practical will help the students to
develop programming skills in assembly language using data transfer
instructions and logical instructions.
The 8-bit data is placed in memory address 2501H. The result is stored in
memory location 2502H.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):
1. PO1: Basic & Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2: Problem Analysis
3. PO3: Design/ Development of Solution
4. PO4:Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Implement microprocessor-based
system/equipment’
1. Obtain one’s complement of a 8 bit number using data transfer andlogical
instructions.
D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)
Interpret the salient features of 8085 microprocessor.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
Develop programming skills in assembly language using basic data transfer
instructions.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

1. Operate Computer system(simulator)/trainer kit carefully with safety and
necessary precaution.
2. Follow precautionary measures.
3. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
4. Follow ethical practices.
G. Prerequisite Theory:
 The instruction LDA 2501H transfers the number from memory location
2501 H to the accumulator.
 CMA takes complement of the number.
 STA 2502 H stores the result in the memory location 2502H.
 RST 5 Set break point.
pg. 57
 Programs given below are sample programs faculty can assign similar programs with
different logic to students)

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENT

2000 3A LDA 2501 H Get data in accumulator.
2001 01
2002 25
2003 2F CMA Take its complement.

2004 3A STA 2502 H Store result in 2502H

2005 02
2006 25
2007 EF RST 5 To set break point.

H. RESULT:
Table I: Register/Memory Status
Reg/Mem Address 2501 H 2502H

Data before XX H XX
execution
Data After 96 H 69H
Execution

I. Other Special Remarks for Results:

Data:
Content of memory location 2501H=96H
Result:
Content of memory location 2502H=69H

J. Procedure:
To develop assembly language program we need to follow the following step
a. Divide the problem into small parts.
b. Write assembly language program.
c. Convert assembly language program in to machine language program.
d. Load the machine language program in to 8085 trainer kit and execute it.
e. Observe the result.
f. Note the values of the result in the observation table.

pg. 58
K. Resources/Equipment Required

Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity

No. /Components/Trainer kit
1. Hardware 8085 Microprocessor Trainer kit As per
Batch
2. Software Open Source 8085 Simulator Size
Android Cell: 8085 Simulator
Ultimate.

L. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

a. Handle computer system/Trainer Kit with care.
b. Check rules / syntax of assembly programming
c. Start and stop system with proper procedure.

M. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………

N. Practical related Quiz.

1. One’s complement of 8-bit data E4 H is ________.
2. Function of Instruction CMA is
__________________________________________

O. References:

https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108105102
https://www.sim8085.com/
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105102/

pg. 59
P. Assessment-Rubrics

Sr. No. Criteria Maximum Marks

Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Skill for practical performance with safety 5
practises
3. Participation 5
4. Interpretation of result 5
5. Ethical conduct & team work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with date

pg. 60
 Date: ……………
Practical No.13: Develop assembly language program to find Two’s Complement of an 8-bit
Number.

A. Objective:
8085 microprocessor contain an Arithmetic Logic Unit, which is
responsible for performing mathematical operations at lightning-fast speeds. A
set of registers input data into the ALU on which the ALU performs operations
based on the instructions it receives. This practical will help the students to
develop programming skills in assembly language using data transfer
instructions and logical instructions.
The 8-bit data is placed in memory address 2501H. The result is stored in
memory location 2502H.
B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):
1. PO1: Basic & Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2: Problem Analysis
3. PO3: Design/ Development of Solution
4. PO4:Engineering Tools, Experimentation and Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Implement microprocessor-based
system/equipment’
1. Obtain Two’s complement of a 8 bit number using data transfer and logical
instructions.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

Interpret the salient features of 8085 microprocessor.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
Develop programming skills in assembly language using basic data transfer
instructions.

F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)

1. Operate Computer system(simulator)/trainer kit carefully with safety and
necessary precaution.
2. Follow precautionary measures.
3. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
4. Follow ethical practices.

pg. 61
G. Prerequisite Theory:
 The instruction LDA 2501H transfers the number from memory location
2501 H to the accumulator.
 CMA takes complement of the number.
 INR A takes 2’s complement.
 STA 2502 H stores the result in the memory location 2502H.
 RST 5 Set break point.
Programs given below are sample programs faculty can assign similar
programs with different logic to students)

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENT

2000 3A LDA 2501 H Get data in accumulator.
2001 01
2002 25
2003 2F CMA Take its 1’s complement.

2004 3C INR A Take 2’s Complement

2005 3A STA 2502 H Store result in 2502H

2006 02
2007 25
2008 EF RST 5 To set break point.

H. OBSERVATION AND RESULT:

Table I: Register/Memory Status

Reg/Mem 2501 H 2502H

Address
Data XX H XX
before
execution
Data After 96 H 6AH
Execution

I. Other Special Remarks for Results:

Data:
Content of memory location 2501H=96H
Result:
Content of memory location 2502H=6AH

pg. 62
J. Procedure:
To develop assembly language program we need to follow the following step
1.Divide the problem into small parts.
2.Write assembly language program.
3.Convert assembly language program in to machine language program.
4.Load the machine language program in to 8085 trainer kit and execute it.
5.Observe the result.
6.Note the values of the result in the observation table.

K. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity
No. /Components/Trainer kit
1. Hardware 8085 Microprocessor Trainer kit As per
Batch
2. Software Open Source 8085 Simulator Size
Android Cell: 8085 Simulator
Ultimate.

L. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

1. Handle computer system/Trainer Kit with care.
2. Check rules / syntax of assembly programming
3. Start and stop system with proper procedure.

M. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………
N. Practical related Quiz.
a. Two’s complement of 8-bit data E4 H is ________.
b. Function of Instruction INR A is
__________________________________________

O. References:
https://nptel.ac.in/courses/108105102
https://www.sim8085.com/
https://archive.nptel.ac.in/courses/108/105/108105102/

pg. 63
P. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. No. Criteria Maximum Marks
Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Skill for practical performance with safety 5
practises
3. Participation 5
4. Interpretation of result 5
5. Ethical conduct & team work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with date

pg. 64
 Date: ……………
Practical No.14: Design 1-kilobyte Memory Interface with 8085 microprocessor.

A. Objective: Interface a 1kB EPROM with microprocessor 8085. The address

allotted to 1 kB EPROM should be 2000H to 23FFH.

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
2. PO2: Problem Analysis
3. PO3: Design/ development of solution
4. PO4: Engineering Tools, Experimentation& Testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

This practical is expected to develop the following skills for the industry-
recognize competency: ‘Interface a 1kB EPROM with microprocessor 8085
1.Design 1-kilobyte Memory Interface with 8085 microprocessor.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

Apply knowledge of microprocessor and microcontroller in various
applications.
E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
Interface a 1kB EPROM with microprocessor 8085.
F. Expected Affective domain Outcome(ADos)
a. Follow precautionary measures.
b. Demonstrate working as a leader/ a team member.
c. Follow ethical practices
G. Prerequisite Theory:
The first step to solve this problem is to understand the pins of the given
memory chips.
Pin diagram of memory chips
RAM and ROM both have same pins, except for WR pin, which is present in
RAM and is not there in a ROM. Let us understand the pins one by one.

pg. 65
 Data pins: Since each memory location stores eight bits, there are eight
data lines D0-D7 connected to the memory chip.
 Address pins: The number of address pins depends on the size of the
memory. In this case, a memory of size 1 kB x 8 will have 210 different
memory locations. Hence, it will have ten address lines A0 to A9.
Similarly, the 2 kB RAM will have 211 different memory locations. So,
there are 11 address lines A0-A10.
 CS pin: When this pin is enabled, the memory chip knows that the
microprocessor is talking to it and responds to it accordingly. We need to
generate this signal for each of the chips according to the range of addresses
assigned to them. Basically, we select a chip only when it is needed. The
Chip Select (CS) pin is used for this.
 OE pin: When this active-low output enable pin is enabled, the memory
chip can output the data into the data bus.
 WR pin: Upon activation of this active-low memory write pin, data on the
data bus is written on the memory chip at the location specified by the
address bus.
 VCC and GND pins: These pins serve the purpose of powering the ICs.
For simplicity, we will not show these pins in the diagram.

There are three types of buses in 8085 – Address bus, data bus, and control
bus. Each of these buses will be connected to the memory chip.

Connecting Control Signals

In the memory chips, there are two pins for control signals – OE (Output
Enable) and WR (Memory Write). These will be connected to the control
signals generated using a 3 to 8 decoder. The circuit for generating
control signals is shown below.

Four control signals are generated when we input the WR, RD and IO/M
signals from the 8085 to the 3:8 decoder – IOR, IOW, MEMR and MEMW.

pg. 66
Since we are dealing with memory, we will just need MEMR and MEMW
signals.

While reading from a memory chip, it’s output should be enabled. So,
MEMR will be connected to the OE pin. Similarly, for writing to a memory
chip, MEMW will be connected to the WR pin of the RAM. After completing
these two connections, we are done with the control signals except CS. We
will deal with that in a bit.

Data Bus interfacing

There are eight lines comprising the data bus of both 8085 and the memory
chips. The interfacing of the data bus is the simplest part. We just connect
corresponding lines (D0-D7 from 8085) to the corresponding pins (D0-D7 of
the memory chip).

Address bus Interfacing

We have a 2kB RAM with 11 address lines. So, the first 11 lines of the
address bus of 8085 will be connected to the corresponding address lines of
the 2kB RAM. Similarly, the first 10 lines of the address bus of 8085 will be
connected to the corresponding lines of 1kB EPROM. The remaining address
lines will be used to generate the chip select (CS) signal.

Generating the chip select signal

This is a little tricky, but it’s the most important part of solving the problem.
Let us proceed step by step and build up an intuition of how to generate the
chip select signal for a memory of given size and given address range.

Let us tabulate the starting and ending address of the 1kB EPROM.

A15 is most significant, and A0 is the least significant bit. The address range
for placing the EPROM is from 2000H to 23FFH (as given in the question.)
Translating these to binary:

2000H = 0010 0000 0000 0000

23FFH = 0010 0011 1111 1111

Address bit number A15 A14 A13 A12 A11 A10 A9 A8 A7 A6 A5 A4 A3 A2 A1 A0

Starting address 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Ending Address 0 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1

From the above table, we can observe that ten bits from A0 to A9 are
changing. These ten bits are directly connected to the address lines of the
memory chip.

pg. 67
These ten bits take the value of either 0 or 1 to form addresses. The first
address is 00 0000 0000, and the second address is 00 0000 0001, the third is
00 0000 0010 and so on. The last address will be 11 1111 1111.

Meanwhile, bits A11 to A15 do not change and don’t have any effect on the
addressing process inside the memory chip. So, we can conclude that the
values of bits A15-A11 (0011 00) given in the above table are in a unique,
unchanging configuration for this memory chip. If even one of these bits
changes, the address won’t belong to this memory chip. So, we can use these
values of A15-A11 to uniquely identify this memory chip, which is exactly
what the CS signal is supposed to do.

We can say that when A15 = A14 = A11 = A10 = 0 and A13 = A12 = 1, then
our memory chip should be selected. Now, we need to design the logic to
generate the CS signal. The resulting Boolean equation of CS will be:

CS = Complement of (A15* . A14* . A13 . A12 . A11* . A10*)

This equation can be implemented using NAND Gate. The final chip select
logic for 1kB EPROM is illustrated below.

The final circuit

Since we now have the chip select logic and have decided all the connections,
it’s time to finalize the circuit. The entire external memory interfacing circuit
can be broken up into five different parts:

 8085 microprocessor
 DE multiplexing of address/data bus
 Generation of control signals
 Generation of chip select signals
 Memory chips

The images below show the final circuit with all the five parts listed above
integrated into a single circuit. Just the connections are shown in the first
diagram. In the diagram following it, different subsections of the circuit are
labelled.
pg. 68
 The above diagram summarizes the entire process of interfacing the external
memory with the 8085 microprocessor

H. Experimental set up/ Program Logic-Flow chart:

Faculty will demonstrate the 1KB Memory interfacing with 8085
microprocessor using chart or presentations.
I. Resources/Equipment Required

Sr.No. Instrument/Equipment
Specification Quantity
/Components/Trainer kit
1. Chart 1KB Memory interfacing 1 No.
with 8085 microprocessor.

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed:

a. Handle chart with care.

K. Conclusion:
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
……………………………………………………

pg. 69
L. Practical related Quiz.
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
…………………………………………………………………………………
………

M. References:
https://onlinecourses.nptel.ac.in/noc20_ee42/preview

N. Assessment-Rubrics

Sr. Criteria Maximum Marks

No. Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Explanation of conclusion 5
3. Participation 5
4. Student behaviour 5
5. Quality of term work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with Date

pg. 70
 Date: ……………
Practical No.15: Develop an application of PLC using Up-Down Counter.

A. Objective:
1. Study Counter timing diagram
2. Develop an application specific ladder program using counters

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs):

1. PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
2.. PO4: Engineering tools and experimentation and testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

Learn to develop, test & interpret the technical features and specifications of
PLC using Up-Down Counter.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

Maintain PLC and SCADA based system.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
Develop an application of PLC using Up-Down
Counter.

F. Expected Affective domain

Outcome(ADos)
a) Follow safety practices.
b) Work as a group member (while performing experiments and taking
readings)
c) Follow ethical practices.

G. Prerequisite Theory:
Counters are used to count number of objects or to count cycles of a typical
process. Consider an example of bottle filling plant, in that counter is used to
count number of bottles filled in a particular batch.
In counter instruction the accumulated value will increase only when it
completes the transition from open to close or vice versa. It doesn’t check how
long contact stay closed, it only looks for the transition. There are two basic
types of counter
1. Up-Counter (CTU)
2. Down-Counter (CTD)
In Up counter when contact change over takes place accumulator value
increments by one. While in down counter when changeover takes place
accumulator value decrements by one.
The instruction blocks of up counter and down counter are as shown below.

pg. 71
Count Up (CU) Bit: - The Count Up enable bit indicates the CTU instruction
is enabled. The data type used is Boolean indicated as BOOL.
Count Down (CD) Bit: -The Count Up enable bit indicates the CTD
instruction is enabled.
Done (DN) Bit: -The done bit changes state whenever the accumulated value
reaches the preset value. The data type used is Boolean indicated as BOOL.
Overflow (OV) Bit: -The overflow bit indicates the counter exceeded the
upper limit of 2, 147, 483, 647. The counter then roles over to -2, 147, 483,
648 and begins counting up again. The data type used is Boolean indicated as
BOOL.
Underflow (UN) Bit: -The underflow bit indicates that the counter exceeded
the lower limit of -2, 147, 483, 647. The counter then roles over to 2, 147, 483,
647 and begins counting down again. The data type used is Boolean indicated
as BOOL.
Preset (PRE) Bit: -It specifies the value which the accumulated value must
reach before the instruction sets the done bit. The data type used is Double
integer indicated as DINT.
Accumulator (ACC) Bit: -It specifies the number of transitions the instruction
has counted.
The following example, will illustrate the function of each bit of Up Counter
after downloading the ladder and putting the PLC in run mode
Here for every transition of start bit, counter accumulator value will be
increased by one and for every count lamp 1 will glow on. When accumulator
value becomes 5, lamp3 will glow on. To reset the counter and make
accumulator value zero, reset bit is used

pg. 72
.

pg. 73
 The following example can illustrate the function of each bit for Down
Counter.Here accumulator value of CTD is 9. For each transition of start bit
this value will be decremented by one. Whenever start bit becomes on, lamp1
will glow on. Lamp3 will remain on till accumulator Value becomes greater
than or equal to presetvalue.When it becomes less than preset then lamp3 will
glow off.
The Function Block Diagram, Timing diagrams, and ladder diagram solutions
are as per the available PLC(Rockwell Automation) .

H. Experimental set up:

The screen shot will appear as shown below for up counter.

In case of down counter the entire procedure will remain same. Only the number of
counts are to be entered in the accumulator tab. The preset value is zero. When the input
pg. 74
contact closes, the accumulator will go on decrementing, will reach to zero '0' value and
the status of done bit will change.
To reset the DN counter use “Reset” command so that the counter can be configured for
new counts without reloading the page. Please note the tag of the reset bit must be the
tag of counter.

I. Resources/Equipment Required

Sr. Instrument/Equipment Specification Quantity

No. /Components/Trainer kit
1. Virtual Lab PC with network availability/ As per resources
Android cell available

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

a. Handle computer system with care.
K. Procedure to be followed/Source code

1. Implement the counter using Simulator

2. The counter counts the pulses received at input. The pulses can be given by
toggling the input bit “ON” in this case.
3. The counter will keep on counting till it reaches the preset value set by the
user.
4. Once the accumulator is equal to preset the DN bit will be energised.
5. After this instant if next pulse is detected the accumulator will increment
without changing the status of DN bit.
6. To reset the counter use “Reset” command so that the counter can be
configured for new counts without reloading the Page.
7. Please note the tag of the reset bit must be the tag of counter e.g.“CTU”.
8. In case of down counter the entire procedure will remain same. Only the
number of counts are to be entered in the accumulator tab. The preset value
is zero. When the input contact closes, the accumulator will go on
decrementing, will reach to zero '0' value and the status of done bit will
change.

pg. 75
L. Conclusion:
…..................................................................................................................
.............................….....................................................................................
..........................................................
M. Practical related Quiz.
1. The term ‘PLC’ stands for:
a. Programmable logic controller
b. Programmable logic Centre
c. Process logic control
d. None of these
1. For an electromagnetic relay two types of contacts available are:
a. Nominal close and Nominal open
b. Nominal close and Partial open
c. Normally close and Normally open
d. All of these

2. Originally PLCs were designed to control:

a. Continuous processes
b. Batch Processes
c. Composite Processes
d. All of these

3. The term ‘analog’ refers to:

a. A signal which is continuously varying w.r.t time
b. A signal which is constant w.r.t time
c. A signal which is not varying w.r.t time
d. All of these

4. The word ‘CPU’ in microprocessor systems is:

a. Control Process and Use
b. Central Process and Use
c. Control Processing Unit
d. Central Processing Unit

N. References / Suggestions
1. https://plc-coep.vlabs.ac.in/exp/hardware-software-plc/simulation.html

pg. 76
 O. Assessment-Rubrics

Sr. No. Criteria Maximum Marks

Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Skill for practical performance with safety
5
practises
3. Participation 5
4. Interpretation of result 5
5. Ethical conduct & team work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with Date

pg. 77
 Date: ……………
Practical No.16: Study hardware and software associated with PLC.
A. Objective:
1. Learn the basics and hardware components of PLC
2. Understand configuration of PLC system
3. Study various building blocks of PLC

B. Expected Program Outcomes (POs)

1. PO1: Basic and Discipline specific knowledge
2.. PO4: Engineering tools and experimentation and testing

C. Expected Skills to be developed based on competency:

Learn to develop technical features of hardware and software associated with
PLC.

D. Expected Course Outcomes(Cos)

Maintain PLC and SCADA based system.

E. Practical Outcome(PRo)
Study hardware and software associated with PLC.

F. Expected Affective domain

Outcome(ADos)
a) Follow safety practices.
b) Work as a group member (while performing experiments and taking
readings)
c) Follow ethical practices.

G. Prerequisite Theory:
Controllers may consist of logical components and connections among them.
Depending on the current logical value of input, output is produced to change
the status of the system. PLC may realize such controllers. Today, the
command and feedback control systems of industrial automation systems are
realized by programmable logic controllers (PLCs). In order for PLCs to work
as controllers, they must be able to realize some functions. These functions are
basic and combinational logic operations such as AND, OR, AND-NOT, OR-
NOT, timer and counter operations. In addition to these, PLCs may have the
ability to realize several transfer, mathematical, and PID operations. PLC
consists of three main parts: CPU, memory and I/O units. CPU is the brain of
PLC. It reads the input values from inputs, runs the program existed in the
program memory and writes the output values to the output register. Memory is
used to store different types of information in the binary structure form. The
memory range of S7-200 is composed of three main parts as program,
parameter, and retentive data fields. I/O units provide communication between
PLC control systems.

pg. 78
The screen shot will appear as shown below.

pg. 79
H. Experimental set up :
The screen shot will appear as shown below.

I. Resources/Equipment Required
Sr. Instrument/Equipment/Com Specification Quantity
No. ponents/Trainer kit
1. Virtual Lab PC with network availability/ As per resources
Android cell available

J. Safety and necessary Precautions followed

a. Handle computer system with care.

K. Procedure to be followed/Source code

1. Once you open the simulator, at the left side you will see the library of
nomenclature and symbols.
2. You have to classify the symbols in the various categories as AI, AO,DI and
DO.
3. Left click on the nomenclature and symbols one by one and drag it to the
right side (Workspace) to build the architecture of the PLC.

pg. 80
L. Conclusion:
…..........................................................................................................................
.....................….....................................................................................................
..........................................
M. Practical related Quiz.
1. The term ‘PLC’ stands for:
e. Programmable logic controller
f. Programmable logic Centre
g. Process logic control
h. None of these
2. For an electromagnetic relay two types of contacts available are:
e. Nominal close and Nominal open
f. Nominal close and Partial open
g. Normally close and Normally open
h. All of these
3. Originally PLCs were designed to control:
e. Continuous processes
f. Batch Processes
g. Composite Processes
h. All of these
4. The term ‘analog’ refers to:
e. A signal which is continuously varying w.r.t time
f. A signal which is constant w.r.t time
g. A signal which is not varying w.r.t time
h. All of these

N. References / Suggestions
3. https://plc-coep.vlabs.ac.in/exp/hardware-software-plc/simulation.html

O. Assessment-Rubrics
Sr. No. Criteria Maximum Marks
Marks obtained
1. Understanding of concept 5
2. Skill for practical performance with safety
5
practises
3. Participation 5
4. Interpretation of result 5
5. Ethical conduct & team work 5
Total marks 25

Sign with Date

pg. 81
Note:In all above programming experiments Students should write
their own program in below formats.
Program:

ADDRESS OPCODE LABEL MNEMONICS COMMENT

pg. 82
OBSERVATION AND RESULT:

a. Table I: Register/Memory Status

Reg/Mem
Address
Databefor
e execution
DataAfter
Execution

b. Other Special Remarksfor Results:

DATA:

Result:

Sign of faculty

pg. 83
 Diploma Electrical Engineering
Lab Manual
Subject : Microprocessor & Controller
Applications(4360902)
Semester: 6th
Prepared by:
Sr. Name of Expert Contact No. Email_Id Institute Name
No.
1 DIPA J. 6352400310 dipakapupara.ee@gmail.com A. V. Parekh
KAPUPARA Technical Institute,
Lecturer in Rajkot
Electrical Engg
2 DHARA V. 9429215260 dharasodha18@yahoo.com Government
SODHA Polytechnic,
Lecturer in Junagadh
Electrical Engg
3 ASHOKKUMAR 9328522545 parmarashok2002hod@gmail.com B & B Institute of
PARMAR Technology,V V
Head of Nagar
Electrical Engg
4 J M Patel 9825719595 jasminp@gmail.com S.S.GANDHI-
Lecturer SURAT
in Electrical
Engg.

pg. 84
 OPCODES TABLE OF INTEL 8085

Opcodes of Intel 8085 in Alphabetical Order

Sr. No. Mnemonics, Operand Opcode Bytes

1. ACI Data CE 2
2. ADC A 8F 1
3. ADC B 88 1
4. ADC C 89 1
5. ADC D 8A 1
6. ADC E 8B 1
7. ADC H 8C 1
8. ADC L 8D 1
9. ADC M 8E 1
10. ADD A 87 1
11. ADD B 80 1
12. ADD C 81 1
13. ADD D 82 1
14. ADD E 83 1
15. ADD H 84 1
16. ADD L 85 1
17. ADD M 86 1
18. ADI Data C6 2
19. ANA A A7 1
20. ANA B A0 1
21. ANA C A1 1
22. ANA D A2 1
23. ANA E A3 1
24. ANA H A4 1
25. ANA L A5 1
26. ANA M A6 1
27. ANI Data E6 2
28. CALL Label CD 3
29. CC Label DC 3
30. CM Label FC 3
31. CMA 2F 1
32. CMC 3F 1
33. CMP A BF 1
34. CMP B B8 1
35. CMP C B9 1
36. CMP D BA 1
37. CMP E BB 1
38. CMP H BC 1
39. CMP L BD 1
40. CMP M BD 1
41. CNC Label D4 3
42. CNZ Label C4 3

pg. 85
Sr. No. Mnemonics, Operand Opcode Bytes
43. CP Label F4 3
44. CPE Label EC 3
45. CPI Data FE 2
46. CPO Label E4 3
47. CZ Label CC 3
48. DAA 27 1
49. DAD B 09 1
50. DAD D 19 1
51. DAD H 29 1
52. DAD SP 39 1
53. DCR A 3D 1
54. DCR B 05 1
55. DCR C 0D 1
56. DCR D 15 1
57. DCR E 1D 1
58. DCR H 25 1
59. DCR L 2D 1
60. DCR M 35 1
61. DCX B 0B 1
62. DCX D 1B 1
63. DCX H 2B 1
64. DCX SP 3B 1
65. DI F3 1
66. EI FB 1
67. HLT 76 1
68. IN Port-address DB 2
69. INR A 3C 1
70. INR B 04 1
71. INR C 0C 1
72. INR D 14 1
73. INR E 1C 1
74. INR H 24 1
75. INR L 2C 1
76. INR M 34 1
77. INX B 03 1
78. INX D 13 1
79. INX H 23 1
80. INX SP 33 1
81. JC Label DA 3
82. JM Label FA 3
83. JMP Label C3 3
84. JNC Label D2 3
85. JNZ Label C2 3
86. JP Label F2 3
87. JPE Label EA 3
88. JPO Label E2 3
89. JZ Label CA 3
pg. 86
Sr. No. Mnemonics, Operand Opcode Bytes
90. LDA Address 3A 3
91. LDAX B 0A 1
92. LDAX D 1A 1
93. LHLD Address 2A 3
94. LXI B 01 3
95. LXI D 11 3
96. LXI H 21 3
97. LXI SP 31 3
98. MOV A, A 7F 1
99. MOV A, B 78 1
100. MOV A, C 79 1
101. MOV A, D 7A 1
102. MOV A, E 7B 1
103. MOV A, H 7C 1
104. MOV A, L 7D 1
105. MOV A, M 7E 1
106. MOV B, A 47 1
107. MOV B, B 40 1
108. MOV B, C 41 1
109. MOV B, D 42 1
110. MOV B, E 43 1
111. MOV B, H 44 1
112. MOV B, L 45 1
113. MOV B, M 46 1
114. MOV C, A 4F 1
115. MOV C, B 48 1
116. MOV C, C 49 1
117. MOV C, D 4A 1
118. MOV C, E 4B 1
119. MOV C, H 4C 1
120. MOV C, L 4D 1
121. MOV C, M 4E 1
122. MOV D, A 57 1
123. MOV D, B 50 1
124. MOV D, C 51 1
125. MOV D, D 52 1
126. MOV D, E 53 1
127. MOV D, H 54 1
128. MOV D, L 55 1
129. MOV D, M 56 1
130. MOV E, A 5F 1
131. MOV E, B 58 1
132. MOV E, C 59 1
133. MOV E, D 5A 1
134. MOV E, E 5B 1
135. MOV E, H 5C 1
136. MOV E, L 5D 1
pg. 87
Sr. No. Mnemonics, Operand Opcode Bytes
137. MOV E, M 5E 1
138. MOV H, A 67 1
139. MOV H, B 60 1
140. MOV H, C 61 1
141. MOV H, D 62 1
142. MOV H, E 63 1
143. MOV H, H 64 1
144. MOV H, L 65 1
145. MOV H, M 66 1
146. MOV L, A 6F 1
147. MOV L, B 68 1
148. MOV L, C 69 1
149. MOV L, D 6A 1
150. MOV L, E 6B 1
151. MOV L, H 6C 1
152. MOV L, L 6D 1
153. MOV L, M 6E 1
154. MOV M, A 77 1
155. MOV M, B 70 1
156. MOV M, C 71 1
157. MOV M, D 72 1
158. MOV M, E 73 1
159. MOV M, H 74 1
160. MOV M, L 75 1
161. MVI A, Data 3E 2
162. MVI B, Data 06 2
163. MVI C, Data 0E 2
164. MVI D, Data 16 2
165. MVI E, Data 1E 2
166. MVI H, Data 26 2
167. MVI L, Data 2E 2
168. MVI M, Data 36 2
169. NOP 00 1
170. ORA A B7 1
171. ORA B B0 1
172. ORA C B1 1
173. ORA D B2 1
174. ORA E B3 1
175. ORA H B4 1
176. ORA L B5 1
177. ORA M B6 1
178. ORI Data F6 2
179. OUT Port-Address D3 2
180. PCHL E9 1
181. POP B C1 1
182. POP D D1 1
183. POP H E1 1
pg. 88
Sr. No. Mnemonics, Operand Opcode Bytes
184. POP PSW F1 1
185. PUSH B C5 1
186. PUSH D D5 1
187. PUSH H E5 1
188. PUSH PSW F5 1
189. RAL 17 1
190. RAR 1F 1
191. RC D8 1
192. RET C9 1
193. RIM 20 1
194. RLC 07 1
195. RM F8 1
196. RNC D0 1
197. RNZ C0 1
198. RP F0 1
199. RPE E8 1
200. RPO E0 1
201. RRC 0F 1
202. RST 0 C7 1
203. RST 1 CF 1
204. RST 2 D7 1
205. RST 3 DF 1
206. RST 4 E7 1
207. RST 5 EF 1
208. RST 6 F7 1
209. RST 7 FF 1
210. RZ C8 1
211. SBB A 9F 1
212. SBB B 98 1
213. SBB C 99 1
214. SBB D 9A 1
215. SBB E 9B 1
216. SBB H 9C 1
217. SBB L 9D 1
218. SBB M 9E 1
219. SBI Data DE 2
220. SHLD Address 22 3
221. SIM 30 1
222. SPHL F9 1
223. STA Address 32 3
224. STAX B 02 1
225. STAX D 12 1
226. STC 37 1
227. SUB A 97 1
228. SUB B 90 1
229. SUB C 91 1
230. SUB D 92 1
pg. 89
Sr. No. Mnemonics, Operand Opcode Bytes
231. SUB E 93 1
232. SUB H 94 1
233. SUB L 95 1
234. SUB M 96 1
235. SUI Data D6 2
236. XCHG EB 1
237. XRA A AF 1
238. XRA B A8 1
239. XRA C A9 1
240. XRA D AA 1
241. XRA E AB 1
242. XRA H AC 1
243. XRA L AD 1
244. XRA M AE 1
245. XRI Data EE 2
246. XTHL E3 1

pg. 90