SOLUTIONS

1. Give one example of solution having gas as solute & gas as solvent.
2. Give one example of solution having liquid as solute & gas as solvent
3. Give one example of solution having solid as solute & gas as solvent.
4. Give one example of solution having gas as solute & liquid as solvent.
5. Give one example of solution having liquid as solute & liquid as solvent
6. Give one example of solution having solid as solute & liquid as solvent.
7. Give one example of solution having gas as solute & solid as solvent.
8. Give one example of solution having liquid as solute & solid as solvent
9. Give one example of solution having solid as solute & solid as solvent
10. Amongst the following compounds, identify which are insoluble, partially soluble and highly
soluble in water?(i) phenol (ii) toluene (iii) formic acid(iv) ethylene glycol (v) chloroform (vi)
Pentanol.
11. Suggest the most important type of intermolecular attractive interaction in the following pairs.
(i) n-hexane and n-octane(ii) I2 and CCl4(iii) NaClO4 and water(iv) methanol and acetone
(v) Acetonitrile (CH3CN) and acetone (C3H6O).
12. Based on solute-solvent interactions, arrange the following in order of increasing solubility in n-
octane and explain. Cyclohexane, KCl, CH3OH, CH3CN.
13. Define: Molality, Molarity, Mass percentage, Volume percentage, Parts per million (ppm), Mole
fraction. Write their formulas also.
14. Which out of the Molality & Molarity is better way to express the concentration of solution and
why?
15. How does a change in temperature influence values of molarity and molality.
16. Concentration terms such as mass percentage, ppm, mole fraction and molality are
independent of temperature, however molarity is a function of temperature.Explain.
17. Under what conditions molarity and molality of a solution nearly the same.
18. A solution is heated from 25oC to 50oC.Will its molarity be same less or more. Comment.
19. What is the sum of the mole fractions of all the components in a three component system?
20. State Henry law with its mathematical expressions. Explain the significance of Henry’s law
constant. At same temperature, hydrogen is more soluble in water than helium .Which will
have larger value of KH
21. What is the significance of Henry’s Law constant KH?
22. Mention some of important applications Henry law.
23. Why do gases always tend to be less soluble in liquids as the temperature is raised?
24. What is the effect of rise in temperature on solubility of a gas?
25. Why do aquatic species remain more comfortable in lakes in winters than in summers?
26. Explain the following phenomena with the help of Henry’s law.(i) Painful condition known as
bends. (ii) Feeling of weakness and discomfort in breathing at high altitude.
27. Why soda water bottle kept at room temperature fizzes on opening?
28. State Raoults law for a solution of volatile liquids .Give its mathematical relationship.
29. How is the vapour pressure of a solvent affected when a non volatile solute is dissolved in it.
30. Why is vapour pressure of a solution of glucose in water lower than that of Water?
31. What is an ideal solution? What type of solutions are likely to behave as ideal solutions? Draw
the plot of vapour pressure and mole fraction of an ideal solution at constant temperature.
32. Explain along with diagrams the conditions for the Non ideal solutions exhibiting Positive
deviations. Write some examples of Non ideal solutions exhibiting Positive deviations.
33. Explain along with diagrams the conditions for the Non ideal solutions exhibiting Negative
deviations. Write some examples of Non ideal solutions exhibiting Negative deviations
34. Draw a diagram to iilustrate the relationship between vapour pressure and mole fraction of a
components in a solution to represent negative deviation.
35. What role does the molecular interaction play in solution of alcohol and water?
36. When X and Y are mixed the solution becomes warmer and Y and Z are mixed the solution
becomes cooler? Which of these solutions will exhibit positive deviation and solutions will
exhibit negative deviation?
37. What type of non idealities are exhibited by cyclohexane –ethanol and acetone-chloroform
mixtures? Give reasons for your answer.
38. Why a mixture of carbondisulphide and acetone shows positive deviation from Raoults law?
What type of azeotropic mixture will be formed by this solution.
39. What are Azeotropes? Give one example each of minimum boiling and maximum boiling
azeotropes.
40. In non ideal solution what type of deviation shows the formation of maximum boiling
azeotrope.
41. In non ideal solution what type of deviation shows the formation of mimimum boiling
azeotrope.
42. Components of a binary mixture of two liquids A and B were being separatedby distillation.
After some time separation of components stopped and composition of vapour phase became
same as that of liquid phase. Both the components started coming in the distillate. Explain why
this happened.
43. What general name is given to binary mixtures which show deviation from Raoult’slaw and
whose components cannot be separated by fractional distillation. How many types of such
mixtures are there?
44. Acetone (bp329K) and carbon disulphide (bp320K) are mixed in a definite composition so that
the mixture of two behaves like pure liquid and boils at 312 what name can be given to such a
mixture?
45. 10cc of a liquid A is mixed with 10 cc of liquid B.The volume of resulting solution was found to
be 19.9cc.what do you conclude.
46. What type of azeotropic mixture will be formed by the solution of acetone-chloroform
mixtures?Justify on the basis of strength of intermolecular interactions that develop in the
solution.
47. Define colligative properties.
48. Show that Relative Lowering of vapour pressure is a colligative property.
49. Why does a solution containing no volatile solute have higher boiling point than pure solvent.
Show that Elevation of boiling point is a colligative property
50. How will you determine the molecular mass of a non volatile substance by study of Elevation of
boiling point of a solution?
51. Out of 1M glucose and 2M glucose which one has a higher boiling point and why.
52. What is molal elevation constant? What are its units? How is it related to enthalpy of
vaporization of solvent?
53. Why common salt is added to water used for boiling eggs to get hard boiled eggs?
54. 10 g of sucrose and 10 g of glucose are dissolved in same volume of water to prepare two
solutions X and Y .will they have same or different boiling points?
55. Show that depression of freezing point is a colligative property.
56. How will you determine the molecular mass of a non volatile substance by study of depression
of freezing point of a solution.
57. An aqueous solution of sodium chloride freezes below 273 K.Expalin the lowering in freezing
point of water with the help of a suitable diagram.
 58. What is molal depression constant? What are its units? How is it related to enthalpy of fusion
of solvent?
59. How does sprinkling of salt help in clearing the snow covered roads in hilly areas? Explain the
phenomenon involved in the process.
60. What are antifreeze solutions? Which substance is commonly used as antifreeze?
61. What is osmotic pressure? Show that it is a colligative property.
62. Define (i)Semi permeable membrane(ii) osmosis (iii) isotonic (iv) Hypertonic (v) Hypotonic
solution.
63. What is edema.
64. What is reverse osmosis? Give its application.
65. When kept in water, raisin swells in size. Name and explain the phenomenon involved with the
help of a diagram. Give three applications of the phenomenon.
66. Discuss biological and industrial importance of osmosis.
67. How can you remove the hard calcium carbonate layer of the egg without damaging its
semiprermiable membrane? Can this egg be inserted into a bottle with a narrow neck without
distorting its shape? Explain the process involved
68. Give an example of a material used for making semipermeable membrane for carrying out
reverse osmosis
69. What care is generally taken during intravenous injection and why?
70. What happens when the external pressure applied becomes more than the osmotic pressure of
the solution.
71. How will you determine the molecular mass of a substance by study of osmotic pressure
72. Measurement of osmotic pressure method is preferred for the determination of molecular
masses of macromolecules such as proteins and polymers.Give two reasons.
73. What will happen if RBC are placed in (i)0.5% NaCl Solution (ii)1% NaCl Solution?
74. What happens when we place the blood cell in water (hypertonic solution).Give reason.
75. Give reason :
a) A raw mango placed in concentrated salt solution shrivels into pickle.
b) Wilted flowers revive when placed in fresh water.
c) A carrot that has become limp placed into the water making it firm once again.
d) Water movement from soil into plant roots and subsequently into upper portion of the
plant
e) The preservation of meat by salting and of fruits by adding sugar protects against
bacterial action.

76. Calculate the molarity of a solution containing 5 g of NaOH in 450ml solution.

77. Concentrated nitric acid used in the laboratory work is 68% nitric acid by mass in aqueous
solution. What should be the molarity of such a sample of the acid if the density of the solution is
1.504 g/ml?
78. Calculate the amount of benzoic acid required for preparing 250 ml of 0.15M solution in
methanol.
79. Calculate molality of 2.5g of ethanoic acid (CH3COOH) in 75g of benzene.
80. Calculate the mass of urea (NH2CONH2) required in making 2.5 Kg of 0.25 molal of aqueous
solution.
81. Calculate the molarity of each of the following solutions :( a) 30g of Co(NO 3)2.6H2O in 4.3L of
solution (b) 30ml of 0.5H2SO4 diluted to 500ml.
82. An antifreeze solution is prepared from 222.6g of ethylene glycol. C 2H4 (OH) 2 and 200g of water.
Calculate molality of solution. If the density of the solution is 1.072 g/ml then what shall be the
molarity of the solution?
83. Calculate Molality, Molarity & Mole fraction of KI if the density of 20 %( mass/mass) aqueous KI is
1.202g/ml.
84. A solution of glucose in water is labelled as 10% w/w. What should be the molality and mole
fraction of each component in the solution? If the density of solution is 1.2g/ml, then what shall
be the molarity of the solution?
85. If the density of some lake water is 1.25 g/ml and contains 92g of Na + ions per Kg of water,
calculate the molality and molarity of Na+ ions in the lake.
86. Calculate the mole fraction of ethylene glycol. C2H4 (OH) 2 in a solution containing 20% of ethylene
glycol. C2H4 (OH) 2 by mass.
87. Calculate the mole fraction of benzene in solution containing 30% by mass in carbon tetrachloride
(CCl4).
88. A sample of drinking water was found to be contaminated with chloroform (CHCl 3) supposed to be
carcinogen. The level of contamination was 15ppm (By mass). (i) Express this in percent by mass.
(ii)determine the molality of chloroform in the water sample.
89.
Calculate the mass percentage of aspirin (C 9H8O4) in acetonitrile (CH3CN)when 6.5g of (C9H8O4) in
dissolved in 450g of (CH3CN).
90.
Calculate the mass percentage of benzene (C 6H6) and carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)if 22g of benzene
is dissolved in 122g of carbon tetrachloride (CCl4).
91.
Calculate the percentage composition in terms of mass of a solution obtained by mixing 300g of a
25% and 400g of 40% solution by mass
92.
If the solubility product of CuS is 6 X 10-16, calculate the maximum molarity of CuS in aqueous
solution.
93.
Nalorphene (C19H21NO3), similar to morphine is used to combat withdrawal symptoms in narcotic
users .Dose of Nalorphene, generally is 1.5 mg.Calculate the mass of 1.5 X 10-3 molal aqI.
94.
If N2 gas is bubbled through water at 298 K, how many millimoles of N 2 gas would dissolve in 1
litre of water .Assume that N2 exerts a partial pressure of 0.987 bar . Henry’s law constant for N2
at 293K is 76.48 bar.
95.
H2S a toxic gas with rotten egg like smell is used for the qualitative analysis. If the solubility of H 2S
in water at STP is 0.195m, calculate Henry’s law constant
96.
Henry’s law constant for CO2 in water is 1.67x 108Pa at 298 K .calculate the quantity of CO 2 in
500ml of soda water when packed under 2.5 atm CO2 pressure at 298 K.
97.
The partial pressure of ethane over a solution containing 6.56 x 10 -3 g of ethane is 1 bar. If the
solution contains 5.00 x 10-2 g of ethane, then what shall be the partial pressure of the gas?
98.
Henry’s law constant for the molality of methane in benzene at 298 K is 4.27 × 105 mm Hg.
Calculate the solubility of methane in benzene at 298 K under 760 mm Hg.
99.
Vapour pressure of chloroform (CHCl3) and dichloroform (CH2Cl2) at 298 K are 200 mm Hg and 415
mm Hg respectively. (i) Calculate the vapour pressure of the solution prepared by mixing 25.5 g of
CHCl3 and 40.0 g of CH2Cl2 at 298 K and (ii) mole fractions of each component in vapour phase.
100.
The vapour pressure of pure liquids A and B are 450 and 700 mm Hg respectively at 350 K .Find
out the composition of the liquid mixture if total vapour pressure is 600 mm Hg .Also find the
composition of the vapour phase.
101.
Heptane and Octane form ideal solution .At 373 K, the vapour pressures of the two liquid
components are 105.2kPa and 46.8kPa respectively. What will be the vapour pressure, in bar of a
mixture of 25.0g heptane and 35.0g of octane?
102.
Benzene and toluene (C7H8)from ideal solution over entire range of composition .The vapour
pressure of pure benzene and toluene at 300K are 50.71mmHg and 32.06 mmHg respectively
.Calculate mol fraction of benzene in vapour phase if 80 g of benzene is mixed with 100 g toluene.
103.
100 g of liquid A(molar mass 140g/mol) was dissolved in 1000g of liquid B(molar mass
180g/mol)the vapour pressure of pure B was found to be 500 torr.Calculate the vapour pressure
 of pure A and its vapour pressure in solution if total vapour pressure of a solution is recorded as
475 torr.
104.
Vapour pressure of water at 293K is 17.535 mm Hg .calculate vapour pressure of water at 293 K
when 25 g of glucose is dissolved in 450 g of water.
105.
A solution is prepared by dissolving 10 g of non volatile solute in 200 g of water .It has a
vapour pressure of 31.84 mm of Hg at 308 K.Calculate the molar mass of the solute.(Vapour
pressure of pure water at 308K is 32 mm of Hg.)
106.
At 250C the saturated vapour pressure of water is 3.165 k Pa (23.75 mm Hg).Find the saturated
vapour pressure of a 5% aqueous solution of urea at same temperature.(molar mass of urea
=60.05 g/mol)
107.
The vapour pressure of pure benzene at a certain temperature is 0.850 bar. A non volatile, non
electrolyte solid weighing 0.5 g when added to 39.0 g benzene (molar mass 78g/mol).vapour
pressure of the solution ,then is 0.845 bar. what is the molar mass of the solid substance?
108.
Calculate the mass of a nonvolatile solute (molecular mass = 40) which should be dissolved in
114g octane to reduce its vapour pressure to 80%.
109.
A solution containing 30g of non-volatile solute exactly in 90g water has a vapour pressure of
2.8 kPa at 298K. Further 18g of water is then added to solution, the new vapour pressure
becomes 2.9kpa at 298 K.Calculate (a) Molecular mass of solute (b) Vapour pressure of water at
298K
110.
An aqueous solution of 2% nonvolatile solute exerts a pressure of 1.004 bar at the boiling
point of the solvent .what is the molecular mass of the solute? (Vapour pressure of pure water
=1atm=1.013 bar)
111.
Vapour pressure of pure water at 298 K is 23.8 mmHg .50 g of urea (NH2CONH2)is dissolved in
850 g of water .calculate the vapour pressure of water for this solution and its relative lowering.
112.
The vapour pressure of water is 12.3 kPa at 300 K. Calculate vapour pressure of 1 molal
solution of a non-volatile solute in it.
113.
18 g glucose C6H12O6 is dissolved in 1 kg of water in a saucepan. At what temperature will
solution boil? Kb for water is 0.512 KKgmol-1.
114.
Find the boiling point of a solution containing 0.520 g of glucose dissolved in 80.2 g of water.
Kb for water is 0.52 KKgmol-1.
115.
A solution of glycerol(C3H8O3) in water was prepared by dissolving some glycerol in 500 g of water.
This solution has a boiling point of 100.42°C. What mass of glycerol was dissolved to make this
solution? (Kb for water = 0.512 K kg mol–1)
116.
The boiling point of benzene is 353.23K.when 1.80 g of a non volatile solute was dissolved in 90
g of benzene, the boiling point is raised to 354.11K.Calculate the molar mass of the solute? K b for
benzene is 2.53 KKgmol-1.
117.
Boiling point of water at 750 mmHg is 99.63 0C.How much sucrose is to added to 500 g water such
that it boils at 100o C.
118.
What would be the molar mass of a compound if 6.21 g of its dissolved in 24 g of chloroform to
form a solution that has a boiling point of 68.04 oC .The boiling point of pure chloroform is 61.7oC
and Kb for chloroform is 3.63 oC /m.
119.
A solution of 3.800 g of sulphur in 100 g of CS2 (boiling point = 46.30° C) boils at 46.66° C. What
is the formula of sulphur molecule in this solution ? (Atomic mass of sulphur = 32 g mol-1 and
Kb for CS2 = 2.40 K kg mol-1)
120.
A solution prepared by dissolving 1.25g of oil of wintergreen in 99.0g of benzene has a boiling
point of 80.310C .Determine the molar mass of this compound(B.P. of pure benzene = 80.10 0C and
Kb for benzene is 2.53 KKgmol-1..)
121.
1.00 g of non-electrolyte solute is dissolved in 50 g of benzene lowered the freezing point of
benzene by 0.40K.The freezing point depression constant of benzene is 5.12KKgmol -1 .Find the
molar mass of the solute.
122.
45g of ethylene glycol (C2H6O2)is mixed with 600g of water .calculate(a)Freezing point depression
(b)Freezing point of the solution. Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1
123.
Calculate the mass of ascorbic acid (C6H8O6) to be dissolved in 75g of acetic acid to lower its
melting point by 1.5oC. Kf for acetic acid = 3.9 K kg mol-1
124.
A solution containing 2.56 gm of sulphur in 100 g of carbon disulphide gave a freezing point
lowering of 0.383 K .Calculate the molecular formulae of Sulphur [ k f of carbon disulphide = 3.83 K
kg/mol Atomic mass of S =32 amu]
125.
15g of an unknown molecular substance was dissolved in 450g of water.The resulting solution
freezes at -0.340C.What is the molar mass of the substance.
126.
What mass of ethylene glycol(molar mass =62) must be added to 5.50kg of water to lower the
freezing point from 00C to -100C?( Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1
127.
Two elements A & B form compounds having molecular formula AB2 & AB4. When dissolved in
20g of C6H6, 1g AB2 lowers the freezing point by 2.3 & 1.0g AB 4 lowers it by 1.3K.The molar
depression constant for benzene is 5.1Kg mol-1. Calculate atomic mass A & B.
128.
A 5% solution (by mass) of cane sugar in water has freezing point of 271.15 K. calculate the
freezing point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of water is 273.15 K.
129.
A 4% solution (by mass) of sucrose in water has freezing point of 271 K. calculate the freezing
point of 5% glucose in water if freezing point of water is 273.15 K.
130.
Calculate the temperature at which a solution containing 54g of glucose in 250g of water will
freeze. Kf for water is 1.86 KKgmol-1.)
131.
In a solution of urea, 3.0 g of its is dissolved in 100 ml of water. What will be the freezing point
of this solution ? State the approximation made if any. [Kf for water = 1.86 K kg mol-1, molar
mass of Urea = 60 g mol-1]
132.
Some ethylene glycol (C2H6O2) is added to your cars cooling system along with 5 kg of
o
water.If the freezing point water-glycerol is -15 C ,what is the boiling point of the solution?
(Kf=1.86 K kg mol-1 & Kb=0.52 K kg mol-1 for water)
133.
200 cm3 of an aqueous solution of a protein contains 1.26 g of the protein .The osmotic
pressure of such a solution at 300K is found to be2.57x10-3bar.calculate the molar mass of the
protein .
134.
10.0 gm of an organic substance when dissolved in 2 litres of water gave an osmotic pressure of
0.60 atm. at 27 0C Calculate the molecular mass of substance.
135.
Calculate the osmotic pressure in Pascals exerted by a solution prepared by dissolving 1.0 g of
polymer of molar mass 185,000 in 450ml of water at 37oC.
136.
At 300 k, 36g of glucose present per litre in its solution has an osmotic pressure of 4.98 bar. If the
osmotic pressure of solution is 1.52 bars at the same temperature, what would be the
concentration?
137.
A 5 % solution of canesugar is isotonic with 0.877% of substance X.Find the molecular weight of
X.
138.
100 mg of a protein is dissolved in enough water to make 10ml of a solution. If this solution has
an osomotic pressure of 13.3 mm Hg at 250C,what is the molar mass of protein?
(R=0.0821Latmmol-1K-1 and 760mmHg=1atm)
139.
A solution prepared by dissolving 8.95mg of a gene fragment in 35.0ml of water has an osmotic
pressure of 0.335 torr at 250C .Calculate its molar mass.
 ECTROCHEMISTRY
1. Define Electrochemical cell.What happens when applied external opposite potential becomes
greater than Eocell of electrochemical cell.
2. Explain the working of the galvanic cell by taking an example.
3. Explain the function of the salt bridge.
4. Which reference electrode is used to measure the electrode potential of other electrodes?
5. Write the Nernst equation for the cell reaction in the Daniel cell. How will the ECell be affected
when concentration of Zn2+ ions is increased?
6. Consider a cell given belowCu|Cu2+|| Cl—|Cl2,Pt Write the reactions that occur at anode and
cathode
7. A galvanic cell has electrical potential of 1.1V. If an opposing potential of 1.1Vis applied to this
cell, what will happen to the cell reaction and current flowing through the cell?
8. Write the Nernst equation and emf of the following cells at 298K:
a) Mg(s)/Mg2+(0.001M)//Cu2+(0.0001)/Cu(s); EoCu2+/Cu = +0.34V, EoMg2+/Mg = -2.36
b) Fe(s)/Fe2+(0.001M)//H+(1M)/H2(g)/Pt(s) EoFe2+/Fe= -0.44 V
c) Zn/Zn2+(0.1M)//Cd2+(0.01)/Cd; EoZn2+/Zn = -0.76V , EoCd2+/Cd = -0.40V
d) Cu/Cu2+(2M)//Ag+(0.05M)/Ag ; EoCu2+/Cu = +0.34V , EoAg+/Ag = + 0.80V
e) Mg(s)/Mg2+(10-3M)//Cu2+(10-4M)/Cu(s); EoCu2+/Cu = +0.34V, EoMg2+/Mg = -2.36
f) Zn/Zn2+(2M)//Cu2+(0.5M)/Cu; EoZn2+/Zn = -0.76V , EoCu2+/Cu = 0.34V
g) Sn/Sn2+(0.050M)//H+(0.020M)/H2(g)/Pt(s) EoSn2+/Sn= - 0.14V
h) Sn/Sn2+(0.04M)//H+(0.02M)/H2(g)/Pt(s) EoSn2+/Sn= - 0.14V
i) Pt(s)/Br2(l)/Br-(0.010)// H+(0.030M)/H2(g)/Pt(s)
9. Calculate the emf of the cell at 25oC for the following :
a) Mg(s) + 2Ag+(0.0001M) Mg+2(0.130M) + 2Ag(s). if Eocell =3.17V.
b) Ni(s) + 2Ag+ (0.002M) Ni+2(0.160M) + 2Ag(s),Given Eocell =1.05 V
c) 2Cr(s) + 3Fe2+(0.1M)  2Cr3+(0.01M) + 3Fe(s) EoCr3+/Cr= - 0.74V , EoFe2+/fe= - 0.44V
10. The emf of the cell Zn/Zn2+(0.1M)//Cd2+(M1)/Cd has been found to be 0.3035 V at 298K.Calculate
the value of M1. EoZn2+/Zn = -0.76V, EoCd2+/Cd = - 0.40V.
11. Calculate the potential for half cell containing .10M K2Cr2O7(aq),0.20MCr3+(aq) and 1.0x 10-4 H+
(aq) ,The half cell reaction is Cr2O72-(aq) + 14 H+ (aq) + 6e- 2Cr3+(aq) + 7H2O(l) and the Standard
cell potential E0cell = 1.33V
12. How would you determine the standard electrode potential of the system Mg2+|Mg?
13. Calculate the potential of hydrogen electrode in contact with a solution whose pH is 10.
14. A Zinc rod is dipped in 0.1M solution of ZnSO4.The salt is 95% dissociated at this dilution at
298K.Calculate the electrode potential.
15. Using the Eo values of X & Y predict which is better for coating the surface of iron to prevent rust
and why? EoFe2+/Fe = -0.44V, EoX2+/x = -2.36V, EoY2+/Y = -0.14V
16. Calculate the emf of the cell . The following chemical reaction is occurring in an electrochemical
cell. Mg(s) +2Ag+ (0.0001 M) Mg2+(0.10M) + 2 Ag(s) The electrode values
are Mg / Mg = – 2. 36 V Ag+ / Ag = 0.81 V. For this cell calculate / write (a) (i) E0 value for the
2+

electrode 2 Ag+ / Ag (ii) Standard cell potential E0cell. (b) Cell potential (E)cell (c) (i) Symbolic
representation of the above cell. (ii) Will the above cell reaction be spontaneous?
17. A voltaic cell is constructed at 25oC with the following half cell Ag+(0.001M)/Ag and Cu+2
(0.01M)/Cu what would be the voltage of this cell? Given EoAg+/Ag = + 0.80V, EoCu2+/Cu = +0.34V).
18. A Copper –silver is set up.The copper ion concentration in its is 0.10M.The concentration of silver
is not known.The cell potential measured 0.422V.Determine the concentration of silver ion in the
cell. EoAg+/Ag = + 0.80V, EoCu2+/Cu = +0.34V).
19. One half cell in a voltaic cell is constructed from a silver wire dipped in silver nitrate solution of
unknown concentration .The other half cell consists of a zinc electrode in a 0.10M solution of Zinc
nitrate .A voltage of 1.48V is measured for this cell.Use this information to calculate the
concentration of silver nitrate solution.( Eo Zn2+ /Zn = -0.763V, EoAg+/Ag = + 0.80V)
20. A voltaic cell is set up at 250C With the following half cells :Al(s)/Al3+(0.001M) and Ni2+(0.50)/Ni(s)
,Write the equation for the cell reaction that occurs when the cell generates an electric
o 2+ o 3+
current and determine the cell potential (givenE
Ni /Ni Al /Al( = -0.25V, E =-1.66V)
21. What is the relationship between Gibbs free energy of the cell reaction in agalvanic cell and the
emf of the cell? When will the maximum work be obtained from a galvanic cell?
22. Calculate ΔrG0 & 2+ value of equilibrium constant for the following :
a) Mg(s)/Mg //Cu2+/Cu(s); Eo 2+ = +0.34V, Eo 2+ = -2.36
Cu /Cu Mg /Mg
b) Zn(s) + Cu2+  Zn2+ + Cu Eo 2+ = +0.34V, Eo 2+ = -0.76V
Cu /Cu Zn /Zn
c) Cu (s) + 2Ag+  Cu +2+ 2Ag(s) Eo 2+ = +0.34V, Eo + = + 0.80V
Cu /Cu Ag /Ag
3+ - 2+ o
d) 2Fe + 2I  2Fe + I2 has E cell =0.236 V
e) Fe2+(aq) + Ag+  Fe3+(aq) + Ag(s),EoAg+/Ag = + 0.80V, EoFe3+/ Fe2+ = +0.77V
f) 2Cr(s) + 3Cd2+  2Cr3+ + 3Cd(s) EoCr3+/Cr= - 0.74V , EoCd2+/Cd= - 0.40V
23. Calculate the equilibrium constant for the reaction Calculate the equilibrium constant for the
reaction In the button cell widely used in watches and devices the following reaction takes place:
Zn (s)+ Ag2O(s) + H2O(l) Zn2+(aq) + 2 Ag(s) + 2OH- (aq) Determine ΔrG0 &E0 for the reaction.
EoZn2+/Zn = -0.76V, EoAg+/Ag = + 0.80V
24. Calculate emf and ΔG for the following cell : Mg(s)/Mg2+(0.001M)//Cu2+(0.0001M)/Cu(s); EoCu2+/Cu =
+0.34V, EoMg2+/Mg = -2.37V
25. Calculate ΔrG0 for the reaction at 250C :Au(s) +Ca+2 (1 M) Au3+(1M) + Ca (s) , EoCa2+/ Ca=–2.87 V,
EoAu3+/ Au=+1.50V. Predict whether the reaction will be spontaneous or not at 25 0C which of the
above two half cells will act as an oxidizing agent and which one will be a reducing agent?
26. Depict the galvanic cell in which the reaction:Zn+Ag+Zn2++2Ag takes place. Further show:
(a)Which of the electrode is negatively charged?(b)The carriers of the current in the cell.
(c)Individual reaction at each electrode.
27. Two half cell reactions of an electrochemical cell are given below:
(i)MnO4- + 8 H+ + 5 e- Mn2+ + 4 H2O Eo =+1.51V (ii)Sn2+  Sn4++ 2e- Eo = +0.15V. Construct the redox
reaction from the two half cell reaction and predict if the reaction favours formation of reactants
or product shown in the reaction
28. Given the standard electrode potentials,:K+/K = –2.93V, Ag+/Ag = 0.80V, Hg2+/Hg = 0.79V Mg2+/Mg
= –2.37 V, Cr3+/Cr = – 0.74V.Arrange these metals in their increasing order of reducing power
29. Tarnished silver contains Ag2S. Can this tarnish be removed by placing tarnished silver ware in
an aluminium pan containing an inert electrolytic solution such as NaCl. The standard electrode
potential for half reaction : Al3+ + 3e  Al is -1.66 and Ag2S + 2e  2Ag+ + S-2 is -0.71
30. Define conductivity,molar conductivity &. limiting molar conductivity.
31. Distinguish between Electrical conductance & Electrolytic (ionic conductance)
32. Express the relation among the cell constant ,the resistance of the solution in the cell and the
conductivity of the solution .How is the conductivity of a solution related to its molar
conductivity.
33. The resistance of 0.01M NaCl solution at 25oC is 200ohm.The cell constant of the conductivity cell
is unity .calculate the molar conductivity of the solution.
34. The conductivity of 0.20M solution of KCl at 298 K is 0.0248SCm-1.Calculate its molar conductivity.
35. The Molar conductivity of a 1.5M solution of an electrolyte is found to be 138.9 SCm 2 mol-1 .
Calculate the conductivity of this solution.
36. The resistance of conductivity cell containing 0.001M KCl at 298K is 1500 ohm. What is
cell constant if conductivity of 0.001M KCl at 298K is 0.146X 10-3Scm-1.
37. When a certain conductance cell was filled with 0.1M KCl solution it has resistance of 85 ohm at
25oC.When the same cell was filled with an aqueous solution of 0.052Maof unknown electrolyte
 the resistance was 96ohm. Calculate the molar conductivity of electrolyte. The conductivity of 0.1
M solution of KCl is 1.29 x 10-2Scm-1.
38. Resistance of conductivity cell filled with 0.1molL-1 KCl solution is 100 ohm. If the resistance of the
same cell when filled with 0.02molL-1 KCl solution is 520 ohm. Calculate the conductivity & molar
conductivity of 0.02molL-1 KCl solution. The conductivity of 0.1 molL-1 solution of KCl is 1.29Sm-1.
39. Resistance of conductivity cell filled with 0.1molL-1 KCl solution is 100 ohm. If the resistance of the
same cell when filled with 0.02molL-1 KCl solution is 520 ohm. Calculate the conductivity & molar
conductivity of 0.02molL-1 KCl solution. The conductivity of 0.1 molL-1 solution of KCl is 1.29Sm-1.
40. The electrical resistance of a column of 0.05 molL-1 NaOH solution of diameter 1 cm and length 50
cm is 5.55 X 103 ohm. Calculate its resistivity, conductivity & molar conductivity.
41. State Kohlrausch law and its application. Limiting molar conductivity of NaCl, HCl and NaAc are
126.4, 425.9 &91 SCm2 mol-1.Calculate Limiting molar conductivity of HAc.
42. Define the term degree of dissociation.Write an expression that relates the molar conductivity of a
weak electrolyte to its degree of dissociation.
43. Calculate the degree of dissociation of acetic at 298K,given that Λm(CH3COOH)=11.7 SCm2 mol-1 ,
Λ0m(CH3COO-)=40.9 SCm2 mol-1 , Λ0m(H+)=349.1 SCm2 mol-1
44. Conductivity of 0.00241M acetic acid is 7.896 X 10-6 S cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity. If Λ0
for acetic acid is 390.5 S cm2 mol-1. What is its dissociation constant?
45. Conductivity of 0.001028 M acetic acid is 4.95 X 10-5 S cm-1. Calculate its molar conductivity. If Λ0
for acetic acid is 390.5 S cm2 mol-1. What is its dissociation constant?
46. The molar Conductivity of 0.025 molL-1 methanoic acid is 46.1 S cm2 mol-1. Calculate its degree of
dissociation & dissociation constant. If λ0(H+) is 349.6 S cm2 mol-1 and λ0(HCOO-) = 54.6 S cm2 mol-1.
47. How do you account for molar conductivity of strong and weak electrolyte with concentration?
Plot the graphs also.
48. Why on dilution the Λm of CH3COOH increases drastically, while that of CH3COONa increases
gradually?
49. Solutions of two electrolytes ‘A’ and ‘B’ are diluted. The Λm of ‘B’ increases 1.5 times while that of
A increases 25 times. Which of the two is a strong electrolyte? Justify your answer.
50. In an aqueous solution how does specific conductivity of electrolytes change with addition of
water?
51. Why does the conductivity of a solution decrease with dilution?
52. Predict the products of electrolysis: (a) An aq. Solution of AgNO3 with silver electrodes. (b) An aq.
Solution of AgNO3 with platinum electrodes. (c). An aq. Solution of H2SO4 with platinum
electrodes. (d). An aq. Solution of CuCl2 with platinum electrodes. (e) Aqueous sodium bromide
(e)Copper sulphate using inert electrodes (Pt) (g) Molten NaCl (h) Aqueous sodium
chloride solution
53. How will the pH of brine (aq. NaCl solution) be affected when it is electrolysed?
54. Following reactions occur at cathode during electrolysis of Aqueous solution of AgCl solution:
(a)Ag+ (aq) + e-Ag(s) E0=+0.80V (b) H+ (aq) + e-H2(s) E0=0.00V on the basis of their standard
electrode potential values which reaction is feasible at the cathode and why?
55. During electrolysis of Aqueous solution of NaBr solution there are two possible reactions
(a)2H2O(I) -O2 +4H+ + 4e- E0=+1.23V (b) 2 Br- (aq) -Br2(s) + 2e E0=1.08 V on the basis of their
standard electrode potential values which reaction is feasible at the anode and why?
 CHEMICAL KINETICS
1. Define the term rate of reaction.
2. Explain the difference between average rate & Instantaneous rate of reaction
3. For the reaction R P, the concentration of a reactant changes from 0.03M to 0.02M in 25
minutes. Calculate the average rate of reaction using units of time both in minutes and
seconds.
4. In a reaction2AProducts, the concentration of A decreases from 0.5mol L -1 to 0.4 mol L-1 in
10 minutes. Calculate the rate during this interval?
5. For the reaction 2N2O5(g)4NO2 (g)+ O2 (g) the rate of formation of NO2(g) is 2.8 x 10-3Ms-
1.Calcualte the rate of disappearance of N2O5(g)
6. For the reaction H2 + Cl2  2 HCl , Rate = k ,Write the order,Molecularity & unit of k.
7. For the reaction 2NH3  N2+ 3H2 Rate = k ,Write the order,Molecularity & unit of k.
8. The decomposition of N2O5 in CCl4 at 318K has been studied by monitoring the concentration
of N2O5 in the solution. Initially the concentration of N2O5 is 2.33 mol L–1 and after 184
minutes, it is reduced to 2.08 mol L–1. The reaction takes place according to the equation 2
N2O5 (g)  4 NO2 (g) + O2 (g). Calculate the average rate of this reaction in terms of hours,
minutes and seconds. What is the rate of production of NO2 during this period?
9. Explain the term rate law.
10. Define rate constant.
11. Write a short note on Order of reaction.
12. Give the units of rate constant for zero, first & second order reaction.
13. Express the rate of the following reaction in terms of disappearance of hydrogen &
formation of ammonia in the reaction : 3H2 + N22NH3
14. For a reaction, A + B  product, the rate law is given by r = K [A]1/2 [B]2 what is the order of
the reaction?
15. Write the rate equation for the reaction 2A + B C if the order of the reaction is zero.
16. The conversion of molecules x to y follows second order kinetics. If the concentration of x is
increased to three times, how will it affect the rate of formation of y?
17. Calculate overall order of a reaction for rate expressions
(a) Rate = k [A] 1/2 [B] 3/2 (b) Rate = k [A] 3/2 [B] -1
18. Identify the reaction order from of the following rate constants.
(i) k = 2.3 x 10-5 L mol-1s-1 (ii) k = 3 x10-4 s-1
19. From the rate expression for the following reactions determine their order of reaction
and dimensions of the rate constants. a)
H2O2 (aq) + 3 I - (aq) + 2H+  2H2O (l) + 3I-1 Rate = k [H2O] [I-]
b)
CH3 CHO (g) CH4(g) + CO(g) Rate = k [CH3 CHO]3/2
c)
3NON2O (g) Rate = k [NO]2
d)C2H5ClC2H4 + HCl Rate = k[C2H5 Cl]
20. The decomposition reaction of ammonia gas on platinum surface has a rate constant = 2.5 x
10-4 mol L-1 S-1. What is the order of the reaction?
21. For the reaction: 2A + B → A2B the rate = k[A][B]2 with k = 2.0 × 10–6 mol–2 L2 s–1. Calculate
the initial rate of the reaction when [A] = 0.1 mol L–1, [B] = 0.2 mol L–1. Calculate the rate of
reaction after [A] is reduced to 0.06 mol L–1.
A reaction is first order in A and second order in B. Write differential rate equation.
ii) How is the rate affected when concentration of B is tripled?
iii) How is the rate affected when the concentration of both A and B is doubled?
23. A reaction is second order with respect to a reactant. How is the rate of reaction affected if
the concentration of the reactant is(i) doubled (ii) reduced to half ?
24. For the reaction A B the rate becomes 27 times when the concentration of A is increased 3
times. What is the order of reaction?
25. For the reaction A  B , the rate of reaction becomes three times when the concentration of
A is increased nine times. What is the order of the reaction ?
26. The conversion of molecules x to y follows second order kinetics. If the concentration of x
is increased to three times, how will it affect the rate of formation of y?
27. For the reaction 2X  X2, the rate of reaction becomes three times when the concentration of
X is increased 27 times. What is the order of the reaction ?
28. For the reaction A  B , the rate of reaction becomes three times when the concentration of
A is increased nine times. What is the order of the reaction ?
29. The decomposition of NH3 on platinum surface is zero order reaction. What are the rates of
production of N2 and H2 if k = 2.5 x 10-4 mol L-1 S-1?
30. The decomposition of dimethyl ether leads to the formation of CH4, H2 and CO and the
reaction rate is given by Rate = k [CH3 CHO]3/2 The rate of reaction is followed by increase in
pressure in a closed vessel, so the rate can also be expressed in terms of the partial pressure of
dimethyl ether, i.e., Rate = k (pCH3 CHO)3/2 If the pressure is measured in bar and time in
minutes, then what are the units of rate and rate constants?
31. Explain the tem Molecularity with example.
32. Define Rate determining step, Elementary & Complex reactions
33. Distinguish between order of reaction & Molecularity.
34. For which type of reactions, order and molecularity have the same value?
35. For a reaction A + B  Products, the rate law is — Rate = k [A][B]3/2
36. Can the reaction be an elementary reaction? Explain
37. For a zero order reaction will the molecularity be equal to zero? Explain.
38. Why can’t molecularity of any reaction be equal to zero?
39. Why molecularity is applicable only for elementary reactions and order is applicable for
elementary as well as complex reactions?
40. Why can we not determine the order of a reaction by taking into consideration the
balanced chemical equation?
41. Mention the factors that affect the rate of a chemical reaction.
42. The possible mechanism for the reaction : 2NO (g) + O2 (g)  2NO2 (g) is
(i)
NO + O2
K
NO3 (fast) (II) NO3 + NO K
2
NO2 + NO2 (g) (slow).

Write the rate law for the reaction
-
43. .For a reaction 2H2 O2 I , 2H2O + O2 the proposed mechanism is as follows
Al
kaline
(i)
H2O2 + I–  H2O + IO– (slow) (ii) H2O2 + IO– H2O + I– + O2 (fast)
(a)Write the rate law for the reaction.
(b) Write the overall order of reaction.
(iii)Out of steps (i) & (ii) which one is rate determining step.
44. For a chemical reaction A + 2B  2C + D.The experimentally obtained information is given
below.
Experiment [A]0 [B]0 Initial rate

1 0.30 0.30 0.096

2 0.60 0.30 0.384
3 0.30 0.60 0.192
 4 0.60 0.60 0.768
(i) Derive the order of reaction w.r.t. both the reactants A and B. (ii)
Write the rate law.
(iii) Calculate the value of rate constant k
(iv) Write the expression for the rate of reaction in terms of A and C.
45. For a certain chemical reaction 2A + B - C+D The following result has been obtained:
Experiment [A] mol L-1 [B] mol L-1 Initial rate mol L-1min-1
I 0.1 0.1 6.0 x 10-3
II 0.3 0.2 7.2 x 10-2
III 0.3 0.4 2.88 x 10-1
IV 0.4 0.1 2.40 x 10-2
Determine the rate law and rate constant for the reaction
19. The reaction between A and B is first order with respect to A and zero order with respect to B.
Fill in the blanks in the following table:
Experiment [A] mol L-1 [B] mol L-1 Initial rate mol L-1min-1
I 0.1 0.1 2.0 × 10–2
II – 0.2 4.0 × 10–2
III 0.4 0.4 –
IV – 0.2 2.0 × 10–2
20. In a reaction between A and B, the initial rate of reaction (r 0) was measured for different initial
concentrations of A and B as given below:
A/ mol L–1 0.20 0.20 0.40
B/ mol L–1 0.30 0.10 0.05
r0/mol L– 5.07 × 10 –5
5.07 × 10 –5
1.43 × 10–4
1s–1
What is the order of the reaction with respect to A and B?
21. Derive the Integrated rate equation for Zero order reaction. Find half life period and plot the
graph associated to it.
22. For a zero order chemical reaction: (a) Plot variation in the concentration in [R] vs. time .(b)
what are the units of rate constant k? (c) give the relationship between k and t ½ (half life
period) (d) Give the slope
23. A substance with initial concentration ‘a’ follow zero order kinetics with rate constant ‘k’ mol L-
1 -1
s . In how much time will the reaction go to completion?
24. The rate constant for a reaction of zero order reaction in A is 0.0030molL -1s-1.How long will it
take for the intial concentration of A to fall from 0.10 M to 0.075M?
25. The decomposition of NH3 on platinum surface is zero order reaction. If rate constant is 4 x
10- 3Ms-1,how long will it take to reduce the intial concentration of NH3 from 0.1M to
0.064M.
26. Derive the Integrated rate equation for first order reaction. Find half life period and plot the
graph associated to it.
27. For a first order chemical reaction: (i)
Plot variation in the concentration in ln[R] vs. time & Give the slope (s)
(ii)
Draw the plot log [R]0 / [R] vs. time t(s) & Give the slope
(iii)
what are the units of rate constant k?
(iv)
give the relationship between k and t ½ (half life period) (iv) Give the slope
28. For a reaction RP half-life period is is independent of initial concentration of the reacting
species.What is the order of reaction.
29. (a) Define half life period of a reaction .(b)Write the expressions of half life for (i) first order
chemical reaction (ii) zero order chemical reaction
30. What are pseudo first order reactions? Give one example of such reaction.
 31. A first order reaction has rate constant 1.15 x 10-3 s-1. How long will 5 g of this reactant take to
reduce to 3 g?
32.
Time required to decompose SO2Cl2 to half of its initial amount is 60 minutes. If the
decomposition is a first order reaction, calculate the rate constant of the reaction.
33.
The initial concentration of N2O5 in the following first order reaction N2O5(g) → NO2(g) +
1/2O2 (g) was 1.24 × 10–2 mol L–1 at 318 K. The concentration of N2O5 after 60 minutes
was
0.20 × 10–2 mol L–1.Calculate the rate constant of the reaction at 318 K.
34. A first order reaction is found to have a rate constant. k = 5.5 x 10-4 s-1 . Find the half-life of the
reaction.
35. Show that in a first order reaction, time required for completion of 99.9% is 10 times of half-
life (t1/2) of the reaction.
36. For a first order reaction, show that time required for 99% completion is twice the time
required for the completion of 90% of reaction.
37. Calculate the half-life of a first order reaction from their rate constants given :
–1 –1 –1
(i) 200 s (ii) 2 min (iii) 4 years .
38. The half-life for radioactive decay of 14C is 5730 years. An archaeological artifact containing
wood had only 80% of the 14C found in a living tree.Estimate the age of the sample
39. The rate constant for a first order reaction is 60 s –1. How much time will it take to reduce the
initial concentration of the reactant to its 1/16th value?
40. .During nuclear explosion, one of the products is 90Sr with half-life of 28.1 years. If 1  g of
90
Sr was absorbed in the bones of a newly born baby instead of calcium, how much of it will
remain after 10 years and 60 years if it is not lost metabolically.
41. H2O2 decomposes to H2O and O2 in a reaction that is first order and has rate constant k = 1.06
x 10-3 min-1.How long will it take 15% of a sample of H2O2 to decompose.
42. A first order reaction takes 30 minutes for 50% decomposition. Calculate the time required for
90% completion for this reaction
43. A first order reaction takes 100 minutes for 60% decomposition. Calculate the time required
for 90% completion for this reaction
44. A first order reaction takes 20 minutes for 25% decomposition. Calculate the time required for
75% completion for this reaction
45. A first order reaction takes 40 min for 30% decomposition. Calculate t1/2.
46. Consider a certain reaction A→ Products with k = 2.0 × 10–2s–1. Calculate the concentration of
A remaining after 100 s if the initial concentration of A is 1.0 mol L–1..
47. Sucrose decomposes in acid solution into glucose and fructose according to the first Order
rate law, with t1/2 = 3.00 hours. What fraction of sample of sucrose remains after 8 hours?
48. A first order reaction has a rate constant 0.0051min-1 .If we begin with 0.10 M concentration
of the reactant ,what concentration of the reactant will be left after 3 hours. The
A reactant has a half life of 10 min.
(i) Calculate the rate constant for the first order reaction
(ii) what fraction of the reactant will be left after an hour of the reaction has occurred.
50.
The decomposition of phosphine PH3 proceeds according to the following equation: 4PH3→P4 +
6H2 ,It is found that the reaction follows rate reaction rate=K[PH3] The half life of PH3 is 37.9
second at 120oC. (i)How much
time is required for 3/4th of PH3 to decompose? (ii)What
fraction of the original sample of PH3 remains behind after 1 minute?
51.
For a first order reaction, time taken for half of the reaction to complete is t1 , whereas that for
th
3 of the reaction to complete is t . How are t and t related ?
4
2 1 2
52.
For the decomposition of azoisopropane to hexane and nitrogen at 543k, the following
data were obtained. Calculate the rate constant.
t (sec) P(mm of Hg)
0 35.0
360 54.0
720 63.0
53.
The Following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition of SO2Cl2
at a constant volume: SO2Cl2(g) SO2(g) + Cl2(g). Calculate the rate constant.
Experiment Time Pressure (atm)
1 0 0.4
2 100 0.7
54.
The following data were obtained during the first order thermal decomposition of N 2O5 (g) at
constant volume: 2N2O5(g)2N2O4(g) + O2(g). Calculate the rate constant.
S.No Time Pressure (atm)
1 0 0.5
2 100 0.512
55.
Following data were obtained for the reaction : N2O5(g)2NO2(g) +1/2 O2(g).
Time (s) 0 300 600
[N2O5(g)] 1.6 x 10 -2
0.8 x 10 -2
0.4 x 10-2
(mol/l)
(i) Show that it follows first order
reaction (ii)Calculate the half life
56.
In a pseudo first order hydrolysis of ester in water, the following results were obtained:
Time (s) 0 30 60 90
[Ester] 0.55 0.31 0.17 0.85
(mol/l)
(i) Calculate the average rate of reaction between the time interval 30 to 60 seconds.
(ii) Calculate the pseudo first order rate constant for the hydrolysis of ester
Mahendra Kalra , 9462305605 ,kalra1977@gmail.com
 32
Unit: 8: THE d- AND f-BLOCK ELEMENTS
1. What are transition elements? Write two characteristics of the transition elements.
2. Calculate the number of unpaired electrons in the following gaseous ions: Mn3+,Cr3+, V3+and Fe2+.
Which one of these is the most stable in aqueous solution.
3. How would you account for the following :
a) Zn, Cd and Hg are not considered as transition elements. Why
b) Scandium is a transition element but Zinc is not.
c) Copper atom has completely filled d orbital (3d10) in its ground state, yet it is transition element.
d) Silver atom has completely filled d orbital (4d10) in its ground state, yet it is transition element.
4. Explain giving a suitable reason for each of the following
a) Transition elements exhibit higher enthalpies of atomization.
b) In the series Sc(Z = 21) to Zn (Z = 30), the enthalpy of atomisation of zinc is the lowest
c) Transition metals have high melting and boiling points.
d) Fe has higher melting point than Cu.
e) Chromium group elements have highest melting points.
f) Transition elements are much harder than alkali metals.
g) Zinc is soft whereas Cr is hard.
h) Chromium is a typical hard metal while mercury is a liquid.
i) There occurs much more frequent metal –metal bonding in compounds of heavy transition
elements(3rd series).
j) Metal –metal bonding is more frequent for the 4d & 5d series of transition metals than that
for the 3d series.
5. Assign reasons for the following :
a) Transition element form generally coloured compounds.
b) Sc+3 is colourless, while Ti3+ is Coloured
c) Zn+2 salts are white ,but Cu+2 are blue.
d) Cu+ salts are colourless while Cu2+ salts are Coloured
e) The Transition metals ions such as Cu+ Ag+ Sc+3 are colourless.
6. Predict which of the following will be colored in aqueous solution? Ti3+,V3+,Cu+,Sc3+, Mn2+, Fe3+& Co2+.
7. Out of Ag2SO4,CuF2,MgF2 and CuCl which compound will be coloured and why?
8. Explain the following observations.
a) Transition metals show paramagnetic behavior.
b) Mn2+ exhibits maximum paramagnetism
9. (a) Explain Variation in magnetic behaviour of Transition Metals along 3d transition series.
(b) Calculate the magnetic moment of a divalent ion in aqueous solution if its at.no is 25.
(c) Calculate the ‘spin only’ magnetic moment of M2+ion (Z = 27)
10. Explain Variation in Atomic Size of Transition Metals along 3d transition series.
11. Account for the following :
a) Members of second (4d) and the third (5d) series in each group of transition elements have
similar radii.
b) Zr and Hf exhibit similar properties.
c) Although Zr belongs to 4d and Hf belongs to 5d transition series but it is quite difficult to
separate them.
d) Radius of Fe+2 is less than Mn+2.
12. Assign reasons for the following
a) There is in general increase in density of element from titanium to copper
b) Transition metal ions form complex ions.
c) Most of the transition metals and their compounds possess catalytic properties.

MAHENDRA KALRA 32 | P a g e
 33
d) Transition metals form interstitial compounds.
e) Most of the transition metals form alloys.
13. Explain briefly how +2 state becomes more and more stable in the first half of the first row
transition elements with increasing atomic number?
14. Explain the following observations.
a) Transition element show variable oxidation state.
b) Mn Shows the highest oxidation state of +7 among 3d series elements.
c) The greatest number of oxidation states are exhibited by the elements in the middle of
transition series.
d) Mn Shows the highest oxidation state of +7 with oxygen but with fluorine it shows the highest
oxidation state of +4.
e) Highest fluoride of Mn is MnF4 whereas the highest oxide is Mn2O7.
f) Mn2+compounds more stable than Fe2+towards oxidation to their +3 state.
15. Account for the following :
a) Of the 3d4species, Cr2+is strongly reducing while Mn3 is strongly oxidising.
b) Cr2+is strong reducing agent.
c) Cr2+ is a stronger reducing agent Fe2+.
d) The lowest oxide of transition metal is basic, the highest is amphoteric/acidic.
e) Mno is basic while Mn2O7 is acidic in nature.
f) CrO42- is a strong oxidizing agent while MnO4-2 is not
g) The increasing oxidising power of oxoanions are in the VO2+<Cr2O72-<MnO4-
16. Explain the following observations:
a) The Eo(M2+/M) values are not regular for the first row transition metals.
b) E0value for the Mn3+/Mn2+couple much more positive than that forCr3+/Cr2+or Fe3+/Fe2+
c) E0value for the Mn2+/Mn much more than expected.
d) E0value for the Cu2+/Cu is positive .
17. Assign reasons for the following
a. Transition metal exhibit higher oxidation state in oxides and fluorides.
b. Highest fluoride of Mn is MnF4 wheras the highest oxide is Mn2O7
c. The highest oxidation state is exhibited in oxoanions of a metal.
18. Account for the following
a) Irregular variation of ionization enthalpies (first and second) in the first series of the transition
elements.
b) +3 state of Mn is of little importance.
c) The Third ionization enthalpy of manganese is exceptionally high,
d) First Ionization enthalpy of Cr is lower than that of Zinc.
e) Mn+3undergoes disproportionation reaction easily.
f) d1 configuration is very unstable in ions.
19. Account for the following :
a) Cu+ ion is not stable in aqueous solutions.
b) Cu+ ion has d10 configuration while Cu+2 has d9configuration,still Cu+2 is stable in aqueous
solutions
c) Cobalt (II) is stable in aqueous solution but in the presence of complexing reagents it is easily
oxidized.
d) Cobalt (II) is easily oxidized in the presence of strong ligands.
e) Although Co2+ ion appears to be stable ,it is easily oxidized to Co3+ ion in the presence of a
strong ligand.
f) Unlike Cr3+,Mn+2,Fe+3 and the subsequent other M2+ ions of the 3d series of elements ,the 4d
and the 5d series metals generally do not form stable cationic species.
MAHENDRA KALRA 33 | P a g e
 34
g) Transistion elements tend to be unreactive with increasing atomic number in the series.
ANSWER THE FOLLOWING:-
1. Name a transition element which does not exhibit variable oxidation states
2. Which of the 3d transition series metals exhibits the largest number of oxidation states and why
3. What may be the stable oxidation state of the transition element with the following d electron
configurations in the ground state of their atoms: 3d3,3d5, 3d8and 3d4?
4. Which metal in the first series of transition metals exhibits +1 oxidation state most frequently
and why?
5. Name the oxometal anions of the first series of the transition metals in which the metal exhibits
the oxidation state equal to its group number.
6. What may be the possible oxidation states of transition metals with the following
electronic configuration in the ground states in their atoms?(i)3d34s2(ii)3d54s2(iii)3d64s2
7. Which is a stronger reducing agent Cr2+or Fe2+and why?
8. Among Elements of 3d transition series are given as :
Element Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn
Answer the following:
a) Write the element which is not regarded as transition element.why
b) Write the element which can show an oxidation state of +1.
c) Which element is soft and why?
d) Write the element which shows maximum number of oxidation states.
e) Which element has the highest melting point?
f) Which element shows only +3 state?
g) Which element is a strong oxidizing agent in + 3 oxidation state and why.
h) Which element is a strong reducing agent in + 2 oxidation state and why.
Topic: LANTHANOIDS
1. Give Reasons for the following
(a) Chemistry of all the lanthanoids are quite similar.
(b)Size of trivalent lanthanoid cations decreases with increase in the atomic number
(c) It is difficult to separate lanthanoid elements in pure state..
(d)Ce4+ in aqueous solution is a good oxidising agent.
(e) Ce4+ is used oxidising agent in volumetric analysis.
(f) Ce3+ can be easily oxidized to Ce4+.
(g) d-block elements exhibit more oxidation states than f block elements.
(h)Eu2+ is a strong reducing agent.
(i) La3+ and Lu3+do not show any colour in solutions.
(j) Although Zr belongs to 4d and Hf belongs to 5d transition series but it is quite difficult to
separate them.
2. What is Lanthanoid contraction? Give its cause. What are its Consequences?
3. Name an important alloy which contains some of the lanthanoid metals. Mention its uses.
4. Explain the chemistry of lanthanoids with reference to (i)electronic configuration (ii)Oxidation state
(iii) atomic size and ionic size (iv)chemical reactivity
5. Name the members of the lanthanoid series which exhibit +4 oxidation states and those
which exhibit +2 oxidation states.
6. Use Hund’s rule to derive the electronic configuration of Ce3+ion, and calculate its magnetic moment
on the basis of ‘spin-only’ formula.

MAHENDRA KALRA 34 | P a g e
 Unit: 9:- COORDINATION COMPOUNDS
1. Explain giving examples:
a) Chelating ligands d) Polydentate ligand
b) ambidentate ligands e) Homoleptic complexes
c) bidentate or Didentate ligand f) Heteroleptic complexes
2. A chelating agent has two or more than two donor atoms to bind to a single metal ion.
Which of the following is not a chelating agent? (i) thiosulphate (ii) oxalate (iii) glycinato (iv)
ethane-1,2-diamine
+
3. Which of the following species is not expected to be a ligand? (i) NO (ii) NH 4 (iii)
NH2CH2CH2NH2 (iv) CO
4. Using IUPAC norms write the formulae for the following:
a. potassiumtri(oxalato) chromate (III)
b. pentaamminenitrito-O-cobalt (III) ion
c. pentaamminenitrito-N-cobalt(III) ion
d. iron(III) hexacyanoferrate(II)
e. mercury tetrathiocyanatocobaltate(III)
f. tetraammineaquachloridocobalt (III) chloride
g. tris(ethane–1,2–diamine) chromium(III) chloride
h. amminebromidochloridonitrito-N-platinate(II)
i. dichloridobis(ethane–1,2–diamine)platinum(IV) nitrate
5. Give the formula of each of the following coordination entities:
(i)
Co3+ ion is bound to one Cl- one NH3 molecule and two bidentate
ligands ethylenediamine(en) molecules
(ii)
Ni2+ ion is bound to two water molecule and two oxalate ions
6. When a coordination compound CrCl3.6H2O is mixed with AgNO3 ,2 moles of AgCl are
precipitated per mole of the compound.Write structural formula & IUPAC name of
the complex.
7. When a coordination compound PtCl4.6NH3 is mixed with AgNO3 ,4 moles of AgCl are
precipitated per mole of the compound.Write structural formula & IUPAC name of
the complex.
8. When 1 mol CrCl3.6H2O is treated with an excess of AgNO3, 3 mol of AgCl are
obtained. Write structural formula & IUPAC name of the complex.
9. Write the IUPAC names, Specify the coordination number of the central Atom of the
following:
a.
[Fe(en 2 Cl2]Cl e. [Cr(H2O)2(C2O4)2]-
b.
[CoCl4]2– f. K2 [PdCl4]
c.
[Co(NH3)4(H2O)Cl]Cl2 g. [Ni(CN)4]2-
d.
[Co (NH3)5Cl]Cl2
10. Write the name & Using VBT Predict the Magnetic behaviour, Hybridization, Shape of
following. Also predict whether it is inner or outer orbital complex in case of
octahedral complexes.
a) [CoF6]3- e) [Fe(H2O)6]3+ i) [Ni(H2O)6]2+
b) [Cr(H2O)6]3+ f) [Fe(CN)6]3- j) [NiCl4]2-
c) [Cr(NH3)6]3+ g) [Fe(CN)6]4- k) [Ni(CN)4]2
d) [FeF6]3- h) [Co(NH3)6]3+ l) [Ni(CO)4]
 2
m) [CoF4]2- q) [Fe(en)2Cl2] u) [Fe(CO)5]
n) [ Co(C2O4)3]3- r) [Zn(H2O)6]2+ v) [MnF6]4–
o) [Cr(H2O)2(C2O4)2]- s) [CoCl4]2-
p) [CuCl4]2- t) [Cr(CO)6]
11. Explain inner & outer orbital complex using suitable examples.
12. Draw diagram to show splitting of d – orbital in octahedral crystal field. Explain the two
patterns of filling d4 in octahedral crystal Field.
13. On the basis of crystal field theory,write the electronic configuration for d4 ion if Δo < P
14. On the basis of crystal field theory,write the electronic configuration for d4 ion if Δo > P
15. On the basis of crystal field theory,write the electronic configuration for d6 ion if Δo < P
16. On the basis of crystal field theory,write the electronic configuration for d7 ion if Δo > P
17. What is crystal field splitting energy? What are the various factors affecting CFSE.How does the
magnitude of ∆0 decide the actual configuration of d-orbital in a coordination entity?
18. Based on crystal field theory explain why Co(III) forms a paramagnetic octahedral complex
with weak field ligands whereas it forms a diamagnetic octahedral complex with strong field
ligands.
19. Explain why [Ti(H2O)6]3Cl3 is coloured. What happens to the colour of [Ti(H2O)6]3Cl3 when
heated gradually?
20. What is spectrochemical series? Explain the difference between a weak field ligand and a
strong field ligand.
21. Arrange following complex ions in increasing order of crystal field splitting energy (Λ O) :
[Cr(Cl)6]3–, [Cr(CN)6]3–, [Cr(NH3)6]3+.
22. Using CFT,draw the energy level diagram ,write electronic configuration of the central
atom/ion and determine the magnetic moment value in the following:

a) [FeF6]3- c) [Fe(CN)6]4-
b) [Fe(H2O)6]3+
23. Account for the Following:
a) [Ni (CN)4]2- ion with square planar structure is diamagnetic and the [NiCl4]2- ion
with tetrahedral structure is paramagnetic .
b) [NiCl4]2- is paramagnetic while [Ni (CO)4] is diamagnetic though both are tetrahedral.
c) [Fe (H2O) 6]3+ is strongly paramagnetic while [Fe(CN)6]3- is weakly paramagnetic.
d) [Fe (H2O) 6]3+has a magnetic moment value of 5.92 BM whereas [Fe(CN)6]3- has a value
of only 1.74 BM.
e) [Co (NH3)6]+3 is an inner orbital complex whereas [Ni(NH3)6]+2 is an outer complex.
f) [Cr (NH3)6] +3 is paramagnetic while [Ni (CN)4]2- is diamagnetic.
g) A solution of [Ni (H2O) 6]2+ is green but a solution of [Ni (CN)4]2- is colourless
h) [Fe (CN)6]3- and [Fe(H2O) 6]3+ are of different colours in dilute solutions
24. Give reason for the Following:
a) Nickel does not form low spin octahedral complexes. [Ans:because Ni has E.C.3d8
4s2 ,in which two inner d –orbitals are not available which are required to form
d2sp3 hybridisation]
b) The -complexes are known for the transition metal only. [Ans:becauseTransition
metals have d orbitals in their atoms or ions in to which the electron pair donated
can be donated by ligands containing electrons]
c) Co+2 is easily oxidised to Co+3 in the presence of a strong ligand. [Ans:because in the
presence of strong ligand ,the 3d electrons pair up leaving two orbitals empty to be
involved in d2sp3 hybridisation]
d) CO is a stronger ligand than NH3 for mant metals. [Ans:because in case of CO back
bonding takes place in which central atom uses its filled d orbital with empty *
molecular orbital of CO]
e) Low spin tetrahedral complexes not formed. [Ans: For tetrahedral complexes, the
crystal field splitting energy is too low. It is lower than pairing energy so, the pairing
of electrons is not favoured and therefore the complexes cannot form low spin
complexes.
25. What is meant by stability of a coordination compound in solution? State the factors
which govern stability of complexes.
26. Which of the following is the most stable complex species? (i) [Fe(CO) 5] (ii)
[Fe(CN)6]3– (iii) [Fe(C2O4)3]3– (iv) [Fe(H2O)6]3+
27. What do you understand by stepwise stability constants.& overall stability constant of
a coordination compound. How are stepwise and overall stability constant related.
28. Discuss the nature of Bonding in metal carbonyls.