Chapter 1 – Matter in our surrounding

Class 9th Notes Science

Matter:
Anything that occupies space and has mass is called matter.
It exists in the form of five basic elements, the Panch tatva –
air, earth, fire , sky and water.
For example: Chair, bed, river, mountain, dog, tree, building,
etc.
Characteristics of matter:
Matter is made up of small particles called atoms.
These particles are too small to be observed with naked eye.
These particles are constantly moving constantly.
These particles have spaces between them.
Particles of matter attract each other because of the force of
attraction.
Diffusion:
Particles of matter intermix on their own with each other.
They do so by getting into the spaces between the particles.
This intermixing of particles of two different types of matter
on their own is called diffusion.

Applications of Diffusion:
Dissolving a solid in a liquid:
When a crystal of potassium permanganate is placed in a beaker of
water, the water slowly turns purple on its own, even without
stirring.
Both potassium permanganate crystal and water are made
up of tiny particles.
When the potassium permanganate crystal is put in water,
the purple colored particles of potassium permanganate
spread throughout water making the whole water look
purple.
Actually, on dissolving, the particles of potassium
permanganate get into the spaces between the particles of water.
This shows that the particles have spaces between them and are
continuously moving on their own.
Mixing of two gases:
Fragrance of an incense stick (agarbatti) lightened in one corner of
a room, spreads in the whole room quickly. The particles of gases
(or vapours) produced by burning the incense stick move rapidly in
all directions and mix with the moving particles of air in the room
This also shows that the partices of matter are constantly moving.
Brownian motion of particles (By Robert Brown): The random or zig-
zag movement of microscopic particles in a fluid, as a result of
continuous bombardment from molecules of the surrounding
medium, is known as
Brownian motion.
For example, dust moves randomly because the random moving
particles of air collide with dust particles.

Basis of Classification of Matter: Based upon

particle arrangement
Based upon energy of particles
Based upon distance between particles Three
States of Matter:
 Solid Liquid Gas
Constituent Constituent Constituent
particles are particles are less particles are far
very
closely packed. closely packed. apart from each
other.
Force of Force of Force of
attraction attraction attraction
between between between
particles particles
is very strong. is less strong. particles is
negligible.
Force of Kinetic energy Particles have
attraction between maximum
particles
between is more than that kinetic energy.
particles
is very strong. in solids.
Have definite Do not have Neither have
shape and definite shape definite shape
but
volume. definite volume. nor definite
volume.
Have high Density is lower Density is least
density and and than solids and and can easily
can not be can diffuse. diffuse.
diffused.
Incompressible. Almost Highly
 incompressible.
compressible.

Temperature: Common and SI units

Common unit: Degree Celsius (oC)
SI unit: Kelvin (K)
Relation between common unit and SI unit of
temperature:
0 oC = 273K
Change of State of Matter:
Physical states of matter can be interconverted into each other by
following two ways:
1. By changing the temperature

2. By changing the pressure

1. Effect of Change of Temperature:
Solid to liquid:
On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of
the particles increases which overcomes the forces of
attraction between the particles thereby solid gets converted to
a liquid.
Melting: Change of solid state of a substance into liquid is called
melting.
Melting point: The temperature at which a solid melts to become
a liquid at the atmospheric pressure is called its melting point.
Melting point of ice is 0oc.
(a) Liquid to gas:
On heating a liquid like water, the kinetic energy of its particles
increases as high as in a gas, thus causing the liquid to change to
a gas.
Boiling: The change of a liquid substance into gas on heating
is called boiling.
Boiling point: The temperature at which a liquid boils and
changes rapidly into a gas at the atmospheric pressure is called
its boiling point.
Boiling point if water is 100oC.
(b) Gas to liquid:
On cooling a gas like steam (or water vapour), the kinetic energy of
its particles is lowered down, causing them to move slowly and
bringing them closer, forming a liquid. Condensation: The process,
in which a gas, on cooling, turns into a liquid at a specific
temperature is
called condensation or liquefaction.
(c) Liquid to solid:
When a liquid is cooled down by lowering its
temperature, its particles lose the kinetic energy and come to a
stationary position, causing the liquid to turn to soilid.
Freezing: The change of a liquid substance into soilid by lowering
its temperature is called freezing.
Freezing point: The temperature at which the state of a substance
changes from a liquid to a solid is called
the freezing point of that substance.
Fusion:The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into
liquid state is also known as fusion.
Latent heat: The heat energy that is required to change the state of
a substance without causing any ruse in the temperature of the
substance is called latent heat. Since, the heat energy is hidden in
the bulk of the matter, it is called latent heat.
Latent heat of fusion: The heat energy required to convert 1
kilogram of a solid into liquid at atmospheric pressure, at its
melting point, is known as the latent heat of fusion
Latent heat of vaporisation: The heat energy required to convert 1
kilogram of liquid into gas, at atmospheric pressure, at its boiling
point, is known as the latent heat of vaporisation
Note:Water vapour at 373 K have more energy than water at the
same temperature because
particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent
heat of vaporisation.
Sublimation: The change of state of a substance directly from a
solid to gas or gas to solid, without changing into the liquid state, is
called sublimation.
2. Effect of change of pressure
Gas to liquid: Gases can be liquefied by applying
pressure and reducing the temperature. When a high pressure is
applied to a gas, it gets compressed and if the temperature is
lowered, the gas is liquefied.
Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease
of pressure to 1 atmosphere without coming into liquid state.
This is the reason that solid carbon dioxide is also known as
dry ice.
Evaporation:
The process of conversion of a substance from the liquid state to
the gaseous state at any temperature below its boiling point is
called evaporation or vaporisation.
Factors affecting the rate of evaporation:
Surface area: The rate of evaporation increases on
increasing the surface area of the liquid.
Temperature: The rate of evaporation increases with an increase
in temperature.
Humidity: Decrease in the humidity increases the rate of
evaporation.
Wind speed: An increase in the wind speed increases the rate of
evaporation.
Evaporation causes cooling:
During the process of evaporation, the particles of liquid absorb
energy or latent heat of vaporisation from the surrounding to get
converted to gaseous state. This absorption of energy from the
surroundings make the surroundings cold.

For example: The perspiration or sweating in our body keep the

body temperature constant by taking away the extra heat from
body as the latent heat of vaporisation.
Some important physical quantities and their SI units: