Ch 1

Matter in Our Surrounding

Introduction

→ Since early times human beings have been trying to understand their nature.
Early Indian philosopher classified matter into five basic elements. the“Panch
Tatva”– air, earth, fire, sky and water. According to them, living as well as non
living things are made up of these elements.

→ Now a days, scientists evolved to types of classification of matter – physical

properties and chemical nature.

Physical Nature of Matter

→ Matter is made up of particles. All matter constitute of very small particles.

These small particles are called atoms.

→ These particles of matter are too small so they cannot be seen by naked
eyes or simple microscope.

→ Particles of matter are continuously moving as they posses kinetic energy,

with the increase of temperature kinetic energy of particles also increases so
particle moves faster.

Diffusion

→ Brownian Motion: The zig-zag or random path travelled by the particles of

matter is called Brownian motion.

→ Intermixing of particles of two different types of matter on their own is

called diffusion. The rate of diffusion increases on increasing the temperature
of the diffusing substance (by heating). It is natural process. It takes place in
solid, liquid and gas.

Characteristics of Particles of Matter

• Particles of matter have space between them

→ Gas can be compressed a lot because of the space between their particles.

→ When sugar is dissolved in water, the particles of sugar disappear in water.

This happens because particles of sugar get adjusted in the spaces between the
particles of water. Additionally you will notice that there is no rise of water
level takes place when one or two teaspoon of sugar is added in a glass of
water, this is because sugar particles get adjusted in the space between the
particles of water and no rise in the water level comes in result.

• Particles of matter attract each other because of force of attraction

→ Force of attraction between particles of matter keeps the particles bonded

together. The force of attraction between particles of solid is greatest, between
particles of liquid is moderate and between particles of gas is lowest.

→ Because of the lowest force of attraction between the particles of gas we

can move our hand through air easily. To move our hand in liquid, such as
water, we have to apply some force, but from a solid such as wood, we cannot
move our hand.

→This is because the force of attraction between particles of gas is almost

negligible, in liquid the forces of attraction is moderate but it is greatest in
solid.

→ The force of attraction between particles of solid, liquid and gas can be
arranged in decreasing order as follows:
Solid > Liquid > Gas

States of Matter

• Solid State
→ The space between the particles is very less.

→ The force of attraction between the particles is strong. Thus, particles in a

solid are closely packed.

→ Solids maintain their shape even when they are subjected to external force
i.e. they are rigid.
→ Solids cannot be compressed.

→ The kinetic energy of the particles is very less and so solids have an orderly
arrangement of the particles.Therefore, solids have a fixed shape and volume.

• Liquid State

→ The space between the particles is slightly more as compared to solids, but
still very less as compared to gases. The particles of a liquid can slip and slide
over each other.

→ The force of attraction between the particles is strong enough to hold the
particles together but not strong enough to hold the particles in a fixed
position.

→ Liquids do not have a fixed shape but have a fixed volume. Liquids take up
the shape of the container in which they are poured.

→ The kinetic energy of the particles is more than that of solids. Thus, liquids
have a disorderly arrangement of particles compared to solids.

→ Liquids cannot be compressed much. The compressibility of liquids is almost

negligible.

• Gaseous State

→ The particles are much farther apart from one another as compared to
solids and liquids.They have a very disorderly arrangement of particles
compared to the solids and liquids.
→ The force of attraction between the particles is negligible, hence particles of
a gas move freely in all the directions.Gases thus can mix or diffuse into other
gases.

→ The particles of a gas have maximum kinetic energy. They move with high
speed in all directions and can exert pressure on the walls of its container.

→ Gases neither have a definite shape nor a definite volume.They fill up the
container completely.

→ Gases can be compressed easily. Example: the LPG cylinders used at home
and the CNG cylinders used in vehicles.

Change of State of Matter

→ The phenomenon of change from one state of matter to another, and then
back to the original state is called the interconversion of states of matter.

→ Matter Can Change its State. Water can exist in three states of matter:
• Solid as ice
• Liquid as water
• Gas as water vapour

Effect of Temperature

→ On increasing the temperature of solids, the kinetic energy of the particles

increases which overcomes the forces of attraction between the particles
thereby solid melts and is converted to a liquid.

→ The temperature at which a solid melts to become a liquid at the

atmospheric pressure is called its melting point. The melting point of ice
is 273.16 K.
The process of melting, that is, change of solid state into liquid state is also
known as fusion.

• Latent heat
The hidden heat which breaks the force of attraction between the molecules is
known as the
latent heat. Since, the heat energy is hidden in the bulk of the matter, it is
called latent heat.

• Latent heat of fusion

→ The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of a solid into liquid at

atmospheric pressure, at its melting point, is known as the latent heat of
fusion.

→ The temperature at which a liquid starts boiling, at atmospheric pressure, is

called its boiling point.

→ Boiling is a bulk phenomenon. Particles from the bulk of the liquid gain
energy to change into the gaseous state. For example, boiling point of water is
100° C. (or 100° C = 273 + 100 = 373 K)

• Latent heat of vaporisation

→ The heat energy required to convert 1 kilogram of liquid into gas, at

atmospheric pressure, at its boiling point, is known as the latent heat of
vaporisation

→ The process, in which a gas, on cooling, turns into a liquid at a specific

temperature is called condensation or liquefaction.
Formation of clouds is due to the condensation of water vapour from the
Earth’s surface.

→ The change of state of a substance directly from a solid to gas, without

changing into the liquid state (or vice versa) is called sublimation.

→ The temperature at which the state of a substance changes from a liquid to a

solid is called the freezing point of that substance.

→ When a solid melts, its temperature remains the same because heat gets
used up in changing the
state by overcoming the forces of attraction between the particles. It is
considered that it gets
hidden into the contents of the beaker and is known as the latent heat.

→ Water vapour at 373 K have more energy than water at the same
temperature because
particles in steam have absorbed extra energy in the form of latent heat of
vaporisation.

Effect of change of pressure

→ Gases can be liquefied by applying pressure and reducing the temperature.

When a high pressure is applied to a gas, it gets compressed and if the
temperature is lowered, the gas is liquefied.

→ Solid CO2 gets converted directly to gaseous state on decrease of pressure to

1 atmosphere without coming into liquid state. This is the reason that solid
carbon dioxide is also known as dry ice.

Evaporation

→ The process of conversion of a substance from the liquid state to the

gaseous state at any temperature below its boiling point is
called evaporation or vaporisation.

→ Evaporation is a surface phenomenon.

• Factors affecting the rate of evaporation

→ The rate of evaporation increases on increasing the surface area of the

liquid.
→ The rate of evaporation increases with an increase in temperature.
→ Decrease in the humidity increases the rate of evaporation.
→ An increase in the wind speed increases the rate of evaporation.

• Evaporation causes cooling

→ The particles of liquid absorb energy from the surrounding to regain the
energy lost during evaporation. This absorption of energy from the
surroundings make the surroundings cold.

→ Lately, scientists are talking about five states of matter or five phases of
matter. These are-solids, liquids, gases, plasmas and the Bose–Einstein
condensate.

Plasma

The state consists of super energetic and super excited particles. These
particles are in the form of ionised gases. The fluorescent tube and neon sign
bulbs consist of plasma.

Bose-Einstein Condensate

→ Indian physicist Satyendra Nath Bose made a study regarding the fifth state
of matter. Based on his study, Albert Einstein predicted a fifth state of matter
called the Bose-Einstein Condensate.

→ The Bose-Einstein Condensate or BEC is formed by cooling a gas of

extremely low density to super low temperatures.

Some Important Measurements

→ The SI unit of mass is kilogram (kg).

→ The SI unit of volume is cubic metre (m 3). The common unit of measuring
volume is litre (L) such that 1L = 1 dm3, 1L = 1000 mL, 1 mL = 1 cm3.

→ Kelvin is the SI unit of temperature, 0° C = 273.16 K. For convenience, we

take 0° C = 273 K
after rounding off the decimal. To change a temperature on the Kelvin scale to
the Celsius scale
you have to subtract 273 from the given temperature, and to convert a
temperature on the
Celsius scale to the Kelvin scale you have to add 273 to the given temperature.
→ Atmosphere (atm) is a unit of measuring pressure exerted by a gas. The unit
of pressure is Pascal (Pa): 1 atmosphere = 101325 Pa. The pressure of air in
atmosphere is called atmospheric pressure. The atmospheric pressure at sea
level is 1 atmosphere, and is taken as the normal atmospheric pressure.