19

Connectives

19.1 CONJUNCTIONS
Words called Conjunctions resemble Prepositionsiat
The Function or linkers. A Conjunction establse
hat they serve as connectives
two or more words, phrases, or clauses. Such inbi
alink between
Units are called Conjoins.
See the following examples:
doctor.
1. Tom is an engineer and his brother is a
2. John is lazy, but his sister is hardworking.
3. Robert is not only rich but also happy.
4. Robert is happy as well as rich.
5. If the train is late, I will go by bus.
6. Though he is poor, he is happy.
7. He reached the school before the bell rang.
8. I know him better than she. (she knows him)
9. I know him better them her. (I know her)
10. He is an engincer or a doctor.
11. You can go by bus, or you can catch the
12. You may go train.
wherever/whenever/however you like.
 Connectives 245
Conjunctions are
effectively and more employed to express our ideas briefly, more
meaningless words. imApressively, thoughcan they
Conjunction be are independently
phrase. a single word or
Single word Conjunctions: and, but, if,
or, nor, neither,
else, yet, still, because, that, what, for,
since, after,
otherwise,
until, unnless, though, although, before, lest, till,
here, when, why, how, who, whose, nevertheles, as, so, therefore, than,
bither, wheretrom, provided, whoever, which, whom, whence, whethet,
hichever, whereupon, and so on. whomsoever, wherever,
Phrasal Conjunctions: as well as, as far as, as long as, both
and, not. but, not only. but also, if not, as if, as
though, even if, inasmuch as, so that, so that, so
though, even
as, as
So, such as, such that, now that, in order that, on condition
chat, provided that, in case, either. -Or, neither nor, whether
or, or else, no sooner than, hardlylscarcely .when, in
that, except that, rather/sooner than.
We learn from the above examples that Interrogative Pronouns/
Relative Pronouns, Relative Adverbs (of time, place, manner, cause,
result, purpose, condition, supposition, and so on), and mere
linkers like and, but, or, etc., belong to the part of speech called
Conjunction.
In their capacity as clause-linkers, Conjunctions may be
broadly classified into Co-ordinating Conjunctions (used in
Compound Sentences) and Subordinating Conjunctions (used inof
Complex Sentences). Co-ordinating Conjunctions link clauses
cqual rank and independent status, that is, Principal/Main/ Super
ordinate Clauses. Subordinating Conjunctions link two clauses of
a Main Clause which has independent status, and a
unequal status, Clause.
Subordinate Clause which depends upon the Main

Co-ordinating Conjunctions
Conjunctions can be of four different types:add one
Co-ordinating
(1) Cumulative or Copulative
Conjunctions which
well as,
example, and, both... and, as
Statement to another (for
not only. but also);
 which present a
ConjuNtions contrag annehee 247
Ahe eanple, yet, still, but,
N gamenis(hr
aNerrhoe,
Mo howver):
Alrernative Conjunctions which
whereas,
h The same problem arises in entences l
Rama and Lakshmana are broehers

.npo,resen1ese,
uA ìe or
cample, or, either... ot, neither.. He and his sister are wins
( ahemarhes(hr He and his wife are an ideal pait.
ce. echewise);
ae Coondinacionin which one statement is the caue In uch sentences, the co-ordinator and des na link t arae
cause (for otements, but makes only a combined reference to he wies
auvdinghche ctfect of that example,as,so,hence),.thereh
he ocher onsequently,for, since, inasmuch This rype of Co-ordination is caled
Combinatory Ca rdmatin
There are co-ordinations in which a pern, place, or hing is
illustration of thee different )rypes co-ordinator.
identifhed, without the aid of a
(Fra deailed
piaserofer toche chapter
Co-ordinaring on Clause
Patterns.
ofConjuncia
Conjunctions may be briefly referred to
Joseph, my neighbour., is a doctor.
Trivandrum, the capital of Kerala, is a small cirz
Conjunctions as Platinum, a rare metal, is very costly
Condinaons,and Subordinatingwhich may be omitted in
arr erain
co-ordinators
There or erample:
"Subordinan
2ca
berween the tNO COmmas denrs
In these sentences, the phrase something. So these phrues e
onters the Subject Noun to be somebody or sentences can be rewriten a
towards his goal. alled Appositional Phrases. The given
Slowts, sreadil, he moved he is a doctor.
Joseph is my neighbour, and Kerala,
lane Ig, I conquercd. Trivandrum is the capital of and buit isa ml ure
rewritten as: it is very costlv.
Thoe sentences can be Platinum is arare metal, andtherefore
his goal. called Appasitiønal Cninten,
Sowty and (but) steadily, he moved towards This type of co-ordination is apposition to the preueang
lame, I gx, and I conquered. because the descriptive phrase is in
Spmdea
Then he co-ordinator is present, we call it Noun.
Gondin. W'hen it is absent, but could be supplied, we calt
Andex Cndination. Subordinating Conjunctions
Suburdinate Casa
Siay, a distinction may be drawn between Combinn Subordinators are used to introduce Adverbui Caes of ame.
Gin and Segogatory Co-ordination, when and is used Clauses, and
Clauses, Adjecrival/Relative purposE, cOnditioe, comp, d
placc, manner, reason, result,
Georg nd Mary went to England. bur concession).
George and Mary
Har te Coondinator and links
KcC cquivalcat to George went to England andinto Use of bgfore
weor so Fsatd. Sue he yven sentence can be split Before is used in chree way jt,
beoe he bel rug
KarneusdSpegaory Co-ordination. He enteFed the o
betue the bel (huta)
(eng ud Mary are ahappy couple. He entered the rouabchve (heib)
Hee, rpAd entenceinto two Statements isimpow Iwatned him wke

Cangsbay unple.
MywhaYule.
 CaExghsk Ghamma
248

two days.
k is wrong to uy. 'I aw him before
249

The correct form is I sw him rwo days ago." These can be correctly endered a
He is tall as I am. (Cmpira enen)
So, nll hil for, and but as conjunctions andI
Conjunction Prepositon preposition
He has been absent
He is tall lihe me. (Simple enence)
The child acted as its meaher dd (Conie
It's a month sne he left. The child acted like its merher. (Sampie
since Monday. Usage of without
He waited ll she arrived. He waited till her
Ihad to wait, for he was not there. They waited for the arribusval Without has the following uses:
She tried., but failed. All but John are You cannot thrive wthout hard wok Patn neing
Ue of but
present, 'xcept with)
As the hall was full, we had to stand wisheut. Ae eating
But is used also as a Relarive Pronoun after a
negative, in the sense 'outside)
'who'which not.
The sentence, "You cannot succeed wtthost yoAs work hed can
There was none but piticd her.
There is no bird but has wings. be corrected as "You cannot succeed without hand work, or S
cannot succeed unless you work hard'
Use of as
The word ais cither a Usage of except
Conjunction, or a Relative Pronoun afer such
and seme, but never a Preposition. The same rype of error is ofren commied in the use of a t
The senence, She wont come ecept you irvite het an e
He fll down as he was crossing the corrected as She wont come unles you invite bet. o Se wo
Hs reaction was not such as (the road. (Conjunction)
Pronoun)
same as) Iexpected. (Relative come without being imvited, or She woct come whou
Ue of lHke
inviing her.
Lr should not be used as a
everal uses. Conjunction in the place of as. Lik has Correlative Conjunctions
Correlarive Conjuncions are those used in pairs and not af em e
I Lkr ice
crcarn. (Verb) Co-ordinators (for eumple, cither O Deithetax
He is Lke his father. but (also). chough vet ds b
The Lke foods came ast (Preposition)
year also.
but, not only
and, whether
We shall nt see his
like again.(Adjective) 24, such 2s, no soOner than, hardhy Kney
Erertrdy has his hke and (Noun) more details, please hurn bak o the chaper on Caue h edouid
)
Tie dislikes. (Noun) at e ur
gecily foirg
itn indamalsentenes are incorrect, but getting
In Correlative Conjuntons the cicmeaes
precede he alternatives and he altemave d ue che ne
He is tall Lkl Eagsh: popular
am. structure. Study the kodwing unpis caet
The dld ad lik tae (Nw
The did ted i
mothes did. (0) He cared neithet hox mny h ate C
as its He care neither moncy
nhet. Vt e Ca
He care ky neither mcy
 Connecthves 251
ConciseEnglishGrammar
sooner
230 (Incorrect) Useof'no
poet or painter. arc wrong:
cither be a (Correct)
(2) He must either a poet ora painter. (Correct) The following usages
He must be painter. No sooner the bell rang than the train started.
be a poet or be a No sooner the bell had rung than the train started.
He must either
above (i.c., the third sentence) No sooner had the bell rung when the train started.
structurally
Note The version given
correct, may justavoided.
be
ihou
Similarly, the sentence 'She ehet
Maratti' may be correctly
rendered as She speaks
cither The correct
versions are:
peaks Hindi or As soon as the bell rang, the train started.
Hindi or Maratti'.
damaged the fence but (also) che o
No sooner had the bell rung than che trainstarted.
(3) The cattle not only No sooner did the bell ring
(Lncorrect) Hardly had the bell rung
The correct versions are:
cros Scarcely had the bell rung when the train started.
damaged not only the fence but (also) the
The cattle The bell had hardly rung
The cartle not only damaged the fence but also destroyed the The bell had scarcely rung
crop. Use of 'because'
(4) He meets me both on Sarurdays and Sundays. (Incorrect) wrong:
The correct versions are: The following sentences are
lazy, and not that I have
He meets me both on Saturdays and on Sundays. I do not write to him becauselam
He meets me on both Saturdays and Sundays. no time. he is ill.
The reason for his absence is because
Use of funtil and unless
The correct versions are:
Do not use Auxiliary verbs in clauses beginning with unsil and unles I am lazy, and not because
(as also with when, as s0on as, if, etc.) Ido not write to him because
I have no time.
Since unles means ifnot, the following sentence is wrong: him is that I am lazy, and
Unless ir does not stop raining, we have to cancel the match. The reason why I do not to write
not that I have no time.
The correct form should be 'Unless it stops/lf it does not stop that he is i.
The reason for his absence is
raining to illnes.
He is absent because he is illowing illness.
etc.

Similarly, to) his

Until he does not come, we cannot
His absence is because of (due
start the meeting Use of than'
(Incorrect)
(= than I like you).
Until he comes (=does come), we
cannot start the meeting 1. He likes you better than I
(Correct) me ( chan he likes me).
2. He likes you better than (than John likes you or than he
Use of lest 3. He likes you better than John.
Lest means in order likes John.)
that-not, and the only Axiliary that can follow (3) may be avoided hus:
it is should.
The ambiguity of sentence
You should work hard lest John does (-likes you) John)
1. He likes you better than
You should work hard lest you should not fail. (Tncorrect) 2. He likes you better than he
docs John. (=he likes
you
You should work
hard lest you should fail.
fail. (Correct)(Correct)
 Conise Engish Gnamnar
Connetits 253

leof both.
as well as' (Incorrecr)
well as precise. he after now, now that, afterwards, nalng afterwards, later,
there,
chen,here,
Xou must be both clear as that,,likewise, like this, like that, simílatly, identically.
Noe This vesion has
become common in speech,
form is and instcad of as
well as. but, here, later
lace
on,
manner, perhaps, may be, earlict, preioausly, formerly,
grammatically cotrect initially, ncxt,,first,secondly,
thirdly, lasly, last but nnleast, first and
Use of 'as well as i n tfar more importantly, chiefly, conequently, wubsequently.
and by nighttis incidentally,aaboveeall, in all, after all, on top of it all, enyally, instead,
Theidca of'He works by day
night. This is represented many
byy matter of fact, to begin with, to concdude, to sum up, to
people as'Heworks by day as well as bybut also by day' absurd, in fact, as
a
it means 'He works not only by night,
It would be equally absurd to say, Fie sleeps by night as wel
becau. with, with regard to, with reference to, with respea to, in respect
f to turn to, by the way, for
it bricfly,
one thing
to put it better,
(and) fos ansaher, in
in that case, to put
of, to put
by day', as one normally sleeps by night. e vent
These sentences should be correctly recast thus: e Aiferently, in other words, to be sure, of course, certainly, truly.
He works by night as well as by day. actually, really, in reality, in truth, inally, sometimes, occaionally.
uentually, evidently, obviously, frankly. generally, as cusoa woud
He sleeps by day as well as by night.
Regarding the principle of concord in constructions with a e-l have it, anyhow, anyway, more oten than never, presenty, at presen.
Currently, at this point, in this context, as a result, in consequence,
s, please turn back to the chapter on Concord.
simultaneously, ironically enough, for instance, for eample, in brief.
Use of as if to put it in a nutshel, in conclusion, in hne, meantime, meatile
As ifshould always be followed by the Past Tense. in the meantime/meanwhile, at the same time, all the same, on the
He speaks to me as if he knew me. one hand, on the other hand, on the contrary, converscty, at any ae,
2. You order me as if you were my
boss. as a rule, in any case, admitedly, technically. practically, nominaly
3. He behaved as if he
had been a child. officially, theoretically,. personally, coninually. frequenthy. locily.
These sentences in their full form (un)fortunately, strictly speaking, whatever happens, whaver it
1. He speaks to me as would be: might be, usually, as usual, immediarely, soon, surprisingly enouh.
2. You order me as youhe would speak if he knew me. to one's surprise, to one's dismay, to ones disappointment, to oac's
3. He behaved as he would do if you were my annoyance, to one's misfortune, to one's great itement, in the
would have done if he had been master. midst ofall this, to worsen the situation, what is worse, to cut a long
a child.
19.2 SENTENCE LINKERS story short, etc.
We have seen that
phrases, and causes.ConjIn unctions are expressions which link Exercise 1
number of
most of whichoheroccurlogical
connected
linkers speech or writing, we use words,a Insert suitableConjunctions/Prepositions
at the between sentences and also you cant catch the train.
Some the common beginning of sentences. paragraphs,
of 1, Hurry up,
Conjunctions linkers are below. (The 2. Study well you should fail.
chapter on ClausealreadyPatteirns.l ust) rated in thislistedchapter and
listexcludes 3. I doubrhe will rurn up.
Thus, in the earlier 4. Close the doors. you go to bed.
furthermorteh,ereupon, as yet, so far,
also,
further, again, or again, besides, as well,
too, 5. No sooner said done.
6. He begins to grunmblehe sees me.
besides, If so,