Conjunctions & Cohesive Devices A conjunction is a word tha

Linking & Connecting Words These conjunctions are adverbs used

Four main types Conjunction
1 coordinating conjunctions Coordinating conjunctions
join similar elements: subject +
2 correlative conjunctions Correlative conjunctions
difference: correlative conjunct
3 subordinating conjunctions Subordinating conjunctions

4 Transitions
1 Transitional words/Conjuctive adverb One word transition
2 Transitional Phrases two or more than two wor

coordinating conjunctions used to connect two independent clauses

To help remember the coordinating conjunctions, t

COORDINATING CONJU
F A
for and

Put a comma before these conjunctions. (Don't use them at the beginning of a sentence in more form

for Linda was finally going to buy a new car, for she had won the lotte
and Christopher sings and dances superbly.
nor I didn't run, nor did I walk to the fire.  I drove.
but Jon intended to go to the ball game, but his wife made him go to the oper
or Do you prefer blondes or brunettes?
yet Matthew wanted to stay home, yet he couldn't resist going out.
so Laura stubbed her toe, so she was limping for two days.

AND: Its uses and functions

1 To show that one idea comes after another (chronological or
Tony drove to the golf course and played nine hole
2 To show an  opinion or comment about the first clause:
Mildred is eighty-seven and is very fragile now
3 To show some surprise or a degree of amazement (
Andrew is handsome and is still single! 
4 To show that one idea is the result of another:
 Vicky saw the storm coming and ran to the baseme
5 To show that one clause is dependent upon another, conditi
Stop pouting, and I'll give you some ice cream
6 To show that one idea contrasts with another
Mark is brave, and Alan is humorous.   
Hortense exercises but is still clumsy.
7 To join or add words or similar ideas together. 
They sang and danced the night away.
But: Its uses and functions
1 To show in a positive way what the first part of the sentence implie
Arshid seemed to waste time, but he completed all
2 To show join contrasting ideas The movie has already started, but m
Arshid never gets tough, but she still commands a
3 But means 'except' when it is used after words such as all, everyth
You do nothing but weeping
Everyone but Anna has checked in.
We use object pronouns after
Everybody but me has paid.
In formal situations, we can use subject pronou
Everyone but she knew how the drama was going
4 But for + reason But for is used to introduce the 
But for the traffic, I would have been here an hour
They would have been badly injured but for the fa
were wearing seat belts, they would have been badly injured
OR:  Its uses and functions.
1.       To indicate a negative condition:
· We didn't know if we should risk driving thro
2.      To further elaborate on the first clause: 
· English Mistakes Welcome is the best room on
3.       To show choice or possibility:
· You can eat dinner early, or you can wait until
4.      To show a negative alternative without using an impera
· Clyde must like to chat or he wouldn't keep fig
5.       To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives:
· We can take turns talking on the microphone,
6.        To suggest a restatement or correction of the first part o
· Iowa is the best place in the world to live, or at
NOR: Its uses and functions. Nor is not used nearly as oft
Judd are interested in going sailing th
Nor can be used with other negative express
· Gloria did not start the riot, nor did Lilly.  
 Neither Wilfred nor Stuart kept the prom
·
YET: Its uses and functions. Yet has two functions: 1) as
As Adverb
in addition     (Yet another fine mess you go
even               (yet less interesting. . .)
still                 (She is a beginner, 
eventually      (CC may yet get unpacked.)
at this time     (He's not here yet.)
As Coordinating Conjunction its meaning is similar to 
· Jackson sings beautifully, yet he prefers to liste
· Everyone complains about politics, 
· Anna sews much better than the tailor on First
You can combine yet with but or and
The tornado chaser was scared but yet 
FOR: Its uses and functions. For is usually a preposition
isn't used that much. The use of for st
of using the word for would be becau
Arshid believed the best of
everyone, for she was a t
Everyone took a break and got a drink, 
SO: Its uses and functions. So is a little more confusing than th
Correct: Max is a bit shy, so he doesn't speak on th
So can also be as a weaker version of 
Correct: "So, my proud beauty, I have you in my
In the previous example, so was put at the be
Incorrect:  Sebastian is going to the wrestling ma
When so means as well or in addition

In the Start of a sentence (Informal)

But we, or our chief justice if we are not in England, are first to be informed
So please you, step aside
So the inquiries can coexist, though there is much overlap between them
And strikes are protected globally, existing in many of the countries with labour laws o
Yet, if thou swear’st, Thou mayst prove false

CORRELATIVE CONJUNCTIONS
Correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs denote equality. They join similar elements. When join
show the relationship between ideas expressed in different parts of a sentence - and thus make the joinin
o Put a comma before the second part if it connects 2 clauses (complete sentences).
Eric is not only an outstanding teacher, but he is also a gourmet cook.
 o You don't need a comma if it only connects words or phrases.

example: Eric is not only an outstanding teacher but also a gourmet cook.
Conjunction Sentence Sample
both. . .and Both red and white wines are good for cooking.
either. . .or ya…ya You can have either chicken or fish.
Either you or Asif has stolen my book
neither. . .nor na….na Neither Lionel nor Herbert can tap dance.
Neither I nor Asif has stolen your book
not only-but also-na serf…balky Not only did Martin lose his wallet, but he also lo
He is not only honest but also sincer
whether. . .or Whether to stay or to go is a decision only you can
not. . .but Not a day goes by that I don't remember the fresh air, b
Just as. . .so too Just as you sow, so too shall you reap. 

as- as itna- jita He is as tall as his brother

He ran as fast as he could
not so-as itna nahi-jitna k He is not so brave as his brother is
He is not so wise as his friend is
just as-so
scarcely-when
if-then
what with- and
no sooner-than Jonhi No sooner did I reach home than it began to rain

rather-than
Ask-if Pocha aya keh He asked me if I was ok
She asked me if he had been there
Although-yet Agarcha-lakin per b Although he is rich yet he is miser
Although she is poor yet she is open hearted
So that-may thaky he works hard so that he may pass
I go there so that I may take exercise
So-that itna, keh He is so weak that he cannot walk
Ali is so proud that he does not talk to anyone
Too-to itna keh-nahi sakta Tea is too hot to drink
he is too weak to fight
Not to speak of-even ka to zikar hi na karna/ko tu choro Not to speak of milk, he doesn't even
Not to speak of a car, he doesn't even have cycle
The more-the more jitna-itna the higher we go, the cooler it is.
The more sugur you put, the more sweater it does.
Gone are the days-when

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS/subordinators
1
Subordinating conjunctions can show that one idea is more important than another. The idea in the main clause is m
by the subordinating conjunction) is less important.
2 subordinators introduce a dependent clause. These adverbs that act like conjunctions are placed at the front of the c
is needed before a subordinating conjunction if the dependent clause follows the independent clause
3
4 This clause can come either before or after the main clause. Subordinators are usually
5 Some subordinating conjunctions such as after, before, since are also prepositions,

If the only tool you have is a hammer, you tend to see every problem as a nail.
Some people make headlines while others make history.

most common subordinating conjunctions

1 Conjunctions Concession 3 Conjunctions Condition
· though · if
· although · only if/if only
· even though · unless
· while · until
. whereas · provided that
. rather than · assuming that
· even if
2 Conjunctions Reason · in case (that)
· because · lest
· since . whether or not
· so that that
· in order (that) 4 Relative Pronoun
· why · who
. now that · whoever
. as · whom
. so · whomever
· whose

CONJUNCTIVE SEXAMPLE
1 time Make hay while the sun shines.
2 reason Because Barbie is from the South, she has a drawl.
3 condition If Taylor moves to New Zealand, he will have a better job.
4 reason Santa keeps a list, so you better be good!
5 place Wherever he goes, she will follow.
6 concession Vanessa never liked chocolate, although it smelled delicious.
7 condition Unless the taxes are lowered, there will be trouble.
8 manner Gertie wants to be an acrobat, as if her mother would let her!
9 manner He walked into the room as though he owned the place.

Conjunctive Adverbs/ Transional words/transional phrases/phrases

adverbial conjunction, transitional device
Transitions
1 Transitional words/Conjuctive adverb and Conjuctive adverb phrases
2 Transitional Phrases
When transition is used to join to indipendent clauses it is called conjuctive adverb or Conjunctive adv
joining to clauses then it's called transition, but the meaning of all places will same.

A conjunctive adverb can join two main/independent clauses or words, phrases, sentences, sen In this situation, the
connect the two clauses:
They show logical relationships expressed in clauses, sentences or paragraphs. Conjunctive

Their presence provides smooth transitions from one idea to another. conjunctive adverb shows cause a

All English transition words and phrases (sometimes also called 'conjunctive adverbs') do the

together and thus the text is easier to read and the coherence is improved.

They add a lot of emphasis, so don't be tempted to use them too often. Be aware that some of them sound too form

A semicolon and a comma are used when a conjunctive adverb separates two main cla
Ali loved strawberries; however, they gave her a rash

The conjunctive adverb is set off by a comma when it begins a sentence.

however, they gave her a rash, Ali loved strawberries
Ali ate strawberries, however, without a second thought.
without a second thought isn't not a complete sentence, so a semicolon is not needed. Jus

Conjunctive adverbs can be often moved around in the sentence with no loss of meani

Maria's car is making strange noises; therefore, she will take it to be serviced.

Maria's car is making strange noises, so she will therefore take it to be serviced.
Maria's car is making strange noises. She will therefore take it to be serviced

When a conjunctive adverb is used as an introductory word (at the beginning of a sen

 Naturally, Maria has a cosmopolitan view on many topics.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB: I don't like the answer; however it appears to work. 
TRANSITIONAL PHRASE: A phrase used to provide transition between clauses or sentences. 

GENERAL RULES: Conjunctive Adverbs and Transitional Phrases Require Semicolons, 
Conjunctive adverbs and transitional phrases connecting main clauses are preceded by a semicolon.

Conjunctive adverbs are transition words that are often confused with conjunctions. Conjunctive adverbs are adverbs that show
because they are not connecting grammatical parts of the sentence

Conjunctive Adverbs and the Relation They Indicate 

Similar to And Additionally
· Again
· also Almost
· besides Anyway
· furthermore As a result
· likewise In addition
· moreover Besides
Similar to But Certainly
· Comparatively
· however Consequently
· nevertheless Contrarily
· nonetheless Comparatively
· still Consequently
· Conversely
· conversely Elsewhere
· instead Equally
· otherwise Eventually
· rather Finally
Similar to So Further
Furthermore
· accordingly Elsewhere
· consequently Hence
· hence Henceforth
· meanwhile However
· then
· therefore
· thus

Transition words refert o conjunctive adverb and transition phrases refer to groups of words that establi
Sentence Postion and Punctuation
 is the sentence position for transtion words and phrases fixed the way it is for coordinators such and?
transition words and phrase can occur in the three position: at the beginning, in the middle, or at the en
deffers according to their postion, when they occur at the beginning of a main clause, they may be prece

1. Jeremy kept talking in class; therefore, he got in trouble.

2. She went into the store; however, she didn’t find anything she wanted to buy.

3. I like you a lot; in fact, I think we should be best friends.

4. Your dog got into my yard; in addition, he dug up my petunias.

5. You’re my friend; nonetheless, I feel like you’re taking advantage of me.

6. My car payments are high; on the other hand, I really enjoy driving such a nice vehicle.

You need to put more effort into your work; otherwise, you won’t get a passing grade.

We wanted to spend the day at the beach; however, it rained so we stayed home.

She is a very smart girl; therefore, it’s not at all surprising that she gets such good grades.

Jared is a millionaire; in contrast, his brother Jeremy is always flat broke.

He felt he couldn’t tell the truth about what happened; instead, he lied.

I wanted to see a scary movie; however, my friend wanted to see a comedy.
You need to concentrate on your studies; otherwise, you will fail the class.
The thunder and lightning were intense; consequently, the crowd dispersed.
He enjoyed getting a new tie; nevertheless, a sports car would have been a better gif
We really need to go to the mall; in addition, we should see a movie.
Conjunctive adverbs act like conjunctions; however, they are adverbs

Other Functions
Conjunctive adverbs can also function as a regular adverb and modify a verb, an adject
“He was accordingly very interested in jazz.” acting like an adverb
Therefore, I will eat green eggs and ham.
In other words, English is a hard language.
Above all, we must try and save the planet.

TRANSITION WORDS transitions are phrases or words used to 

helps papers read more smoothly, and at the same time a
Transitions may be "Additive," "Adversative," "Causal," or "Sequential."

Additive Adversative Causal  Sequential

Transitions Transitions (not cas Transitions
ual)
Addition Conflict Cause/Reason Numerical
Introduction Emphasis Effect/Result Continuation
Reference Concession Purpose Conclusion
Similarity Dismissal Consequence Digression
Identification Replacement Resumption
Clarification Summation

Additive Transitions:
These show addition, introduction, similarity to other ideas, &c.
Addition/to add to:
indeed, further, as well (as this), either (neither), not only (this) but also (that) as we
also, moreover, what is more, as a matter of fact, in all honesty, 
and, furthermore, in addition (to this), besides (this), to tell the truth,
or, in fact, actually, to say nothing of, equally important
too, let alone, much less additionally, in the first place
nor, alternatively, on the other hand, not to mention (this),
again in addition
Introduction:
 such as,  as,  particularly,  including,  as an illustration,
 for example,  like,  in particular,  for one thing,  to illustrate
 for instance,  especially,  notably,  by way of example,
Reference:
speaking about (this),  considering (this),  regarding (this),  with regards to (this),
 as for (this),  concerning (this), the fact that   on the subject of (this)
Similarity/to compare:
 similarly,  in the same way,  by the same token,   in a like manner,
 equally likewise, aslo
Identification:
 that is (to say),  namely,  specifically,  thus,
Clarification:
that is (to say), I mean, (to) put (it) another way in other words,
Causal Transitions:
These transitions signal cause/effect and reason/result, etc. . .
Cause/Reason:
 for the (simple) reason that,  being that,  for,  in view of (the fact),
 because (of the fact),  seeing that,  as,  owing to (the fact),
 due to (the fact that),  in that  since,  forasmuch as,
Condition/concede:
 on (the) condition (that),  granted (that),  if,  provided that,
 in the event that,  as/so long as,  unless  given that,
 granting (that),  providing that,  even if,  only if,
Effect/Result/conclude:
 as a result (of this),  consequently,  hence,  for this reason,
 because (of this),  in consequence,  so that,  accordingly
 as a consequence,  so much (so) that,  so,  therefore,
Purpose:
 for the purpose of,  in the hope that,  for fear that,  so that,
 with this intention,  to the end that,  in order to,  lest
 with this in mind,  in order that,  so as to,  so,
Consequence:
 under those circumstances,  then,  in that case,  if not,
 that being the case,  if so,  otherwise

To summarize To show a time sequence To emphasize**

all in all, altogether, as has been after, after a while, certainly, indeed,
said, finally, in brief, in conclusion, afterward, again, also, and in fact, of course,
in other words, in particular, in then, as long as, at last, at to be sure, I hope,
short, in simpler terms, in length, at that time, before, naturally, after all,
summary, on the whole, that is, besides, earlier, eventually, in short, at least,
therefore, to put it differently, to finally, formerly, further, remarkably, in
summarize furthermore, in addition, in fact, I think, it
the first place, in the past, seems, in brief,
last, lately, meanwhile, clearly, I suppose,
moreover, next, now, assuredly,
presently, second, shortly, definitely,
simultaneously, since, so without doubt, for
far, soon, still, all that, on the
subsequently, then, whole, in any
thereafter, too, until, until event,
now, when, later importantly,
certainly,
naturally

Transitional Words
This structured list of commonly used English transition words — approximately 200, can be considered
transition words are essential, since they not only connect ideas, but also can introduce a certain shift, co
The transition words and phrases have been assigned only once to somewhat artificial categories, althoug
There is some overlapping with prepositions and postpositions, but for the purpose of usage and complete

Agreement / Addition / Similarity

 The transition words like also, in addition, and, likewise, add information,

in the first place      also Opposition / Limitation

not only ... but also then Transition phrases like
as a matter of fact equally
in like manner identically although this may be
in addition uniquely in contrast
coupled with like different from
in the same fashion / wayas of course ..., but
first, second, third too on the other hand
in the light of moreover on the contrary
not to mention as well as at the same time
to say nothing of together with in spite of
equally important of course even so / though
by the same token     likewise be that as it may
again comparatively then again
to correspondingly above all
and similarly in reality
furthermore after all
additionally but
(and) still
unlike
or

Examples / Support / Emphasis

These transitional devices (like especially) are used to introduce examples as support, to in

in other words Effect / Consequence / Result

to put it differently
for one thing Some of these transition words 
as an illustration Note that for and because are p
in this case
for this reason as a result
to put it another way under those circumstance
that is to say in that case
with attention to for this reason
by all means in effect
for
important to realize thus
 another key point because the
first thing to remember then
most compelling evidence hence
must be remembered consequently
point often overlooked therefore
to point out thereupon
on the positive side forthwith
on the negative side accordingly
with this in mind henceforth
notably
including
like
to be sure
namely
chiefly
truly
indeed
certainly
surely
markedly
such as

especially
explicitly
specifically
expressly
surprisingly
frequently
significantly
particularly
in fact
in general
in particular
in detail
for example
for instance
to demonstrate
to emphasize
to repeat
to clarify
to explain
to enumerate
Many transition words in the time category (consequently; first, second, third; furth
 Except for the numbers (first, second, third) and further they add a meaning of time
information or list examples. Further is also used to indicate added space as well as added time.

Space / Location / Place

These transition words are often used as part of adverbial expressions and have th
the Timecategory and can be used to describe spatial order or spatial reference.

in the middle adjacent to near

to the left/right opposite to  above
in front of here below
on this side there down
in the distance next up
here and there where under
in the foreground from further
in the background over beyond
in the center of nearby
wherever

Addition: When there is a trusting relationship coupled with positive reinforcement, the partners wil

Consequence: Highway traffic came to a stop as a result of an accident that morning.
Contrast and Comparis The children were very happy. On the other hand, and perhaps more importantly, their par
Direction: She scanned the horizon for any sign though in the distance she could not see the surprise
Diversion: He stumbled upon the nesting pair incidentally found only on this hill.
Emphasis The Quakers gathered each month with attention to deciding the business of their Meeting
Exception: Consensus was arrived at by all of the members exclusive of those who could not vote.
Exemplifying: Some friends and I drove up the beautiful coast chiefly to avoid the heat island of the city.
Generalizing: There were a few very talented artists in the class, but for the most part the students only w
Illustration: The chapter provided complex sequences and examples illustrated with a very simple sche
Similarity The research was presented in a very dry style though was coupled with examples that ma
Restatement: In their advertising business, saying things directly was not the rule. That is to say, they tr
Sequence: The music had a very retro sound but at the same time incorporated a complex modern rhy
Summarizing: She didn't seem willing to sell the car this week, but in any case I don't get paid until the e

Adding Information Examples

and We have seen the movie twice, and now we want to see it again.

1 not only . . . but also Not only did my brother break his leg, but he also bruised his rib.

2 also My friend speaks Korean and English. She also speaks Chinese.

3 moreover (more formal) Cheating is dishonest. Moreover, it hinders students from learning.

4 furthermore (more formal) Students should be on time. Furthermore, they must be prepared.

5 in addition (more formal) You must complete this essay by 5 p.m. In addition, you must do the exercises on pag

6 Giving Examples Examples

7
8 for example I have been to many countries. For example, I have been to Russia, Canada, Mexico, a

9 for instance He often eats strange foods. For instance, he once ate cow brains.

10 specifically I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.

11 in particular I love fruit. In particular, I like bananas, pineapple, and berries.

12 The first (second, another, etc.) My friend hates skiing for several reasons. The first reason is that she dislikes being c

13 example/reason is . . .

14 Showing a Contrast Examples

but Bill earned an A on his essay, but Susan got a B.

however We wanted to leave at 8:00. However, Mike arrived too late.
on the other hand She hates housecleaning. On the other hand, she doesn't mind cooking.
otherwise Students should attend class. Otherwise, they may lose their status.
instead I am not going out tonight. Instead, I will stay home and watch a video.
in contrast (more formal) Women usually enjoy shopping. In contrast, men often dislike it.
Showing a Concession Examples

yet He knows that he should do his homework, yet he never does it.
nevertheless (more formal) I need to wear reading glasses. Nevertheless, I hate how I look in them.
even so I know you don't like to study. Even so, you must pass your exam.
however There are many benefits to exercising. However, you must take some precautions to a
although Even though the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.
even though Although the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.
despite the fact that . . . Despite the fact that Kate is good at tennis, she lost the match.
despite Despite Kate's skill at tennis, she lost the match.
Showing a Similarity Examples

likewise (more formal) Math was hard for me in high school. Likewise, it is hard in college.
similarly (more formal) Houseplants require much care and attention. Similarly, outdoor plants must be cared
in the same way Rock climbing takes much practice and skill. In the same way, learning to write well re

Difference between Transition and conjunctive

I just got done with writing 80 in college, and this stuff was pounded into us.
conjunctive adverbs conects two seperates clauses together. SV;CA,SV
for instance: Jack went up the hill; however, Jill did not want to go with him.
transitional adverbs still conect the two clause, but they are not in between the claus
for instance; Jack went up the hill; Jill, however, did not want to go with him.
I hope this helps
conjunctions are a small closed class of function words that link words, phrases claus

Transitional words tend, more often than not, to link thoughts and phrases or provide

However works as the transitional word. Other transitional words are: however, altho
Explatives
These words are also called expletives, and are closely related to conjunctive adverbs. E
which they are attached. Because of this, they do not really show a logical relationship like time or cause between i
important because of what preceded it. That is why many references include them with conjunctive adverbs.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS & RELATIVE ADJECTIVE

Another type of word that is not really a conjunctive adverb, but whi
who which
whom that** There and it is also explative words
whose what
whoever whichever
whomeverwhatever
· Randolph is the guy who won the in-line skate contest. 
· Artie told the waiter what his date wanted to order.
· Dreams that have been denied still are not forgotten.
· Lanny was determined to visit Helen, whatever
 THAT**
That is used to connect a subordinate clause to a preceding verb. It serves the p
· Rod heard (that) his car was stolen.
· Margo thought (that) her neighbors we
· Keith feels (that) he said nothing rude t
If you think leaving out the word that makes a break in the smoothness of a se
I’m telling you, (that) I don’t want to go there anymore.
The biggest obstacle is, (that) no one wants to spend money on repairs.
If you think the sentence sounds as good and its meaning is clearly understoo
1.  If there is a time element mentioned between the verb and t
· Warren told us last week that he was going
2.  If the verb of the clause is further into the clause rath
· The newspaper stated that some of the new
3.  If a second that makes the sentence more clear as to w
· The fireman said that the frequency of home

Expletive is a @#^$(*@% term in linguistics for a #@$%&$&! meaningless word filling a ~$#**
itself, it suggests the strength of feeling, usually anger or irritation, but sometimes admiration, etc. Mean
count. Europa has some expletives and expressions unique to their use as well as the ones we're used to

I don't give a damn about…
Ashtara above! Damnation
Ashtara's toerings! Daughter of thunder!
B'god Dear me
 Blast Oh, dear.
Blast it Oh, dear.
Blast it Dem
Bloody What the devil was that all about?
By Ashtara's holy daggers… Die slowly like the miserable rats you a
By de Name — Dios
By Gwangi! Drat
Confound it Drat
Curses! Blue fire!
By damn! Red fire
Damn Red fire
Damn For pity's sake
Freefalling hell
Geargrit
Get wound!
Get wound.
expletive is a traditional term for a word—such as there or it—that serves to shift the emph
expletive or (because the expletive has no apparent lexical meaning) an empty word.

I don't believe them, Buttercup thought. There are no sharks in the water and
When you're not here to look at me I have to laugh at your absurd powers."
It's a pity that Kattie couldn't be here tonight."
There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. T

"Oh, my goodness! Oh, my gracious! Oh, my golly! What a narrow escape! What
Holy mackerel. You're Aaron Maguire's son? Good grief. Good heavens
His arms give way and he crumples onto the grass, shrieking and laughing and ro

Expletive Deleted"
An interjected word, especially an oath or a swearword. At the time of the Waterg
phrase expletive deleted occurred frequently in the transcript of the White House tapes. The connection
English (1987), explaining the expletive use of f---ing as an adjective in I got my f---ing foot caught in the
level of ideas but hardly at the level of emotion."

The following 36 pages are in this category, out of 36 total.
Appendix:Fictional English curse words
A C G
arse child-fucker goddamn
ass Christ on a bike godsdamn
asshole Christ on a cracker H
B crap hell
bastard cunt holy shit
bitch D
bollocks damn
F
fuck
nction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses
unctions are adverbs used as conjunctions.

ating conjunctions  join single words or groups of words, but they must always
lar elements: subject + subject, verb phrase + verb phrase, sentence + sentence used to connect
ve conjunctions also connect sentence elements of the same kind but with one
e: correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs
nating conjunctions connect subordinate clauses to a main clause.

One word transition

two or more than two words transtion

ependent clauses
dinating conjunctions, think of the word FANBOYS.

DINATING CONJUNCTIONS
N B O Y S
nor but or yet so

ng of a sentence in more formal writing but informal they can)

r she had won the lottery. sentence + sentence

verb + verb
sentence + sentence
made him go to the opera instead. sentence + sentence
direct object + direct object
n't resist going out. sentence + sentence
r two days. sentence + sentence

her (chronological order):

se and played nine holes before lunch. (He drove first, played second.)
irst clause:
 is very fragile now
mazement (yet is often used here; and may also be used):
still single! 
g and ran to the basement.
pon another, conditionally (the first clause is often an imperative):
e you some ice cream.
But is often used; and is also used:
umorous.   

ight away.

of the sentence implied in a negative way (on the contrary is also used):
e, but he completed all the work
has already started, but my friend has not arrived yet.
t she still commands a lot of respect
rds such as all, everything/nothing, everyone/no one, everybody/nobody
The cleaning is done now, all but the floors. No one but Bert remembered to bring a notebook
I arrived at the airport and realised that I’d brought everything but my passport!

No one but him would get a job like that.

an use subject pronouns after but:
w the drama was going to end.
 used to introduce the reason why something didn’t happen:
ave been here an hour ago. (The traffic was very heavy – if it weren’t for the traffic, I’d have been here an hour ago.)
y injured but for the fact that they were wearing seat belts.(They were wearing seat belts – if it weren’t for the fact th
uld have been badly injured.)

hould risk driving through the deep water, or get out and swim.

me is the best room on Paltalk, or so the regulars say. 

y, or you can wait until midnight to eat.

out using an imperative (also see uses of and):
or he wouldn't keep fighting with his bad connection to stay on-line. 
n of alternatives:
ng on the microphone, or we can just sit here and look at each other. 
on of the first part of the sentence: 
the world to live, or at least Annie tries to tell us that.   
ot used nearly as often as the other conjunctions, and is usually used together with neither (Neither 
terested in going sailing this Sunday.) Nor can also be used alone:
her negative expressions: 
e riot, nor did Lilly.  
Stuart kept the promises they made.
two functions: 1) as an adverb 2) as a coordinating conjunction. It has several meanings:

her fine mess you got me in!)

nteresting. . .)
beginner, yet.)
yet get unpacked.)
here yet.)
ning is similar to nevertheless or but. 
y, yet he prefers to listen to others. 
out politics, yet no one does anything about it.
than the tailor on First St., yet she's afraid to charge for her services.
h but or and in a sentence.
scared but yet calm as he drove closer to the center of the storm.
ually a preposition, but it can be used as a coordinating conjunction too. It sounds very formal and sti
hat much. The use of for strongly indicates a certain order of events or thoughts, so be careful how you use it. A more informal choice inste
e word for would be because or since. The function of for is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause:
veryone, for she was a truly good person. He goes home, for he is ill." Co and sub both are corr
got a drink, for it had been a grueling class session. He goes home because he is ill
le more confusing than the other conjunctions. Sometimes it can connect two independent clauses along with a comma, but som
o he doesn't speak on the microphone very much.
er version of therefore. (That is, it can show that a second idea is the result of the first idea. In that case, a
auty, I have you in my power," leered the evil villain.
 so was put at the beginning of the sentence to show a transition or summing up of a narrative. When it
ng to the wrestling match alone, so Abe and Libby are going too.
r in addition, it is better to use a semicolon (;) between the independent clauses, or use a period after the w

to be informed

etween them
untries with labour laws outside the Wagner Act model

ilar elements. When joining singular and plural subjects, the subject closest to the verb determines whether the verb is singul
and thus make the joining tighter and more emphatic.

gourmet cook.
 Joining
re good for cooking. subject + subject
noun + noun
n my book
can tap dance. subject + subject
n your book
s wallet, but he also lost his keys. sentence + sentence

a decision only you can make. verb + verb

remember the fresh air, but I don't wish I were still in the mountains. sentence + sentence
l you reap.  sentence + sentence

She is not so pretty as her sister is

it began to rain same As soon as I reached home it began to rain

hardly had I reached home when it began to rain

You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do or prepare)
He is not only handsome but also brilliant. (Not only A but also B)
Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
pen hearted Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.
You must decide whether you stay or you go.
Just as many Americans love basketball, so many Canadians love ice hockey.
The more you practice dribbling, the better you will be at it.
alk to anyone Football is as fast as hockey (is (fast)).
Football is as much an addiction as it is a sport.
No sooner did she learn to ski than the snow began to thaw.
ak of milk, he doesn't even get bread I would rather swim than surf.
even have cycle

e sweater it does.
example:
idea in the main clause is more important, while the idea in the subordinate clause (made subordinate

 placed at the front of the clause - and a comma is needed at the end of the adverbial phrase when it precedes the main clause. no comma

dinators are usually a single word, but there are also a number of multi-word
o prepositions,

problem as a nail.

5 Conjunctions Comparison 9 Conjunctions Time
· than · after
· rather than · as long as
· whether · as soon as
· as much as · before
· whereas · by the time
6 Conjunctions Manner · now that
· how · once
· as though · since
· as if · till
7 Relative Adjective Place · until
· where · when
· wherever · whenever
8 Relative Pronoun · while
· that . until
· what . as
· whatever
· which
· whichever

Relative Adjective
Who
whoever
whom
whomever
 whose

hrases/phrases MAIN CLAUSE + ; + conjunctive adverb + , + MAIN CLAUSE.

One word transition

two or more than two words transtion
adverb or Conjunctive adverb phrases, and when it is used in other places than

es, sen In this situation, the conjunctive adverb behaves like a coordinating conjunction, connecting two complete ideas. Notice, however,

ragraphs. Conjunctive adverbs are very emphatic, so they should be used sparingly

e adverb shows cause and effect rather than time.

nctive adverbs') do the same work as coordinating conjunctions: they connect two words,phrases or clauses 

ome of them sound too formal for everyday conversational English

parates two main clauses

on is not needed. Just set off the conjunctive adverb with commas.

with no loss of meaning. This cannot be done with "true" conjunctions such as the coordinating conjunct

take it to be serviced.
e take it to be serviced.
ake it to be serviced

he beginning of a sentence), it needs a comma after it.

ny topics.

a semicolon.

dverbs are adverbs that show a transition between ideas within a sentence. Like other adverbs, conjunctive adverbs can be moved to different parts of a sen

1. Transitional Words and Phrases:

o Put a comma after these if they are at the beginning of a sentence.

example: I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.

o Use a semicolon to connect the two sentences.

example: I like to travel; specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.

o Use a comma before and after the transitional word/phrase in the middle of a clause.

example: I like to travel, and, specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.

roups of words that establish similar types of sentence relationship

 coordinators such and?
in the middle, or at the end of main clause, the punctuation of the transtion words and phrases
n clause, they may be preceded by either a period or semicolon, as fillustrated in the first two sentences

The dark skies and distant thunder dissuaded Clarice from her afternoon run; moreover, she had thirty
calculus problems to solve for her morning class.
wanted to buy.
Leon's apartment complex does not allow dogs over thirty pounds; otherwise, he would have bought
the gangly Great Dane puppy playing in the pet store window.

The cat ate a bowlful of tuna; then, to the squirrels' delight, the fat feline fell asleep in the rocking chair.

At 10 a.m., Paul was supposed to be taking his biology midterm. Instead, he was flirting with the pretty w
at the coffee house.
ing such a nice vehicle.
Maria declined Jeff's third invitation to go out. This young man is determined, nevertheless, to take her t
get a passing grade. one night soon.

e stayed home. After mowing the yard in the hot sun, Pedro was too hungry to shower. He did wash his dusty hands, ho

gets such good grades. If the break is weak, do not use comma(s).
Anna called to say her car would not start. Rafael will therefore have to walk to school.

Weak interruption = no commas.

The long noodles splashed tomato sauce all over the front of Brenda's shirt. Ordering fettuccine was a m

o see a comedy. Weak interruption = no comma.

 fail the class.
owd dispersed.
ld have been a better gift.

modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. In this case, they will not need extra punctuation.
e an adverb

s or words used to connect one idea to the next
ly, and at the same time allows the reader to flow more smoothly from one point to the next.
 Adversative Transitions:
These transitions are used to signal conflict, contradiction concession, dismissal, &c.
Conflict:
his) but also (that) as well,  but,  by way of contrast,  while,  on the other hand,
second still  however,  (and) yet,  whereas, though (final position),
then  in contrast,  when in fact,  conversely,  still
finally Emphasis:
first  even more,  above all,  indeed,  more importantly,  besides
last Concession:
next  but even so,  nevertheless,  even though,  on the other hand,
 however,  nonetheless,  despite (this),  notwithstanding (this),
 (and) still,  although,  in spite of (this),  regardless (of this),
 (and) yet,  though,  granted (this),  be that as it may,
Dismissal:
 either way,  whichever happens,  in either event,  in any case,
 with regards to (this),  in either case,  whatever happens,  all the same,  in any event,
  on the subject of (this) Replacement:
 (or) at least,  (or) rather,  instead except
  in a like manner,

in other words,
Sequential Transitions:
These transitions are used to signal a chronological or logical sequence.
Numerical:
inasmuch as, Continuation:
 owing to (the fact), subsequently, previously, eventually, next,
 forasmuch as, before (this), afterwards, after (this), then
Conclusion:
 provided that, naturally, to conclude (with) as a final point, eventually, at last,
  given that, of course last but not least, in the end, finally, lastly,
Digression:
 to change the topic  incidentally,  by the way,
 for this reason, Resumption:
 accordingly  to get back to the point,  to resume   at any rate,
 to return to the subject,  anyhow,  anyway,
Summation:
in the (first, second, etc.) place, initially, first of all thirdly, (&c.) so, consequently,
to begin with, at first, secondly, thus, as I have said,
as was previously stated, to start with, then, to summarize,
to make a long story short, for a start, in all, on the whole,
as has been mentioned, hence, in conclusion,
given these points, in sum, altogether,
as has been noted,
to put it briefly,

To emphasize** To contrast To illustrate

certainly, indeed, although, and yet, at the after all, as an

in fact, of course, same time, but at the same illustration, even,
to be sure, I hope, time, despite that, even so, for example, for
naturally, after all, even though, for all that, instance, in
in short, at least, however,  in contrast, in conclusion,
remarkably, in spite of, instead, indeed, in fact, in
fact, I think, it nevertheless, other words, in
seems, in brief, notwithstanding, on the short, it is true, of
clearly, I suppose, contrary, on the other hand, course, namely,
assuredly, otherwise, regardless, still, specifically, that
definitely, though, yet is, to illustrate,
without doubt, for thus, truly
all that, on the
whole, in any
event,
importantly,
certainly,
naturally

y 200, can be considered as quasi complete.
oduce a certain shift, contrast or opposition, emphasis or agreement, purpose, result or conclusion, etc. in the line of argument
tificial categories, although some words belong to more than one category
se of usage and completeness of this concise guide, I did not differentiate.
 se, add information, reinforce ideas, and express agreement with preceding material.

ition / Limitation / Contradiction

ransition phrases like but, rather and or, express that there is evidence to the contrary or point out alternative

lthough this may be true (and) yet

n contrast while Cause / Condition / Purpose
ifferent from albeit These transitional phrases present specific cond
f course ..., but besides
n the other hand as much as in the event that when
n the contrary even though granted (that) whenever
t the same time although as / so long as while
n spite of instead on (the) condition (that)
ven so / though whereas for the purpose of because of
e that as it may despite with this intention as
hen again conversely with this in mind since
otherwise in the hope that while
however to the end that lest
rather for fear that in case
nevertheless in order to provided th
nonetheless seeing / being that given that
regardless in view of only / even 
notwithstanding If so that
... then so as to
unless owing to
in as much 
due to

mples as support, to indicate importance or as an illustration so that an idea is cued to the reader.

e / Result

hese transition words (thus, then, accordingly, consequently, therefore, henceforth) are time words that are

or and because are placed before the cause/reason. The other devices are placed before the consequences o

ose circumstance Conclusion / Summary / Restatement

These transition words and phrases conclude, summarize and / or restate ideas, 
or indicate a final general statement. Also some words (like therefore) from the Effect /
Consequence category can be used to summarize.
as can be seen
 generally speaking Time / Chronology / Sequence
in the final analysis These transitional words (like finally) have the 
all things considered as part of adverbial expressions
as shown above at the present time
in the long run from time to time
given these points sooner or later
as has been noted at the same time
in a word up to the present time
for the most part to begin with
after all in due time
in fact as soon as
in summary as long as
in conclusion in the meantime
in short in a moment
in brief without delay
in essence in the first place
to summarize all of a sudden
on balance at this instant
altogether first, second
overall
ordinarily immediately
usually quickly
by and large finally
to sum up after
on the whole later
in any event last
in either case until
all in all till
since
Obviously then
Ultimately before
Definitely hence
since
when
once
about
next
now

t, second, third; further; hence; henceforth; since; then, when; and whenever) have other uses.
add a meaning of time in expressing conditions, qualifications, or reasons. The numbers are also used to add

essions and have the function to restrict, limit or qualify space. Quite a few of these are also found in 

near around
above between
below before
down alongside
up amid
under among
further beneath
beyond beside
nearby behind
wherever across

forcement, the partners will be able to overcome difficult situations.

more importantly, their parents were very proactive in providing good care.
 could not see the surprise coming her way.

e business of their Meeting.
ose who could not vote.
 the heat island of the city.
most part the students only wanted to avoid the alternative course.
ted with a very simple schematic diagram.
pled with examples that made the audience tear up.
 rule. That is to say, they tried to convey the message subtly though with creativity.
ated a complex modern rhythm.
 I don't get paid until the end of the month.

Showing a Result Examples

so Janet passed her exam, so she is very happy.

as a result Tim was late. As a result, we could not go to the concert.
therefore James is not feeling well. Therefore, he will not be here today.
thus (more formal) The committee voted against the proposal. Thus, we must cons
as a consequence I forgot that the cake was in the oven. As a consequence, it bu
must do the exercises on page 47. consequently (more formal) Tina lost her keys. Consequently, she could not drive home.
Establishing Time Relation or Se Examples
n to Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain. first First, I think that she is studying hard.
second Second, I believe that she is a bright student.
finally Finally, I know that she has great potential.
in conclusion In conclusion, I feel that she deserves to win the scholarship.
on is that she dislikes being cold. Another reasoninissummary
that she often falls. In summary, we should offer her some financial help.
meanwhile Jeff was working hard to clean the house. Meanwhile, his broth
Showing a Condition Examples

or I must study hard, or I will fail my exam.

whether . . . or Whether you are coming or not, I am still going to Amy's party
t mind cooking. if . . . (then) If you want to get good grades, then you must do your homewo
Explaining or Emphasizing Examples
watch a video.
in fact The bookstore sells cards. In fact, they have the best cards aro
actually James is actually the first person I have known who has been to
in other words He was late to class again. In other words, he didn't wake up o
namely (more formal) The plan needed only two things to succeed—namely, time and
I look in them. Giving an Alternative Examples

st take some precautions to avoid injury. or We can go to the beach, or we can go to the mountains.
either . . . or You can either ride the bus or walk to my apartment.
neither . . . nor (more formal) I like neither that person nor his brother.

outdoor plants must be cared for properly.

way, learning to write well requires a great deal of practice.

unded into us.

go with him.
t in between the clauses.
o go with him.

k words, phrases clauses in the same sentence. examples are: is, the, of, but, or, and, so, are, for, on, at, it.

and phrases or provide continuity from one sentence or paragraph to the next. E.g. Maddie's excited to see her fr

rds are: however, although, thus, therefore, furthermore, consequently, whereas.

njunctive adverbs. Expletives often show no other meaning than to emphasize the sentence to
ke time or cause between ideas, so they are not exactly conjunctive adverbs. They do, however, show that the new idea is
conjunctive adverbs.

VE ADJECTIVES
tive adverb, but which joins ideas together with adjective or noun clauses, are relative pronouns and rel

plative words

n-line skate contest. 

wanted to order.
are not forgotten.
en, whatever the cost.

ing verb. It serves the purpose of a conjunction in that instance. That may often be left out with no changes in meanin
his car was stolen.
that) her neighbors were gossiping about her.
he said nothing rude to the salesman.
the smoothness of a sentence, you may use a comma where the word that would have been placed.

money on repairs.
ng is clearly understood without using that, then leave it out. BUT: There are three times when the word that should
between the verb and the clause:
eek that he was going on vacation this month.
her into the clause rather than close to the beginning:
d that some of the new houses built over the last few months were already in disrepair. (Be careful!  The main verb i
tence more clear as to who said or did what:
the frequency of home fires was increasing, and that the sale of smoke detectors had fallen off. (Did the fireman mea

gless word filling a ~$#**$@#%!@#$syntactic vacancy (syntactic expletives). Rather than actually meaning something in 
times admiration, etc. Meaningless uses of inoffensive words are seldom referred to as "expletive", but do technically
ll as the ones we're used to. They are listed below with who said them:

Good Lord Jeez what in crackthunder is…

Good Lord Jeez What on—
Good Lord Sweet lightning! What the hell
Gott's leedle feesh in trousers! Sweet lightning! what's—OW!
 Gott's little feesh in trousers! Sweet lightning! Wow!
Götterdämmerung! Sweet lightning. you filthy thief of souls…
Good heavens Madre de Diodes —may her bones burn green
Good heavens Mein gott! —the Devil?!
Good heavens Mon dieu!
Great heavens Mon dieu!
Great heavens Mon dieu!
Great heavens Oh my gosh!
Hoka hey! We're still alive! Pull the rip panel[3]
Holy Smoke! Rigger Rats!
I don't give a bent gear by Sir Isaac!
Jeez Smagga du BOKK!
Jeez Suffering sanddragons!
Jeez Thank God.
The heck

rves to shift the emphasis in a sentence or embed one sentence in another. Sometimes called a syntactic

s in the water andthere is no blood in his cup."

bsurd powers."

othing is a miracle. The other is as though everything is a miracle."

narrow escape! What a near miss! What good fortune for our friends!"
od heavens. Your family's practically a dynasty in South Bend. Everybody knows they're wallowing in mone
g and laughing and rolling down the hill. But he lands on a stiff little thorn branch. Shit bugger bloody, shit b

he time of the Watergate hearings in the U.S. in the 1970s, during the presidency of Richard Nixon, the
ouse tapes. The connection between original and derived meaning is caught in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
my f---ing foot caught in the f---ing door: it is 'used as an almost meaningless addition to speech.' Here, it is meaningless at the

J M S
Jesus motherfucker shit
Jesus Christ N shit ass
Jesus H. Christ nigga shitass
Jesus Harold Christ nigger son of a bitch
Jesus wept son of a motherless goat
Jesus, Mary and Joseph son of a whore
Judas Priest sweet Jesus
T
twat
used to connect two independent clauses
d to bring a notebook to class. (Everyone forgot to bring a notebook, with the exception of Bert.)

en here an hour ago.)
weren’t for the fact that they 

either (Neither Bill nor
very formal and stiff, so
more informal choice instead

Co and sub both are correct

with a comma, but sometimes it can't. 

dea. In that case, a comma before so is fine.)

narrative. When it is used this way, a comma should follow so.

e a period after the word alone and start a new sentence, omitting the word so.

ether the verb is singular or plural.  

Either do or prepare)

ns love ice hockey.
e main clause. no comma 
e ideas. Notice, however, that you need a semicolon, not a comma, to

ases or clauses 

ordinating conjunctions. 
ved to different parts of a sentence
moreover, she had thirty

he would have bought

sleep in the rocking chair.

as flirting with the pretty waitress

nevertheless, to take her to dinner

wash his dusty hands, however.

dering fettuccine was a mistake indeed.

al position),

nding (this),
consequently, in summary,
as I have said, to sum up,
to summarize, to be brief,
on the whole, therefore,
in conclusion, in a word,
in short,

 in the line of argument
 point out alternatives, and thus introduce a change the line of reasoning (contrast).

resent specific conditions or intentions.

when
whenever
while

because of
as
since
while
lest
in case
provided that
given that
only / even if
so that
so as to
owing to
in as much as
due to

e time words that are used to show that after a particular time there was aconsequence or an effect.
the consequences or effects.

tate ideas, 
/ Sequence
ke finally) have the function of limiting, restricting, and definingtime. They can be used either alone or 

sent time formerly
suddenly
shortly
henceforth
present time whenever
eventually
meanwhile
further
during
in time
prior to
forthwith
straightaway

by the time
whenever

until now
now that

instantly
presently
occasionally

ther uses.
e also used to add

lso found in 

not go to the concert.

, he will not be here today.
oposal. Thus, we must consider another idea.
n. As a consequence, it burned.
he could not drive home.
ves to win the scholarship.
ome financial help.
ouse. Meanwhile, his brother was watching television.

m still going to Amy's party.

n you must do your homework.

hey have the best cards around.

have known who has been to Africa.
words, he didn't wake up on time.
ucceed—namely, time and money.

go to the mountains.
to my apartment.

for, on, at, it.

s excited to see her friends and family after arriving home from six months abroad. However, she is not looking fo
entence to

e pronouns and relative adjectives.

no changes in meaning to the sentence. You need to determine whether the sentence is clearly understood if you leav

the word that should be used:

ful!  The main verb in this clause is were, not built)

(Did the fireman mean that sales had fallen off, or was the increase in fires causing the drop in sales? The second 

ing something in 
alled a syntactic

wallowing in money."
bugger bloody, shit bugger bloody."

ard Nixon, the

ngless at the
her alone or 
she is not looking forward to going back to work.
understood if you leave out the word that when you introduce a subordinate clause. If the sentence makes sense with

sales? The second that clarifies the sentence.)

nce makes sense without the word that, omit it.
Conjunctions & Cohesive Devices
Linking & Connecting Words
Four main types Conjunction
1 coordinating conjunctions

2 correlative conjunctions

3 subordinating conjunctions

4 Transitions
1 Transitional words/Conjuctive adverb
2 Transitional Phrases

coordinating conjunctions used to connect two independent cla

To help remember the coordinating c

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
F A N B
for and nor but

Put a comma before these conjunctions. (Don't use them at the beginning of a sentence in more formal

for Linda was finally going to buy a new car, for she had won the lottery.
and Christopher sings and dances superbly.
nor I didn't run, nor did I walk to the fire. I drove.
but Jon intended to go to the ball game, but his wife made him go to the opera instead.
or Do you prefer blondes or brunettes?
yet Matthew wanted to stay home, yet he couldn't resist going out.
so Laura stubbed her toe, so she was limping for two days.

Correlative Conjunctions
Conjunction Sentence Sample
both. . .and Both red and white wines are good fo
either. . .or ya…ya You can have either chicken or fish.
Either you or Asif has stolen my book
neither. . .nor na….na Neither Lionel nor Herbert can tap da
Neither I nor Asif has stolen your boo
not only-but also-na serf…balky Not only did Martin lose his wallet, b
He is not only honest but also sincer
whether. . .or Whether to stay or to go is a decision
not. . .but Not a day goes by that I don't remem
Just as. . .so too Just as you sow, so too shall you reap
 as- as itna- jita He is as tall as his brother
He ran as fast as he could
not so-as itna nahi-jitna k He is not so brave as his brother is
He is not so wise as his friend is
just as-so
scarcely-when
if-then
what with- and
no sooner-than Jonhi No sooner did I reach home than it be

rather-than
Ask-if Pocha aya keh He asked me if I was ok
She asked me if he had been there
Although-yet Agarcha-lakin per b Although he is rich yet he is miser
Although she is poor yet she is open h
So that-may thaky he works hard so that he may pass
I go there so that I may take exercise
So-that itna, keh He is so weak that he cannot walk
Ali is so proud that he does not talk to
Too-to itna keh-nahi sakta Tea is too hot to drink
he is too weak to fight
Not to speak of-even ka to zikar hi na karna/ko tu choro
Not to speak of a car, he doesn't even
The more-the more jitna-itna the higher we go, the cooler it is.
The more sugur you put, the more sw
Gone are the days-when

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS/subordinators
1
Subordinating conjunctions can show that one idea is more important than another. The idea in the main clause is m
by the subordinating conjunction) is less important.
is needed before a subordinating conjunction if the dependent clause follows the independent clause
3
most common subordinating conjunctions
1 Conjunctions Concession 3
· though
· although
· even though
· while
. whereas
. rather than

2 Conjunctions Reason
· because
· since
 · so that
· in order (that) 4
· why
. now that
. as
. so

CONJUNCTIVE SHOWS: EXAMPLE

1 time Make hay while the sun shines.
2 reason Because Barbie is from the South, she has a drawl.
3 condition If Taylor moves to New Zealand, he will have a better job.
4 reason Santa keeps a list, so you better be good!
5 place Wherever he goes, she will follow.
6 concession Vanessa never liked chocolate, although it smelled delicious.
7 condition Unless the taxes are lowered, there will be trouble.
8 manner Gertie wants to be an acrobat, as if her mother would let her!
9 manner He walked into the room as though he owned the place.

Conjunctive Adverbs/ Transional words/transional phrases/phrases

adverbial conjunction, transitional device
Transitions
1 Transitional words/Conjuctive adverb and Conjuctive adverb phrases
2 Transitional Phrases
When transition is used to join to indipendent clauses it is called conjuctive adverb or Conjunctive adv
joining to clauses then it's called transition, but the meaning of all places will same.

A conjunctive adverb can join two main/independent clauses or words, phrases, sentences, sen In this situation, the
connect the two clauses:
They show logical relationships expressed in clauses, sentences or paragraphs. Conjunctive adverbs are very empha

Their presence provides smooth transitions from one idea to another.

All English transition words and phrases (sometimes also called 'conjunctive adverbs') do the same work as coordi
together and thus the text is easier to read and the coherence is improved.

They add a lot of emphasis, so don't be tempted to use them too often. Be aware that some of them sound too form

A semicolon and a comma are used when a conjunctive adverb separates two main clauses
Ali loved strawberries; however, they gave her a rash

The conjunctive adverb is set off by a comma when it begins a sentence.

however, they gave her a rash, Ali loved strawberries
Ali ate strawberries, however, without a second thought.
 without a second thought isn't not a complete sentence, so a semicolon is not needed. Just set off the conjunctive a

Conjunctive adverbs can be often moved around in the sentence with no loss of meaning. This cannot be done with

Maria's car is making strange noises; therefore, she will take it to be serviced.
Maria's car is making strange noises, so she will therefore take it to be serviced.
Maria's car is making strange noises. She will therefore take it to be serviced

When a conjunctive adverb is used as an introductory word (at the beginning of a sentence), it needs a comma aft

Naturally, Maria has a cosmopolitan view on many topics.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB: I don't like the answer; however it appears to work.

TRANSITIONAL PHRASE: A phrase used to provide transition between clauses or sentences.

GENERAL RULES: Conjunctive Adverbs and Transitional Phrases Require Semicolons,

Conjunctive adverbs and transitional phrases connecting main clauses are preceded by a semicolon.

Conjunctive adverbs are transition words that are often confused with conjunctions. Conjunctive adverbs are adver
because they are not connecting grammatical parts of the sentence

Conjunctive Adverbs and the Relation They Indicate

Similar to And
·
· also
· besides
· furthermore
· likewise
· moreover
Similar to But
·
· however
· nevertheless
· nonetheless
· still
·

TRANSITION WORDS transitions are phrases or words used

helps papers read more smoothly, an
Transitions may be "Additive," "Adversative," "Causal," or "Sequential."

Additive Adversative Causal (not casual)

Transitions Transitions Transitions
Addition Conflict Cause/Reason
Introduction Emphasis Effect/Result
Reference Concession Purpose
Similarity Dismissal Consequence
Identification Replacement
Clarification

Additive Transitions:
These show addition, introduction, similarity to other ideas, &c.
Addition/to add to/sequence:
indeed, further, as well (as this), either (neither),
also, moreover, what is more, as a matter of fact,
and, furthermore, in addition (to this), besides (this),
or, in fact, actually, to say nothing of,
too, let alone, much less additionally,
time sequence
and then shortly before lately
eventually finally besides at length
further formerly earlier at that time
simultaneously soon still thereafter
then subsequently too until now
at the present time sooner or later in due time at last
from time to time at the same time in a moment next
up to the present time to begin with without delay again
in the first place all of a sudden at this instant while
in the past so far after a while forthwith
in time during prior to occasionally
by the time now that instantly as
To illustrate
indeed in other words correspondingly in short
namely after all on the other hand, after all
nor, not to mention (this),
next it is true
again for instance alternatively, last
Introduction:
such as, as, particularly, including,
for example, like, in particular, for one thing,
for instance, especially, notably, by way of example,
Reference:
speaking about (this), considering (this), regarding (this), with regards to (this),
as for (this), concerning (this), the fact that on the subject of (this)
Similarity/to compare:
similarly, in the same way/fashion, by the same token,
equally likewise, aslo in the light of
rather than whether as much as whereas
Identification:
that is (to say), namely, specifically, uniquely
Clarification:
that is (to say), I mean, (to) put (it) another way in other words,
Causal Transitions:
These transitions signal cause/effect and reason/result, etc. . .
Cause/Reason: under those circumstances
for the (simple) reason that, being that, for,
because (of the fact), seeing that, as,
due to (the fact that), in that since,
Condition/concede:
on (the) condition (that), granted (that), lest
in the event that, as/so long as,
whether..or
granting (that), providing that,
Effect/Result/conclude:
as a result (of this), consequently, hence,
because (of this), in consequence, so that,
as a consequence, so much (so) that, so,
Purpose:
for the purpose of, in the hope that, for fear that,
with this intention, to the end that, in order to,
with this in mind, in order that, so as to,
Consequence:
under those circumstances, then, in that case,
that being the case, if so, otherwise

Addition: When there is a trusting relationship coupled with positive reinforcement, the
Consequence: Highway traffic came to a stop as a result of an accident that morning.
Contrast and Comparison: The children were very happy. On the other hand, and perhaps more importa
Direction: She scanned the horizon for any sign though in the distance she could not see
Diversion: He stumbled upon the nesting pair incidentally found only on this hill.
Emphasis The Quakers gathered each month with attention to deciding the business of
Exception: Consensus was arrived at by all of the members exclusive of those who could
Exemplifying: Some friends and I drove up the beautiful coast chiefly to avoid the heat islan
Generalizing: There were a few very talented artists in the class, but for the most part the s
Illustration: The chapter provided complex sequences and examples illustrated with a ver
Similarity The research was presented in a very dry style though was coupled with exam
Restatement: In their advertising business, saying things directly was not the rule. That is to
Sequence: The music had a very retro sound but at the same time incorporated a comple
Summarizing: She didn't seem willing to sell the car this week, but in any case I don't get pai

Transitional Words
This structured list of commonly used English transition words — approximately 200, can be considered as quasi co
transition words are essential, since they not only connect ideas, but also can introduce a certain shift, contrast or o
The transition words and phrases have been assigned only once to somewhat artificial categories, although some w
There is some overlapping with prepositions and postpositions, but for the purpose of usage and completeness of t

1 Agreement / Addition / Similarity

The transition words like also, in addition, and, likewise, add information, reinforce ideas, and express

2 Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction

Transition phrases like but, rather and or, express that there is evidence to the contrary or point out alte

3 Cause / Condition / Purpose

These transitional phrases present specific conditions or intentions.

4 Examples / Support / Emphasis

These transitional devices (like especially) are used to introduce examples as support, to indicate impor
5
Effect / Consequence / Result
Some of these transition words (thus, then, accordingly, consequently, therefore, henceforth) are time
Note that for and because are placed before the cause/reason. The other devices are placed before the

6 Conclusion / Summary / Restatement

These transition words and phrases conclude, summarize and / or restate ideas,
or indicate a final general statement. Also some words (like therefore) from the Effect /
Consequence category can be used to summarize.

7 Time / Chronology / Sequence

These transitional words (like finally) have the function of limiting, restricting, and definingtime. They ca
as part of adverbial expressions

Many transition words in the time category (consequently; first, second, third; further; hence; hencefor
Except for the numbers (first, second, third) and further they add a meaning of time in expressing condi
information or list examples. Further is also used to indicate added space as well as added time.

8 Space / Location / Place

These transition words are often used as part of adverbial expressions and have the function to restrict
the Timecategory and can be used to describe spatial order or spatial reference.
Adding Information Examples

and We have seen the movie twice, and now we want to see it again
not only . . . but also Not only did my brother break his leg, but he also bruised his ri
also My friend speaks Korean and English. She also speaks Chinese.
moreover (more formal) Cheating is dishonest. Moreover, it hinders students from learn
furthermore (more formal) Students should be on time. Furthermore, they must be prepar
in addition (more formal) You must complete this essay by 5 p.m. In addition, you must d
Giving Examples Examples

for example I have been to many countries. For example, I have been to Rus
for instance He often eats strange foods. For instance, he once ate cow brai
specifically I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.
in particular I love fruit. In particular, I like bananas, pineapple, and berries.
The first (second, another, etc.) My friend hates skiing for several reasons. The first reason is th
example/reason is . . .
Showing a Contrast Examples

but Bill earned an A on his essay, but Susan got a B.

however We wanted to leave at 8:00. However, Mike arrived too late.
on the other hand She hates housecleaning. On the other hand, she doesn't mind
otherwise Students should attend class. Otherwise, they may lose their st
instead I am not going out tonight. Instead, I will stay home and watch
in contrast (more formal) Women usually enjoy shopping. In contrast, men often dislike it
Showing a Concession Examples

yet He knows that he should do his homework, yet he never does it

nevertheless (more formal) I need to wear reading glasses. Nevertheless, I hate how I look
even so I know you don't like to study. Even so, you must pass your exam
however There are many benefits to exercising. However, you must take
although Even though the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.
even though Although the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.
despite the fact that . . . Despite the fact that Kate is good at tennis, she lost the match.
despite Despite Kate's skill at tennis, she lost the match.
Showing a Similarity Examples

likewise (more formal) Math was hard for me in high school. Likewise, it is hard in colle
similarly (more formal) Houseplants require much care and attention. Similarly, outdoo
in the same way Rock climbing takes much practice and skill. In the same way, le

Difference between Transition and conjunctive

I just got done with writing 80 in college, and this stuff was pounded into us.
 conjunctive adverbs conects two seperates clauses together. SV;CA,SV
for instance: Jack went up the hill; however, Jill did not want to go with him.
transitional adverbs still conect the two clause, but they are not in between the clauses.
for instance; Jack went up the hill; Jill, however, did not want to go with him.
I hope this helps
conjunctions are a small closed class of function words that link words, phrases clauses in the same sent

Transitional words tend, more often than not, to link thoughts and phrases or provide continuity from on

However works as the transitional word. Other transitional words are: however, although, thus, therefor

1. Jeremy kept talking in class; therefore, he got in trouble.

2. She went into the store; however, she didn’t find anything she wanted to buy.

3. I like you a lot; in fact, I think we should be best friends.

4. Your dog got into my yard; in addition, he dug up my petunias.

5. You’re my friend; nonetheless, I feel like you’re taking advantage of me.

6. My car payments are high; on the other hand, I really enjoy driving such a nice veh

You need to put more effort into your work; otherwise, you won’t get a passing grade

We wanted to spend the day at the beach; however, it rained so we stayed home.

She is a very smart girl; therefore, it’s not at all surprising that she gets such good gra

Jared is a millionaire; in contrast, his brother Jeremy is always flat broke.

He felt he couldn’t tell the truth about what happened; instead, he lied.

I wanted to see a scary movie; however, my friend wanted to see a comedy.

You need to concentrate on your studies; otherwise, you will fail the class.
The thunder and lightning were intense; consequently, the crowd dispersed.
He enjoyed getting a new tie; nevertheless, a sports car would have been a better gift
We really need to go to the mall; in addition, we should see a movie.
Conjunctive adverbs act like conjunctions; however, they are adverbs

Explatives
These words are also called expletives, and are closely related to conjunctive adverbs. Expletives often show no oth
which they are attached. Because of this, they do not really show a logical relationship like time or cause between i
important because of what preceded it. That is why many references include them with conjunctive adverbs.
 RELATIVE PRONOUNS & RELATIVE ADJECTIVES
Another type of word that is not really a conjunctive adverb, but which joins ideas to
who which
whom that**
whose what
whoever whichever
whomever whatever
· Randolph is the guy who won the in-line skate contest.
· Artie told the waiter what his date wanted to order.
· Dreams that have been denied still are not forgotten.
· Lanny was determined to visit Helen, whatever the cost.
THAT**
That is used to connect a subordinate clause to a preceding verb. It serves the purpos
· Rod heard (that) his car was stolen.
· Margo thought (that) her neighbors were gossiping about her.
· Keith feels (that) he said nothing rude to the salesman.
If you think leaving out the word that makes a break in the smoothness of a sentence
I’m telling you, (that) I don’t want to go there anymore.
The biggest obstacle is, (that) no one wants to spend money on repairs.
If you think the sentence sounds as good and its meaning is clearly understood witho
1. If there is a time element mentioned between the verb and the clause:
· Warren told us last week that he was going on vacation this month.
2. If the verb of the clause is further into the clause rather than close to the beginni
· The newspaper stated that some of the new houses built over the last few mon
3. If a second that makes the sentence more clear as to who said or did what:
· The fireman said that the frequency of home fires was increasing, and that the

Expletive is a @#^$(*@% term in linguistics for a #@$%&$&! meaningless word filling a ~$#**$@#%!@
itself, it suggests the strength of feeling, usually anger or irritation, but sometimes admiration, etc. Mean
count. Europa has some expletives and expressions unique to their use as well as the ones we're used to

I don't give a damn about…

Ashtara above! Damnation
Ashtara's toerings! Daughter of thunder!
B'god Dear me
Blast Oh, dear.
Blast it Oh, dear.
Blast it Dem
Bloody What the devil was that all about?
By Ashtara's holy daggers… Die slowly like the miserable rats you
By de Name — Dios
By Gwangi! Drat
 Confound it Drat
Curses! Blue fire!
By damn! Red fire
Damn Red fire
Damn For pity's sake
Freefalling hell
Geargrit
Get wound!
Get wound.
expletive is a traditional term for a word—such as there or it—that serves to shift the emphasis in a sentence or em
expletive or (because the expletive has no apparent lexical meaning) an empty word.

I don't believe them, Buttercup thought. There are no sharks in the water andthere is no blood in his cup
When you're not here to look at me I have to laugh at your absurd powers."
It's a pity that Kattie couldn't be here tonight."
There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though ev

"Oh, my goodness! Oh, my gracious! Oh, my golly! What a narrow escape! What a near miss! What good
Holy mackerel. You're Aaron Maguire's son? Good grief. Good heavens. Your family's practically a dynast
His arms give way and he crumples onto the grass, shrieking and laughing and rolling down the hill. But

Expletive Deleted"
An interjected word, especially an oath or a swearword. At the time of the Watergate hearings in the U.S
phrase expletive deleted occurred frequently in the transcript of the White House tapes. The connection
English (1987), explaining the expletive use of f---ing as an adjective in I got my f---ing foot caught in the
level of ideas but hardly at the level of emotion."

The following 36 pages are in this category, out of 36 total.

Appendix:Fictional English curse words
A C
arse child-fucker
ass Christ on a bike
asshole Christ on a cracker
B crap
bastard cunt
bitch D
bollocks damn
F
fuck
 A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses
These conjunctions are adverbs used as conjunctions.

Coordinating conjunctions join single words or groups of words, but they must always
join similar elements: subject + subject, verb phrase + verb phrase, sentence + sentence
Correlative conjunctions also connect sentence elements of the same kind but with one
difference: correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs
Subordinating conjunctions connect subordinate clauses to a main clause.

One word transition

two or more than two words transtion

connect two independent clauses

remember the coordinating conjunctions, think of the word FANBOYS.

O Y S
or yet so

of a sentence in more formal writing but informal they can)

n the lottery.

him go to the opera instead.

d and white wines are good for cooking.

have either chicken or fish.
ou or Asif has stolen my book
Lionel nor Herbert can tap dance.
I nor Asif has stolen your book
y did Martin lose his wallet, but he also lost his keys.
t only honest but also sincer
r to stay or to go is a decision only you can make.
ay goes by that I don't remember the fresh air, but I don't wish I were still in the mountains.
you sow, so too shall you reap.
 tall as his brother
as fast as he could
t so brave as his brother is She is not so pretty as her sister is
t so wise as his friend is

er did I reach home than it began to rain same

d me if I was ok
ed me if he had been there
h he is rich yet he is miser
h she is poor yet she is open hearted
s hard so that he may pass
re so that I may take exercise
weak that he cannot walk
proud that he does not talk to anyone
o hot to drink
o weak to fight
Not to speak of milk, he doesn't even get bread
peak of a car, he doesn't even have cycle
er we go, the cooler it is.
re sugur you put, the more sweater it does.

he idea in the main clause is more important, while the idea in the subordinate clause (made subordinate

ependent clause

Conjunctions Condition 5 Conjunctions Comparison

· if · than
· only if/if only · rather than
· unless · whether
· until · as much as
· provided that · whereas
· assuming that 6 Conjunctions Manner
· even if · how
· in case (that) · as though
· lest · as if
. whether or not 7 Relative Adjective Place
 that · where
Relative Pronoun/Adjective · wherever
· who 8 Relative Pronoun
· whoever · that
· whom · what
· whomever · whatever
· whose · which
· whichever

MAIN CLAUSE + ; + conjunctive adver

adverb phrases One word transition

two or more than two words transtion
ve adverb or Conjunctive adverb phrases, and when it is used in other places than

nces, sen In this situation, the conjunctive adverb behaves like a coordinating conjunction, connecting two complete ideas. Notice, howeve

ctive adverbs are very emphatic, so they should be used sparingly

conjunctive adverb shows cause and effect rather than time.

) do the same work as coordinating conjunctions: they connect two words,phrases or clauses

some of them sound too formal for everyday conversational English

d. Just set off the conjunctive adverb with commas.

ing. This cannot be done with "true" conjunctions such as the coordinating conjunctions.

take it to be serviced.
re take it to be serviced.
take it to be serviced

ntence), it needs a comma after it.

y a semicolon.

onjunctive adverbs are adverbs that show a transition between ideas within a sentence. Like other adverbs, conjunctive adverbs can be mo

Additionally · conversely
Again · instead
Almost · otherwise
Anyway · rather
As a result Similar to So
In addition
Besides · accordingly
Certainly · consequently
Comparatively · hence
Consequently · meanwhile
Contrarily · then
Comparatively · therefore
Consequently · thus
Conversely

ns are phrases or words used to connect one idea to the next

apers read more smoothly, and at the same time allows the reader to flow more smoothly from one point to the next.

(not casual) Sequential

Transitions
 Numerical
Continuation
Conclusion
Digression for
Resumption
Summation

Adversative Transitions:
These transitions are used to signal c
Conflict:
not only (this) but also (that) as well, still but,
in all honesty, second third however,
to tell the truth, then together with in contrast,
coupled with finally To contrast
in the first place first at the same time
but at the same time
presently in the meantime immediately Emphasis:
now as long as quickly even more,
since meanwhile later to be sure
when after as soon as I suppose
once until certainly
as soon as till Concession:
first, second hence but even so,
then last however,
afterward henceforth (and) still,
about straightaway (and) yet,
now that suddenly Dismissal:
whenever either way,
in either case,

in fact for example Replacement:

truly (or) at least,
even Sequential Transitions:
of course These transitions are used to signal a
Numerical:
as an illustration, Continuation:
to illustrate subsequently,
of example, explicitly before (this),
Conclusion:
gards to (this), to conclude (with)
subject of (this) last but not least,
 all things considered
same token,
like identically Digression:
than equally important to change the topic
in a like manner, comparatively ordinarily
Resumption:
thus, to get back to the point,
to return to the subject,
Summation:
in the (first, second, etc.) place,
to begin with,
as was previously stated,
because the in view of (the fact), in as much as, to make a long story short,
accordingly owing to (the fact), as has been mentioned,
forthwith forasmuch as, so given these points,
as has been noted,
if, in case provided that, naturally, to put it briefly,
unless given that, To summarize
in that case of course
even if, assuming that only if, ... then as has been said
all in all
for this reason, henceforth finally
accordingly Space / Location / Place
in effect
therefore, thence in the middle
to the left/right
so that, therefore in front of
lest thereupon on this side
so, in the distance

if not,

positive reinforcement, the partners will be able to overcome difficult situations.

ident that morning.
and perhaps more importantly, their parents were very proactive in providing good care.
distance she could not see the surprise coming her way.
nd only on this hill.
o deciding the business of their Meeting.
clusive of those who could not vote.
efly to avoid the heat island of the city.
but for the most part the students only wanted to avoid the alternative course.
mples illustrated with a very simple schematic diagram.
ugh was coupled with examples that made the audience tear up.
 was not the rule. That is to say, they tried to convey the message subtly though with creativity.
time incorporated a complex modern rhythm.
t in any case I don't get paid until the end of the month.

can be considered as quasi complete.

ce a certain shift, contrast or opposition, emphasis or agreement, purpose, result or conclusion, etc. in the line of argument
l categories, although some words belong to more than one category
usage and completeness of this concise guide, I did not differentiate.

reinforce ideas, and express agreement with preceding material.

the contrary or point out alternatives, and thus introduce a change the line of reasoning (contrast).

as support, to indicate importance or as an illustration so that an idea is cued to the reader.

refore, henceforth) are time words that are used to show that after a particular time there was aconsequence or an effect.
devices are placed before the consequences or effects.

m the Effect /

ng, and definingtime. They can be used either alone or

hird; further; hence; henceforth; since; then, when; and whenever) have other uses.
ng of time in expressing conditions, qualifications, or reasons. The numbers are also used to add
s well as added time.

d have the function to restrict, limit or qualify space. Quite a few of these are also found in
nd now we want to see it again.
leg, but he also bruised his rib.
ish. She also speaks Chinese.
t hinders students from learning.
ermore, they must be prepared.
p.m. In addition, you must do the exercises on page 47.

r example, I have been to Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain.

nstance, he once ate cow brains.
places with old cathedrals.
anas, pineapple, and berries.
reasons. The first reason is that she dislikes being cold. Another reason is that she often falls.

Susan got a B.
ever, Mike arrived too late.
other hand, she doesn't mind cooking.
erwise, they may lose their status.
d, I will stay home and watch a video.
n contrast, men often dislike it.

omework, yet he never does it.

evertheless, I hate how I look in them.
n so, you must pass your exam.
sing. However, you must take some precautions to avoid injury.
o read, it is very interesting.
ead, it is very interesting.
at tennis, she lost the match.
ost the match.

ool. Likewise, it is hard in college.

nd attention. Similarly, outdoor plants must be cared for properly.
and skill. In the same way, learning to write well requires a great deal of practice.
n the clauses.

ases clauses in the same sentence. examples are: is, the, of, but, or, and, so, are, for, on, at, it.

or provide continuity from one sentence or paragraph to the next. E.g. Maddie's excited to see her friends and family after arriving home f

ever, although, thus, therefore, furthermore, consequently, whereas.

The dark skies and distant thunder di

calculus problems to solve for her mo
thing she wanted to buy.
Leon's apartment complex does not a
the gangly Great Dane puppy playing

The cat ate a bowlful of tuna; then, to

g advantage of me. At 10 a.m., Paul was supposed to be t

at the coffee house.
enjoy driving such a nice vehicle.
Maria declined Jeff's third invitation t
you won’t get a passing grade. one night soon.

ained so we stayed home. After mowing the yard in the hot sun

ng that she gets such good grades. If the break is weak, do not use com
Anna called to say her car would not
always flat broke.
Weak interruption = no commas.
instead, he lied. The long noodles splashed tomato sa

ed to see a comedy. Weak interruption = no comma.

u will fail the class.
the crowd dispersed.
would have been a better gift.
see a movie.
y are adverbs

Expletives often show no other meaning than to emphasize the sentence to

p like time or cause between ideas, so they are not exactly conjunctive adverbs. They do, however, show that the new idea is
th conjunctive adverbs.
 verb, but which joins ideas together with adjective or noun clauses, are relative pronouns and relative adjectives.

There and it is also explative words

kate contest.

tever the cost.

ding verb. It serves the purpose of a conjunction in that instance. That may often be left out with no changes in meaning to the sentence. Yo

g about her.

the smoothness of a sentence, you may use a comma where the word that would have been placed.

oney on repairs.
ng is clearly understood without using that, then leave it out. BUT: There are three times when the word that should be used:
erb and the clause:
cation this month.
her than close to the beginning:
es built over the last few months were already in disrepair. (Be careful! The main verb in this clause is were, not built)
o who said or did what:
was increasing, and that the sale of smoke detectors had fallen off. (Did the fireman mean that sales had fallen off, or was the increase in

word filling a ~$#**$@#%!@#$syntactic vacancy (syntactic expletives). Rather than actually meaning something in
metimes admiration, etc. Meaningless uses of inoffensive words are seldom referred to as "expletive", but do technically
well as the ones we're used to. They are listed below with who said them:

ive a damn about… Good Lord

Good Lord
er of thunder! Good Lord
Gott's leedle feesh in trousers!
Gott's little feesh in trousers!
Götterdämmerung!
Good heavens
e devil was that all about? Good heavens
wly like the miserable rats you are! Good heavens
Great heavens
Great heavens
 Great heavens
Hoka hey! We're still alive!
Holy Smoke!
I don't give a bent gear
Jeez
Jeez
Jeez

emphasis in a sentence or embed one sentence in another. Sometimes called a syntactic

andthere is no blood in his cup."

acle. The other is as though everything is a miracle."

What a near miss! What good fortune for our friends!"

ur family's practically a dynasty in South Bend. Everybody knows they're wallowing in money."
and rolling down the hill. But he lands on a stiff little thorn branch. Shit bugger bloody, shit bugger bloody."

Watergate hearings in the U.S. in the 1970s, during the presidency of Richard Nixon, the
House tapes. The connection between original and derived meaning is caught in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
t my f---ing foot caught in the f---ing door: it is 'used as an almost meaningless addition to speech.' Here, it is meaningless at the

G J
goddamn Jesus
godsdamn Jesus Christ
H Jesus H. Christ
hell Jesus Harold Christ
holy shit Jesus wept
Jesus, Mary and Joseph
Judas Priest
 must always
nce + sentence used to connect two independent clauses
d but with one

sentence + sentence
verb + verb
sentence + sentence
sentence + sentence
direct object + direct object
sentence + sentence
sentence + sentence

Joining
subject + subject
noun + noun

subject + subject

sentence + sentence

verb + verb
sentence + sentence
sentence + sentence
tty as her sister is

As soon as I reached home it began to rain

hardly had I reached home when it began to rain

You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do or prepare)
He is not only handsome but also brilliant. (Not only A but also B)
Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.
You must decide whether you stay or you go.
Just as many Americans love basketball, so many Canadians love ice hockey.
The more you practice dribbling, the better you will be at it.
Football is as fast as hockey (is (fast)).
Football is as much an addiction as it is a sport.
No sooner did she learn to ski than the snow began to thaw.
I would rather swim than surf.

example:

Conjunctions Comparison 9 Conjunctions Time

· after
· rather than · as long as
· whether · as soon as
· as much as · before
· whereas · by the time
Conjunctions Manner · now that
· once
· as though · since
· till
Relative Adjective Place · until
· where · when
· wherever · whenever
Relative Pronoun · while
. until
· what . as
· whatever
· which
· whichever

MAIN CLAUSE + ; + conjunctive adverb + , + MAIN CLAUSE.

g two complete ideas. Notice, however, that you need a semicolon, not a comma, to
dverbs, conjunctive adverbs can be moved to different parts of a sentence

Elsewhere 1. Transitional Words and Phrases:

Equally o Put a comma after these if they are at the beginning of a sentence.
Eventually example: I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.
Finally o Use a semicolon to connect the two sentences.
Further example: I like to travel; specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.
Furthermore o Use a comma before and after the transitional word/phrase in the middle of a clause.
Elsewhere example: I like to travel, and, specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.
Hence Other Functions
Henceforth Conjunctive adverbs can also function as a regular adverb and modify a verb, an adjective, or anothe
However “He was accordingly very interested in jazz.”
Therefore, I will eat green eggs and ham.
In other words, English is a hard language.
Above all, we must try and save the planet.

Relative Pronoun/Adjective
· who
· whoever hither
oint to the next. · whom thither
· whomever hence
· whose thence
· which
· what
 · why
. that

and nor but or yet so

Adversative Transitions:
These transitions are used to signal conflict, contradiction concession, dismissal, &c.

by way of contrast, while, on the other hand,

(and) yet, whereas, though (final position),
in contrast, when in fact, conversely, still
To contrast
at the same time even so on the contrary in contrast
but at the same time for all that otherwise unlike
Emphasis:
even more, above all, indeed, more importantly,
I hope I think clearly
assuredly without doubt of course
remarkably then again markedly
Concession:
but even so, nevertheless, even though, on the other hand,
nonetheless, despite (this)/that, notwithstanding (this),
although, in spite of (this/that), regardless (of this),
though, granted (this), be that as it may,
Dismissal:
either way, whichever happens, in either event, in any case,
in either case, whatever happens, all the same, in any event,
Replacement:
(or) at least, (or) rather, instead except
Sequential Transitions:
These transitions are used to signal a chronological or logical sequence.
Numerical:
Continuation:
subsequently, previously, next,
before (this), afterwards, after (this),
Conclusion:
to conclude (with) as a final point, eventually,
last but not least, in the end, finally,
all things considered in the long run given these points
Digression:
to change the topic incidentally, by the way,
Obviously Ultimately
Resumption:
to get back to the point, to resume at any rate,
to return to the subject, anyhow, anyway,
Summation:
in the (first, second, etc.) place, initially, first of all thirdly, (&c.) so,
to begin with, at first, secondly, thus,
as was previously stated, to start with, in fact
to make a long story short, for a start, in all,
as has been mentioned, as has been noted hence,
given these points, for the most part in sum,
as has been noted, as shown above overall
to put it briefly, in any event on the whole
To summarize
as has been said in particular to put it differently
in short to summarize
in simpler terms in essence
Space / Location / Place
in the middle here and there opposite to from below
to the left/right in the foreground here over down
in the background there Elsewhere up
on this side in the center of next alongside under
in the distance adjacent to where above further
n the line of argument

sequence or an effect.
Showing a Result Examples

so Janet passed her exam, so she is very happy.

as a result Tim was late. As a result, we could not go to the concert.
therefore James is not feeling well. Therefore, he will not be here today.
thus (more formal) The committee voted against the proposal. Thus, we must consider another idea.
as a consequence I forgot that the cake was in the oven. As a consequence, it burned.
consequently (more formal) Tina lost her keys. Consequently, she could not drive home.
Establishing Time Relation or Sequence Examples

first First, I think that she is studying hard.

second Second, I believe that she is a bright student.
finally Finally, I know that she has great potential.
in conclusion In conclusion, I feel that she deserves to win the scholarship.
in summary In summary, we should offer her some financial help.
meanwhile Jeff was working hard to clean the house. Meanwhile, his brother was watching televi
Showing a Condition Examples

or I must study hard, or I will fail my exam.

whether . . . or Whether you are coming or not, I am still going to Amy's party.
if . . . (then) If you want to get good grades, then you must do your homework.
Explaining or Emphasizing Examples

in fact The bookstore sells cards. In fact, they have the best cards around.
actually James is actually the first person I have known who has been to Africa.
in other words He was late to class again. In other words, he didn't wake up on time.
namely (more formal) The plan needed only two things to succeed—namely, time and money.
Giving an Alternative Examples

or We can go to the beach, or we can go to the mountains.

either . . . or You can either ride the bus or walk to my apartment.
neither . . . nor (more formal) I like neither that person nor his brother.
riends and family after arriving home from six months abroad. However, she is not looking forward to going back to work.

The dark skies and distant thunder dissuaded Clarice from her afternoon run; moreover, she had thirty
calculus problems to solve for her morning class.

Leon's apartment complex does not allow dogs over thirty pounds; otherwise, he would have bought
the gangly Great Dane puppy playing in the pet store window.

The cat ate a bowlful of tuna; then, to the squirrels' delight, the fat feline fell asleep in the rocking chair.

At 10 a.m., Paul was supposed to be taking his biology midterm. Instead, he was flirting with the pretty waitress
at the coffee house.

Maria declined Jeff's third invitation to go out. This young man is determined, nevertheless, to take her to dinner
one night soon.

After mowing the yard in the hot sun, Pedro was too hungry to shower. He did wash his dusty hands, however.

If the break is weak, do not use comma(s).

Anna called to say her car would not start. Rafael will therefore have to walk to school.

Weak interruption = no commas.

The long noodles splashed tomato sauce all over the front of Brenda's shirt. Ordering fettuccine was a mistake indeed.

Weak interruption = no comma.

ow that the new idea is

e adjectives.

hanges in meaning to the sentence. You need to determine whether the sentence is clearly understood if you leave out the word that when

ord that should be used:

is were, not built)

s had fallen off, or was the increase in fires causing the drop in sales? The second that clarifies the sentence.)

g something in
but do technically

Jeez what in crackthunder is…

Jeez What on—
Sweet lightning! What the hell
Sweet lightning! what's—OW!
Sweet lightning! Wow!
Sweet lightning. you filthy thief of souls…
Madre de Diodes —may her bones burn green
Mein gott! —the Devil?!
Mon dieu!
Mon dieu!
Mon dieu!
 Oh my gosh!
Pull the rip panel[3]
Rigger Rats!
by Sir Isaac!
Smagga du BOKK!
Suffering sanddragons!
Thank God.
The heck

onary of Contemporary
ere, it is meaningless at the

M S
motherfucker shit
N shit ass
nigga shitass
nigger son of a bitch
son of a motherless goat
son of a whore
sweet Jesus
T
twat
used to connect two independent clauses
f a sentence.
d cathedrals.

d cathedrals.
hrase in the middle of a clause.
ith old cathedrals.

and modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. In this case, they will not need extra punctuation.
acting like an adverb
 on the other hand, or
though (final position), different from
of course ..., but contrarily to put it another way
that is to say
conversely by all means
rather than important to realize
another key point
more importantly, with attention to first thing to remember
besides most compelling evidence
definitely must be remembered
it seems point often overlooked
to point out
on the other hand, although this may be true on the positive side
notwithstanding (this), even so / though on the negative side
regardless (of this), rather with this in mind
be that as it may, as though as if chiefly
surely
in any case, expressly
in any event,
surprisingly
frequently

significantly
in general
in detail
for example
for instance
then to demonstrate
to emphasize
at last, in conclusion to repeat
lastly, in the final analysis to clarify
as can be seen after all to explain
to enumerate
generally speaking usually
Definitely

in either case

consequently, in summary,
as I have said, to sum up,
to summarize, to be brief,
on the whole, therefore,
in conclusion, in a word,
altogether, in short,
for all that in brief
then, by and large

in other words on the whole

in conclusion on balance
that is in brief

beyond before beside

nearby near behind
wherever amid across
around among
between beneath
o the concert.
not be here today.
Thus, we must consider another idea.
consequence, it burned.
not drive home.

n the scholarship.

Meanwhile, his brother was watching television.

oing to Amy's party.

ust do your homework.

the best cards around.

wn who has been to Africa.
he didn't wake up on time.
d—namely, time and money.

e mountains.
rd to going back to work.

e pretty waitress

ake her to dinner

ands, however.

was a mistake indeed.

stood if you leave out the word that when you introduce a subordinate clause. If the sentence makes sense without the word that, omit it.

e sentence.)
thout the word that, omit it.
 List of Transitional words 1....Anyhow....Bar'hal/ jo bi hu Transional Phrases
2...As a result...is k nateejay main 1...Above all....sub say barh ka
1 1…Anyways….barh’hal/ wesay/jo bi hu 3...Certainly....yakene tor pay 4...By heart....zubani yad karn
2 2…Nevertheless…..Barh’hal 4...Eventually...bil;akhir 5....For good....hamisha k liyay
3 3…Comparatively…..Nis’batan 6...Perhaps....shaeed
4 4….Henceforth…..us waqt say/ ajj k bad  3...By and by....rafta rafta/ahis
5 5… Rather………Bal’kay 1...Besides that....is k sath sath/is k elawa 2...As long as....jab tak k
6 6….Besides……..is k elava  2...Consequently....nateja'tan 5....On the contrary.....is k
7 7….Likewise…..isi tor pay/ isi tarhan 3...Meanwhile...itni dair main/isi asna mai 1...Off and on...kabhe kabhar/
8 8….Despite that…..is k bawajood. 5...Similarly....isi tarhan 2...In addition to...is k elawa
9 9....inspite of...bawajood is kay 4...On behalf of....mun'janib, (k
2...Accordingly....is k mutabik  5...In case of.........is sorat mai
10 2...In fact....dar'hakekat/ darasal 3...Otherwise....warna 
11 3...Instead of....bajay is kay 4...Hence....is waja say  4....On the behalf of....kis
12 4...In addition...is k sath sath  5...Subsequently.....bad main, baz azan  6....From time to time...kabhe
13 5...However....ta'ham 6...Initially.....shuru main/ibtidai tor py
5...In the mean time...itni
Actually……darasal 2...in the same way...isi ta

1..Bar'hal jo be hua, hamain wo bhol jana chaheyay.
2...Hilary Clinton nisbatan aik betar umeed war the lakin wo har gaye.
3...Many jhoth nai bola balkay such bata deya.
4...Wo nokri k elawa parhta bhe hai.
5...Many us ki madad nai key isi tarhan wo be muje mushkil main chor gya.
6...is hakekat k bawajod k hum aik topic power hai...hum phir be aik gareeb mulk hain.

Hakomat ki taraf say is sal ka budget pesh kar deya gya hai..lakin is dafa phir awam k liyay ko
darasal sare bat tarjehat (priorities) key hai....taleem or sehat k masail hakomat ki tarehat ma
lakin hakomat ka sera dehan metro pull or sarkain bananay pay he hai...is ki waja wahan say
____________________________
Pakistan or Afghanistan k darmeyan aik dafa phir sard jung (cold war) shuru ho gaye hai....da
Bharat nay Afghanistan ko qail(convince) kar lea hai k ab tak Afghan sarzameen pay jitni be(w
Hamain abe safarti jung(diplomatic war) larna ho ge or duniya ko batana ho ga k Pakistan khi
_________________________
Ramzan barkaton wala maheena hai. Jasay he ramzan shuru hota hai har taraf Allah ki tarefai
Ramzan shuru hoty he bachon ko Eid ka intazar shuru ho jata hai...kyu k wo Eid pay neya leba
Darasal Eid Allah ki taraf say apny rozay dar k liyay aik tohfa hai...jo pora mah Allah k hukam
________________________
Ramzan ka babarkat(blessed month) mahena shuru ho chuka hai. pore duniya main rozay rak
sirf itna he nai dosre taraf hakomat ki hat'dharmi (rigidness) nay load shedding ka jin beykab
_________________
Transitional lafz "transaction" say he nekla hai...jasay aik account say dosray account main transaction ke
isi tareekay say, aik fikray say dosry fikray, aik paragraph say dosray paragraph, aik thought
________________________________________
1...app muje call pay apna plan bata sakty hain, hum us k mutabik apni meeting ka time adju
2...Muje such chupana para, warna wo muje kabe moaf na karta.
3....Pahly to us nay boath mehnat key baz azah wo hemat har gya.
4...jasay tum nay mushkil main mare madad nai key isi tarhan many be tumhara bad main sa
5....Bharat Pakistan ka pani band karna chahta hai, isi waja say yeh sabit hota hai k Bharat aa
_____________________________
 Transional Phrases
1...Above all....sub say barh kar 4….Henceforth…..us waqt say/ ajj k bad 
4...By heart....zubani yad karna/dil se
5....For good....hamisha k liyay 

3...By and by....rafta rafta/ahista ahista 

2...As long as....jab tak k
5....On the contrary.....is k bar'aks
1...Off and on...kabhe kabhar/aksar
2...In addition to...is k elawa
4...On behalf of....mun'janib, (kisi ki taraf say)
5...In case of.........is sorat main 

4....On the behalf of....kisi ki janib say 

6....From time to time...kabhe kabhe/waqtan fa waqtan 
5...In the mean time...itni dair main/isi asna mai
2...in the same way...isi tareekay say 

s dafa phir awam k liyay koi khushkhabri nai the...

sail hakomat ki tarehat main shamil he nai hain agar yeh masail un ki tarjehat main shamil hoty to yakenan hak
hai...is ki waja wahan say milna waja commission ho sakta hai....or dosre waja yeh bhe ho sakti hai k Pakistan k

ar) shuru ho gaye hai....darasal Afghanistan is waqt Bharat ki zuban bol raha hai jo kae salon say Pakistan ko Ga
n sarzameen pay jitni be(whatsoever) dehshat gardi hue hai bila-wasta ya bilwasta(directly or indirectly) Pakista
atana ho ga k Pakistan khitay main aman chahta hai...lakin is aman ki keemat moazrat khuvahna (apologetic po

ai har taraf Allah ki tarefain (praise) shuru ho jata hai...Masajid main tarveeh parhe jati hai.... Sehari ka khas ah
kyu k wo Eid pay neya lebas pehanty hain or Eidi lety hain..
o pora mah Allah k hukam k mutabik roza rakhta or khud ko gunahon say bachata raha.

pore duniya main rozay rakhay ja rahay hain...badkismati say Pakistan main ramzan ko wo izat nai de jati jo us k
ad shedding ka jin beykabu kar deya hai...Pakistan k kae shehron main mom bati ki roshni main sehre or aftare

 account main transaction key jati hai...pesa shift/move keya jata hai...
ay paragraph, aik thought say dosre though main dakhil honay k liyay kuch alfaz ka istemal keya jata hai...jinay

apni meeting ka time adjust kar lain gain.

y be tumhara bad main sath nai deya.
sabit hota hai k Bharat aabe dehshat gardi ka agaz kar raha hai.
hamil hoty to yakenan hakomat sehat or taleem ka budget barhati..
e ho sakti hai k Pakistan ki awam amoman sarkon or pulon ko dekh k he vote dete aye hai...or is dafa be aise he

e salon say Pakistan ko Gair mustehkam(destabilize) karna chahta tha....

rectly or indirectly) Pakistan he us main mulawis raha hai..
t khuvahna (apologetic policy) policy nai ho sakti

ti hai.... Sehari ka khas ahhtemam keya jata hai...

o wo izat nai de jati jo us ka haq hai...yahe waja hai k Baki duniya main ramzan k doran keemtain kam kar de jat
shni main sehre or aftare ka ahetmam keya jata hai....

temal keya jata hai...jinay hum transitional words kahty hain...

e hai...or is dafa be aise he tawako key ja rahe hai...

n keemtain kam kar de jati hain jab k Pakistan main mehangai arooj par pohanch jati hai...
Conjunctions & Cohesive Devices
Linking & Connecting Words
Four main types Conjunction
1 coordinating conjunctions

2 correlative conjunctions

3 subordinating conjunctions

4 Transitions
1
2

coordinating conjunctions

COORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS
F A
for and

Put a comma before these conjunctions. (Don't use them at the beginning of a sentence in more formal

for Linda was finally going to buy a new car, for she had won th
and Christopher sings and dances superbly.
nor I didn't run, nor did I walk to the fire. I drove.
but Jon intended to go to the ball game, but his wife made him
or Do you prefer blondes or brunettes?
yet Matthew wanted to stay home, yet he couldn't resist going
so Laura stubbed her toe, so she was limping for two days.

Correlative Conjunctions
Conjunction
both. . .and
either. . .or

neither. . .nor

not only-but also-na serf…balky

whether. . .or
not. . .but
Just as. . .so too
 as- as

not so-as

just as-so
scarcely-when
if-then
what with- and
no sooner-than

rather-than
Ask-if

Although-yet

So that-may

So-that

Too-to

Not to speak of-even

The more-the more

Gone are the days-when

SUBORDINATING CONJUNCTIONS/subordinators
1
Subordinating conjunctions can show that one idea is more important than another. The idea in the main clause is m
by the subordinating conjunction) is less important.
is needed before a subordinating conjunction if the dependent clause follows the independent clause
3
most common subordinating conjunctions
1 Conjunctions Concession
· though
· although
· even though
· while
. whereas
. rather than

2 Conjunctions Reason
· because
· since
 · so that
· in order (that)
· why
. now that
. as
. so

CONJUNCTIVE SHOWS: EXAMPLE

1 time Make hay while the sun shines.
2 reason Because Barbie is from the South, she has a drawl.
3 condition If Taylor moves to New Zealand, he will have a better job.
4 reason Santa keeps a list, so you better be good!
5 place Wherever he goes, she will follow.
6 concession Vanessa never liked chocolate, although it smelled deliciou
7 condition Unless the taxes are lowered, there will be trouble.
8 manner Gertie wants to be an acrobat, as if her mother would let h
9 manner He walked into the room as though he owned the place.

Conjunctive Adverbs/ Transional words/transional phrases/phrases

adverbial conjunction, transitional device
Transitions
1 Transitional words/Conjuctive adverb and Conjuctive adve
2 Transitional Phrases
When transition is used to join to indipendent clauses it is called conjuctive adverb or Conjunctive adv
joining to clauses then it's called transition, but the meaning of all places will same.

A conjunctive adverb can join two main/independent clauses or words, phrases, sentences, sen In this situation, the
connect the two clauses:
They show logical relationships expressed in clauses, sentences or paragraphs. Conjunctive adverbs are very empha

Their presence provides smooth transitions from one idea to another.

All English transition words and phrases (sometimes also called 'conjunctive adverbs') do the same work as coordi
together and thus the text is easier to read and the coherence is improved.

They add a lot of emphasis, so don't be tempted to use them too often. Be aware that some of them sound too form

A semicolon and a comma are used when a conjunctive adverb separates two main clauses
Ali loved strawberries; however, they gave her a rash

The conjunctive adverb is set off by a comma when it begins a sentence.

however, they gave her a rash, Ali loved strawberries
Ali ate strawberries, however, without a second thought.
 without a second thought isn't not a complete sentence, so a semicolon is not needed. Just set off the conjunctive a

Conjunctive adverbs can be often moved around in the sentence with no loss of meaning. This cannot be done with

Maria's car is making strange noises; therefore, she will take

Maria's car is making strange noises, so she will therefore ta
Maria's car is making strange noises. She will therefore take

When a conjunctive adverb is used as an introductory word (at the beginning of a sentence), it needs a comma aft

Naturally, Maria has a cosmopolitan view on many topics.

CONJUNCTIVE ADVERB: I don't like the answer; however it appears to work.

TRANSITIONAL PHRASE: A phrase used to provide transition between clauses or sentences.

GENERAL RULES: Conjunctive Adverbs and Transitional Phrases Require Semicolons,

Conjunctive adverbs and transitional phrases connecting main clauses are preceded by a semicolon.

Conjunctive adverbs are transition words that are often confused with conjunctions. Conjunctive adverbs are adver
because they are not connecting grammatical parts of the sentence

Conjunctive Adverbs and the Relation They Indicate

Similar to And
·
· also
· besides
· furthermore
· likewise
· moreover
Similar to But
·
· however
· nevertheless
· nonetheless
· still
·

TRANSITION WORDS

Transitions may be "Additive," "Adversative," "Causal," or "Sequential."

Additive Adversative
Transitions Transitions
Addition Conflict
Introduction Emphasis
Reference Concession
Similarity Dismissal
Identification Replacement
Clarification

Additive Transitions:
These show addition, introduction, similarity to other ideas, &c.
Addition/to add to/sequence:
indeed, further, mazeed
be shak
also, be moreover, is k elawa/mazeed bar
and, furthermore, mazeed bara
owr
or, in fact, dar haqiqat/darasal
ya
too, let alone, chor do/akely chor do
bi
time sequence
owr per jald hi/makhtasaran
and then shortly
eventually bil akhir finally akhir/akhir mai
further mazeed formerly bazabta/rasmi tor par
simultaneously ba yak waqt/ik waqt soon jald/jaldi/jald hi
per
then subsequently bad azah/bad mai
mojoda waq mai/is waqt jald ya bad mai
at the present time sooner or later
kabi kabi/wqtn fawaqtn
from time to time at the same time ik hi waqt mai/isi wa
up to the present time is waqt tak/mojoda waqtto begin with se shoro/k sath shoro
pehly jaga mai/par
in the first place all of a sudden achanak se/ik dam ma
mazi mai
in the past so far ab tak
barwaqt/waqt mai
in time during k duran
by the time waqt k sath/os waqt se now that ab jabky
To illustrate
indeed be shak in other words dosri lafzu mai
namely yani/yani keh after all akhir kar/bahr hal
nor,
na hi next agla/agly/bad mai/ay
again dobara for instance ik lamhy k leyay/foran
Introduction:
such as, as,
jesa keh jesa/jetna/aisa/itna
for example, misal k tor par/masaln like, jesa k
for instance, especially, khas kar
misal k tor par/masaln
Reference:
speaking about (this), considering (this), balihaz is k/Is khyal s
is k bary mai bat karty h
as for (this), concerning (this), bary mai
k leyey jesa k/k tor par/
Similarity/to compare:
similarly, in the same way/fashion,
isi tareeqy se
isi tarah
equally barabar/yaksa tor pi/ma likewise, isi tarah
rather than k bajay/se behtar hai k whether chahy/khwa
Identification:
that is (to say), ye hai k namely, yani k/yani/masaln
Clarification:
that is (to say), I mean, mera matlb
ye kehna hai k
Causal Transitions:
These transitions signal cause/effect and reason/result, etc. . .
Cause/Reason:
for the (simple) reason that, is sada waja k leyay k
because (of the fact), ki waja se
due to (the fact that),
ki waja se
Condition/concede:
on (the) condition (that), shart par k if, agar
in the event that, unless jab tak..na
is sorat/halat/kifiat mai
granting (that), maan/manzor karty how even if, agar..bi
Effect/Result/conclude:
as a result (of this),
os k natijy mai
because (of this),
ki waja se
as a consequence,
natijey k tor par
Purpose:
for the purpose of, maqsad k leyay
with this intention, is gharz/niat/maqsad se
with this in mind,
ye janty/zehen mai rakty howay
Consequence:
under those circumstances, os halath k madnazar
that being the case,

Addition: When there is a trusting relationship coupled with pos

Consequence: Highway traffic came to a stop as a result of an acciden
Contrast and Comparison: The children were very happy. On the other hand, and
Direction: She scanned the horizon for any sign though in the dis
Diversion: He stumbled upon the nesting pair incidentally found
Emphasis The Quakers gathered each month with attention to d
Exception: Consensus was arrived at by all of the members exclus
Exemplifying: Some friends and I drove up the beautiful coast chiefly
Generalizing: There were a few very talented artists in the class, but
Illustration: The chapter provided complex sequences and example
Similarity The research was presented in a very dry style though
Restatement: In their advertising business, saying things directly was
Sequence: The music had a very retro sound but at the same tim
Summarizing: She didn't seem willing to sell the car this week, but in

Transitional Words
This structured list of commonly used English transition words — approximately 200, can be considered as quasi co
transition words are essential, since they not only connect ideas, but also can introduce a certain shift, contrast or o
The transition words and phrases have been assigned only once to somewhat artificial categories, although some w
There is some overlapping with prepositions and postpositions, but for the purpose of usage and completeness of t

1 Agreement / Addition / Similarity

The transition words like also, in addition, and, likewise, add information, reinforce ideas, and express

2 Opposition / Limitation / Contradiction

Transition phrases like but, rather and or, express that there is evidence to the contrary or point out alte

3 Cause / Condition / Purpose

These transitional phrases present specific conditions or intentions.

4 Examples / Support / Emphasis

These transitional devices (like especially) are used to introduce examples as support, to indicate impor
5
Effect / Consequence / Result
Some of these transition words (thus, then, accordingly, consequently, therefore, henceforth) are time
Note that for and because are placed before the cause/reason. The other devices are placed before the

6 Conclusion / Summary / Restatement

These transition words and phrases conclude, summarize and / or restate ideas,
or indicate a final general statement. Also some words (like therefore) from the Effect /
Consequence category can be used to summarize.

7 Time / Chronology / Sequence

These transitional words (like finally) have the function of limiting, restricting, and definingtime. They ca
as part of adverbial expressions

Many transition words in the time category (consequently; first, second, third; further; hence; hencefor
Except for the numbers (first, second, third) and further they add a meaning of time in expressing condi
 information or list examples. Further is also used to indicate added space as well as added time.

8 Space / Location / Place

These transition words are often used as part of adverbial expressions and have the function to restrict
the Timecategory and can be used to describe spatial order or spatial reference.

Adding Information

and
not only . . . but also
also
moreover (more formal)
furthermore (more formal)
in addition (more formal)
Giving Examples

for example
for instance
specifically
in particular
The first (second, another, etc.)
example/reason is . . .
Showing a Contrast

but
however
on the other hand
otherwise
instead
in contrast (more formal)
Showing a Concession

yet
nevertheless (more formal)
even so
however
although
even though
despite the fact that . . .
despite
Showing a Similarity

likewise (more formal)

similarly (more formal)
in the same way

Difference between Transition and conjunctive

I just got done with writing 80 in college, and this stuff was pounded into us.
conjunctive adverbs conects two seperates clauses together. SV;CA,SV
for instance: Jack went up the hill; however, Jill did not want to go with him.
transitional adverbs still conect the two clause, but they are not in between the clauses.
for instance; Jack went up the hill; Jill, however, did not want to go with him.
I hope this helps
conjunctions are a small closed class of function words that link words, phrases clauses in the same sent

Transitional words tend, more often than not, to link thoughts and phrases or provide continuity from on

However works as the transitional word. Other transitional words are: however, although, thus, therefor

1. Jeremy kept talking in class; therefore, he got in trouble.

2. She went into the store; however, she didn’t find anythin

3. I like you a lot; in fact, I think we should be best friends.

4. Your dog got into my yard; in addition, he dug up my petu

5. You’re my friend; nonetheless, I feel like you’re taking ad

6. My car payments are high; on the other hand, I really enj

You need to put more effort into your work; otherwise, you

We wanted to spend the day at the beach; however, it raine

She is a very smart girl; therefore, it’s not at all surprising th

Jared is a millionaire; in contrast, his brother Jeremy is alwa

He felt he couldn’t tell the truth about what happened; inst

I wanted to see a scary movie; however, my friend wanted t

You need to concentrate on your studies; otherwise, you w
The thunder and lightning were intense; consequently, the
He enjoyed getting a new tie; nevertheless, a sports car wo
We really need to go to the mall; in addition, we should see
Conjunctive adverbs act like conjunctions; however, they ar
Explatives
These words are also called expletives, and are closely related to conjunctive adverbs. Expletives often show no oth
which they are attached. Because of this, they do not really show a logical relationship like time or cause between i
important because of what preceded it. That is why many references include them with conjunctive adverbs.

RELATIVE PRONOUNS & RELATIVE ADJECTIVES

Another type of word that is not really a conjunctive adverb
who
whom
whose
whoever
whomever
· Randolph is the guy who won the in-line skate
· Artie told the waiter what his date wanted to o
· Dreams that have been denied still are not for
· Lanny was determined to visit Helen, whateve
THAT**
That is used to connect a subordinate clause to a preceding
· Rod heard (that) his car was stolen.
· Margo thought (that) her neighbors were gossiping ab
· Keith feels (that) he said nothing rude to the salesman
If you think leaving out the word that makes a break in the
I’m telling you, (that) I don’t want to go there anymore.
The biggest obstacle is, (that) no one wants to spend mone
If you think the sentence sounds as good and its meaning is
1. If there is a time element mentioned between the verb
· Warren told us last week that he was going on vacatio
2. If the verb of the clause is further into the clause rather
· The newspaper stated that some of the new houses b
3. If a second that makes the sentence more clear as to wh
· The fireman said that the frequency of home fires wa

Expletive is a @#^$(*@% term in linguistics for a #@$%&$&! meaningless word filling a ~$#**$@#%!@
itself, it suggests the strength of feeling, usually anger or irritation, but sometimes admiration, etc. Mean
count. Europa has some expletives and expressions unique to their use as well as the ones we're used to

Ashtara above!
Ashtara's toerings!
B'god
Blast
Blast it
 Blast it
Bloody
By Ashtara's holy daggers…
By de Name —
By Gwangi!
Confound it
Curses!
By damn!
Damn
Damn

expletive is a traditional term for a word—such as there or it—that serves to shift the emphasis in a sentence or em
expletive or (because the expletive has no apparent lexical meaning) an empty word.

I don't believe them, Buttercup thought. There are no sharks in the water andthere is no blood in his cup
When you're not here to look at me I have to laugh at your absurd powers."
It's a pity that Kattie couldn't be here tonight."
There are only two ways to live your life. One is as though nothing is a miracle. The other is as though ev

"Oh, my goodness! Oh, my gracious! Oh, my golly! What a narrow escape! What a near miss! What good
Holy mackerel. You're Aaron Maguire's son? Good grief. Good heavens. Your family's practically a dynast
His arms give way and he crumples onto the grass, shrieking and laughing and rolling down the hill. But

Expletive Deleted"
An interjected word, especially an oath or a swearword. At the time of the Watergate hearings in the U.S
phrase expletive deleted occurred frequently in the transcript of the White House tapes. The connection
English (1987), explaining the expletive use of f---ing as an adjective in I got my f---ing foot caught in the
level of ideas but hardly at the level of emotion."

The following 36 pages are in this category, out of 36 total.

Appendix:Fictional English curse words
A
arse
ass
asshole
B
bastard
bitch
bollocks
 Transitional words/Conjuctive adverb
Transitional Phrases

used to connect two independent clauses

To help remember the coordinating conjunctions, think of the word FANBO

N B
nor but

of a sentence in more formal writing but informal they can)

new car, for she had won the lottery.

e fire. I drove.
ame, but his wife made him go to the opera instead.

, yet he couldn't resist going out.

was limping for two days.

Sentence Sample
Both red and white wines are good for cooking.
ya…ya You can have either chicken or fish.
Either you or Asif has stolen my book
na….na Neither Lionel nor Herbert can tap dance.
Neither I nor Asif has stolen your book
Not only did Martin lose his wallet, but he also lost his keys.
He is not only honest but also sincer
Whether to stay or to go is a decision only you can make.
Not a day goes by that I don't remember the fresh air, but I don't wish I we
Just as you sow, so too shall you reap.
 itna- jita He is as tall as his brother
He ran as fast as he could
itna nahi-jitna k He is not so brave as his brother is
He is not so wise as his friend is

Jonhi No sooner did I reach home than it began to rain

Pocha aya keh He asked me if I was ok

She asked me if he had been there
Agarcha-lakin per b Although he is rich yet he is miser
Although she is poor yet she is open hearted
thaky he works hard so that he may pass
I go there so that I may take exercise
itna, keh He is so weak that he cannot walk
Ali is so proud that he does not talk to anyone
itna keh-nahi sakta Tea is too hot to drink
he is too weak to fight
ka to zikar hi na karna/ko tu choro
Not to speak of a car, he doesn't even have cycle
jitna-itna the higher we go, the cooler it is.
The more sugur you put, the more sweater it does.

e idea in the main clause is more important, while the idea in the subordinate clause (made subordinate

pendent clause

3
 4

th, she has a drawl.

d, he will have a better job.

although it smelled delicious.

here will be trouble.
as if her mother would let her!
ough he owned the place.

adverb and Conjuctive adverb phrases

e adverb or Conjunctive adverb phrases, and when it is used in other places than

nces, sen In this situation, the conjunctive adverb behaves like a coordinating conjunction, connecting two complete ideas. Notice, however

tive adverbs are very emphatic, so they should be used sparingly

do the same work as coordinating conjunctions: they connect two words,phrases or clauses

some of them sound too formal for everyday conversational English

r, they gave her a rash

Ali loved strawberries

without a second thought.
 Just set off the conjunctive adverb with commas.

ng. This cannot be done with "true" conjunctions such as the coordinating conjunctions.

oises; therefore, she will take it to be serviced.

oises, so she will therefore take it to be serviced.
oises. She will therefore take it to be serviced

ence), it needs a comma after it.

olitan view on many topics.

a semicolon.

onjunctive adverbs are adverbs that show a transition between ideas within a sentence. Like other adverbs, conjunctive adverbs can be mo

transitions are phrases or words used to connect one idea to the next
helps papers read more smoothly, and at the same time allows the reader

Causal (not casual)

Transitions
 Cause/Reason
Effect/Result
Purpose
Consequence

as well (as this), sath sath either (neither), do mai se ik/do mai se ik b nahi
what is more, mazeed kia as a matter of fact, ye baat such hai k
in addition (to this), is k sath sath/is k elawa besides (this), es k sath sath/is k elawa
actually, darasal/darhaqiqat
much less bohut kam additionally, izafy k tor par/is k elawa

before pehly lately hal hi mai/tory din howy

besides is k elawa/is k sath sath at length akhir kar/lambai mai
earlier is se kabal/jaldi at that time os waqt mai
still ab bi/ibi tak/per bi thereafter is k bad/bad azah
too bohut/bi until now ab taq
in due time moqarrara waqt mai at last akhir kar
in a moment ik lamhay mai next agla/agly/bad mai/aynda/kareeb
without delay bela takheer/waqt zaya k again dobara

at this instant Pal/lehzy mai while jab k/jab/jab tak k/

after a while koch lehza/lamhy bad
forthwith foran/fori/fori tor pi
prior to kabal/pehly occasionally kabi kabi/kabi kabar
instantly fori tor pi/fori/foran as jesa/jetna/aisa/itna

correspondingly
on the other hand, dosi taraf in short mukhtasaran
not to mention (this), is ka tu zikar hi na karna
it is true ye such hai
alternatively, motabadil k tor par/motab last pechly/akhir

particularly, khas tor pi including, samayt/ba shamool

in particular, khas tor/khas tor par
notably, khas/yadgar/nomaya tor by way of example, misal k tor par
 regarding (this), k bary mai/hawaly with regards to (this),
is k hawaly se
the fact that haqiqat/darasal ye hai k on the subject of (this)
is mozo pzr

aslo bi in the light of k roshni mai

as much as jitna otna whereas jabky/halanky/chonky/balky

specifically, khas tor par uniquely ajeeb tor Pr

(to) put (it) another way in other words, is k mutaradif

under those circumstances,

os halath k madnazar
being that, for, k keyay
seeing that, ye daik kar keh as, jesa/jetna/aisa/itna
since, jab se/chonky/k bad/k bad se

granted (that), hasil karky/ lest kanhi asia no hu/khonakhwasta

as/so long as, jab tak
whether..or khwa/chahy/aya/ya/kia
providing that, shart lagana k

consequently, natijatan hence, isi/is waja se/yaha se/isar se/ab si/

in consequence, k natijy mai/natijy mai so that, tha keh
so,
bohut/keh

in the hope that, is omeed mai k for fear that, dar se k

in order to, k leyay/tha k
in order that, ke leyay/tha k

then, per in that case, is surat mai

if so, agar asia hai tu otherwise warna

tionship coupled with positive reinforcement, the partners will be able to overcome difficult situations.
op as a result of an accident that morning.
y. On the other hand, and perhaps more importantly, their parents were very proactive in providing good care.
any sign though in the distance she could not see the surprise coming her way.
ng pair incidentally found only on this hill.
month with attention to deciding the business of their Meeting.
 all of the members exclusive of those who could not vote.
the beautiful coast chiefly to avoid the heat island of the city.
ed artists in the class, but for the most part the students only wanted to avoid the alternative course.
ex sequences and examples illustrated with a very simple schematic diagram.
in a very dry style though was coupled with examples that made the audience tear up.
saying things directly was not the rule. That is to say, they tried to convey the message subtly though with creativity.
ound but at the same time incorporated a complex modern rhythm.
ll the car this week, but in any case I don't get paid until the end of the month.

an be considered as quasi complete.

e a certain shift, contrast or opposition, emphasis or agreement, purpose, result or conclusion, etc. in the line of argument
categories, although some words belong to more than one category
usage and completeness of this concise guide, I did not differentiate.

einforce ideas, and express agreement with preceding material.

he contrary or point out alternatives, and thus introduce a change the line of reasoning (contrast).

s support, to indicate importance or as an illustration so that an idea is cued to the reader.

efore, henceforth) are time words that are used to show that after a particular time there was aconsequence or an effect.
evices are placed before the consequences or effects.

the Effect /

g, and definingtime. They can be used either alone or

rd; further; hence; henceforth; since; then, when; and whenever) have other uses.
g of time in expressing conditions, qualifications, or reasons. The numbers are also used to add
well as added time.

have the function to restrict, limit or qualify space. Quite a few of these are also found in

Examples

We have seen the movie twice, and now we want to see it again.
Not only did my brother break his leg, but he also bruised his rib.
My friend speaks Korean and English. She also speaks Chinese.
Cheating is dishonest. Moreover, it hinders students from learning.
Students should be on time. Furthermore, they must be prepared.
You must complete this essay by 5 p.m. In addition, you must do the exercises on page 47.
Examples

I have been to many countries. For example, I have been to Russia, Canada, Mexico, and Spain.
He often eats strange foods. For instance, he once ate cow brains.
I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.
I love fruit. In particular, I like bananas, pineapple, and berries.
My friend hates skiing for several reasons. The first reason is that she dislikes being cold. Another reason is that she often falls

Examples

Bill earned an A on his essay, but Susan got a B.

We wanted to leave at 8:00. However, Mike arrived too late.
She hates housecleaning. On the other hand, she doesn't mind cooking.
Students should attend class. Otherwise, they may lose their status.
I am not going out tonight. Instead, I will stay home and watch a video.
Women usually enjoy shopping. In contrast, men often dislike it.
Examples

He knows that he should do his homework, yet he never does it.

I need to wear reading glasses. Nevertheless, I hate how I look in them.
I know you don't like to study. Even so, you must pass your exam.
There are many benefits to exercising. However, you must take some precautions to avoid injury.
Even though the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.
Although the book is difficult to read, it is very interesting.
Despite the fact that Kate is good at tennis, she lost the match.
Despite Kate's skill at tennis, she lost the match.
Examples

Math was hard for me in high school. Likewise, it is hard in college.

 Houseplants require much care and attention. Similarly, outdoor plants must be cared for properly.
Rock climbing takes much practice and skill. In the same way, learning to write well requires a great deal of practice.

the clauses.

ses clauses in the same sentence. examples are: is, the, of, but, or, and, so, are, for, on, at, it.

or provide continuity from one sentence or paragraph to the next. E.g. Maddie's excited to see her friends and family after arriving home fr

ver, although, thus, therefore, furthermore, consequently, whereas.

therefore, he got in trouble.

wever, she didn’t find anything she wanted to buy.

we should be best friends.

addition, he dug up my petunias.

s, I feel like you’re taking advantage of me.

n the other hand, I really enjoy driving such a nice vehicle.

o your work; otherwise, you won’t get a passing grade.

the beach; however, it rained so we stayed home.

re, it’s not at all surprising that she gets such good grades.

st, his brother Jeremy is always flat broke.

h about what happened; instead, he lied.

however, my friend wanted to see a comedy.

ur studies; otherwise, you will fail the class.
e intense; consequently, the crowd dispersed.
evertheless, a sports car would have been a better gift.
ll; in addition, we should see a movie.
njunctions; however, they are adverbs
Expletives often show no other meaning than to emphasize the sentence to
like time or cause between ideas, so they are not exactly conjunctive adverbs. They do, however, show that the new idea is
h conjunctive adverbs.

VE ADJECTIVES
ot really a conjunctive adverb, but which joins ideas together with adjective or noun clauses, are relative pronouns and relative adjectives.
which
that**
what
whichever
whatever
uy who won the in-line skate contest.
er what his date wanted to order.
been denied still are not forgotten.
ined to visit Helen, whatever the cost.

dinate clause to a preceding verb. It serves the purpose of a conjunction in that instance. That may often be left out with no changes in me

neighbors were gossiping about her.

nothing rude to the salesman.
rd that makes a break in the smoothness of a sentence, you may use a comma where the word that would have been placed.
ant to go there anymore.
o one wants to spend money on repairs.
ds as good and its meaning is clearly understood without using that, then leave it out. BUT: There are three times when the word that shou
entioned between the verb and the clause:
that he was going on vacation this month.
urther into the clause rather than close to the beginning:
at some of the new houses built over the last few months were already in disrepair. (Be careful! The main verb in this clause is were, not
entence more clear as to who said or did what:
frequency of home fires was increasing, and that the sale of smoke detectors had fallen off. (Did the fireman mean that sales had fallen off

word filling a ~$#**$@#%!@#$syntactic vacancy (syntactic expletives). Rather than actually meaning something in
etimes admiration, etc. Meaningless uses of inoffensive words are seldom referred to as "expletive", but do technically
ell as the ones we're used to. They are listed below with who said them:

I don't give a damn about…

Damnation
Daughter of thunder!
Dear me
Oh, dear.
Oh, dear.
 Dem
What the devil was that all about?
Die slowly like the miserable rats you are!
Dios
Drat
Drat
Blue fire!
Red fire
Red fire
For pity's sake
Freefalling hell
Geargrit
Get wound!
Get wound.
mphasis in a sentence or embed one sentence in another. Sometimes called a syntactic

ndthere is no blood in his cup."

le. The other is as though everything is a miracle."

What a near miss! What good fortune for our friends!"

r family's practically a dynasty in South Bend. Everybody knows they're wallowing in money."
nd rolling down the hill. But he lands on a stiff little thorn branch. Shit bugger bloody, shit bugger bloody."

Watergate hearings in the U.S. in the 1970s, during the presidency of Richard Nixon, the
House tapes. The connection between original and derived meaning is caught in the Longman Dictionary of Contemporary
my f---ing foot caught in the f---ing door: it is 'used as an almost meaningless addition to speech.' Here, it is meaningless at the

C
child-fucker
Christ on a bike
Christ on a cracker
crap
cunt
D
damn
F
fuck
Conjunction ‫البتہ‬
1) But (Conjunction) ‫البتہ‬

Meaning : Introduces something in contrast or unexp

Sentence : went to bed, but did not sleep

2) Although (Conjunction) ‫البتہ‬

 Altho , Though , While , Whilst
Meaning : Even though, in spite of the fact that
Sentence : although I love you, I cannot marry you;

Adverb ‫البتہ‬
1) Indeed (Adverb) ‫البتہ‬
 So , Surely
Meaning : In truth (often tends to intensify)
Sentence : they said the car would break down and

‫البتہ‬
2) But Then (Adverb) On The Other Hand , Then Aga
Meaning : (contrastive) from another point of view
Sentence : but then, she is too ambitious for her ow

3) Admittedly (Adverb) ‫البتہ‬

 Avowedly , Confessedly , TRUE
Meaning : As acknowledged
Sentence : admittedly, she is the smartest in her cla

https://www.urduban.com/urdu_to_english.php?word=%D8%A7%D9%84%
 A conjunction is a word that links words, phrases, or clauses
These conjunctions are adverbs used as conjunctions.

Coordinating conjunctions join single words or groups of words, but they must always
join similar elements: subject + subject, verb phrase + verb phrase, sentence + sentence
Correlative conjunctions also connect sentence elements of the same kind but with one
difference: correlative conjunctions are always used in pairs
Subordinating conjunctions connect subordinate clauses to a main clause.

One word transition

two or more than two words transtion

ctions, think of the word FANBOYS.

Y S
yet so

also lost his keys.

ou can make.
e fresh air, but I don't wish I were still in the mountains.
 She is not so pretty as her siste

same

Not to speak of milk, he doesn't even get bread

7
 8

One word transition

two or more than two words transtion

omplete ideas. Notice, however, that you need a semicolon, not a comma, to

conjunctive adverb shows cause and effect rather than time.

conjunctive adverbs can be moved to different parts of a sentence

· conversely
· instead
· otherwise
· rather
Similar to So

· accordingly
· consequently
· hence
· meanwhile
· then
· therefore
· thus

nnect one idea to the next

e same time allows the reader to flow more smoothly from one point to the next.

Sequential
Transitions
Numerical
Continuation
Conclusion
Digression
Resumption
Summation

not only (this) but also na serf …balky bi

(that) as well, still
in all honesty, second dosra third
to tell the truth, such kaho tu pir
then together with
‫ ساتھ مل ک ر‬/mil kar/jor kar finally akhir/akhir mai
coupled with
pehly
first

presently ‫فورا ا‬/ ‫ اسی وقت‬in the meantime ‫ عرصے میں س دوران میں‬immediately
now ab as long as jab tak quickly
since jab se/chonky/k bad/k bad s meanwhile ‫جس دوران‬ ‫ااس اثنا میں‬  later
when jab after bad mai as soon as
once ik bar until ‫جب تک تک‬
as soon as jesy hi/jitni jaldi..otna jaldi till tak
first, second pehly, dosry hence ‫یہاں سے اس وجہ سے‬
then per last akhir/pechly
afterward is k bad/per/bad aza
henceforth ‫اس وقت سے ااس وقت کے بعد‬
about k bary mai straightaway ‫اک دم‬ ‫اسی وقت‬
now that ‫ اب جبکہ‬suddenly achanak
whenever jab kabi for the time being filahl/waqti tor par

in fact darhaqiqat/darasal for example misal k tor par

truly haqiqathan/such much
even bi/hi
of course yaqeenan

as an illustration, ‫ایک مثال کے طور پر‬

explicitly ‫واضح طور پر‬

 like jesa identically ‫ایک ہی طور پر شناختی‬
than se equally important ‫ اتنا ہی اہم‬،‫برابرکی اهمیت‬
in a like manner, aisi hi andaz mai comparatively ‫مقابلے میں نسبتا‬

thus, pas

in as much as, ‫جہاں تک‬ ‫چونکہ‬ 

in view of (the fact), ‫ کہ‬،‫حقیقت کے پیش نظر‬
because the qeunkey
accordingly k mutabiq owing to
forasmuch as,
forthwith foran/jald/fori tor par ‫ کی وجہ سے‬so
in case agar kanhi provided that, basharth ye k naturally,
in that case os surat mai of course
‫یہ سوچتے ہیں‬/ye fikar karty howy k only if,
assuming‫کہ‬that sirf agar ... then

sar se/ab si/ for this reason, ‫ اس وجہ سے‬henceforth

accordingly
‫ اس کے مطابق‬in effect
therefore,
Is leyay thence

so that, tha k therefore

lest kanhi asia no hu/khon thereupon
so,
‫تو تاکہ‬
if not, agar nahi tu

g good care.
ugh with creativity.

e of argument

ce or an effect.
er reason is that she often falls.
reat deal of practice.

nd family after arriving home from six months abroad. However, she is not looking forward to going back to work.
 the new idea is

nouns and relative adjectives.

left out with no changes in meaning to the sentence. You need to determine whether the sentence is clearly understood if you leave out the

have been placed.

times when the word that should be used:

verb in this clause is were, not built)

an mean that sales had fallen off, or was the increase in fires causing the drop in sales? The second that clarifies the sentence.)

Good Lord
Good Lord
Good Lord
Gott's leedle feesh in trousers!
Gott's little feesh in trousers!
Götterdämmerung!
 Good heavens
Good heavens
Good heavens
Great heavens
Great heavens
Great heavens
Hoka hey! We're still alive!
Holy Smoke!
I don't give a bent gear
Jeez
Jeez
Jeez

Contemporary
meaningless at the

G J
goddamn Jesus
godsdamn Jesus Christ
H Jesus H. Christ
hell Jesus Harold Christ
holy shit Jesus wept
Jesus, Mary and Joseph
Judas Priest
 g in contrast or unexpected; however, on the contrary
id not sleep

e of the fact that

, I cannot marry you;

s to intensify)
ould break down and indeed it did

nother point of view

o ambitious for her own good

the smartest in her class;

h.php?word=%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D8%AA%DB%81&search=
sentence + sentence
verb + verb
sentence + sentence
sentence + sentence
direct object + direct object
sentence + sentence
sentence + sentence
not so pretty as her sister is

As soon as I reached home it began to rain

hardly had I reached home when it began to rain

You either do your work or prepare for a trip to the office. (Either do or prepare)
He is not only handsome but also brilliant. (Not only A but also B)
Neither the basketball team nor the football team is doing well.
Both the cross country team and the swimming team are doing well.
You must decide whether you stay or you go.
Just as many Americans love basketball, so many Canadians love ice hockey.
The more you practice dribbling, the better you will be at it.
Football is as fast as hockey (is (fast)).
Football is as much an addiction as it is a sport.
No sooner did she learn to ski than the snow began to thaw.
I would rather swim than surf.

example:

Conjunctions Comparison
· than
· rather than
· whether
· as much as
· whereas
Conjunctions Manner
· how
· as though
· as if
Relative Adjective Place
· where
· wherever
Relative Pronoun
· that
· what
· whatever
· which
· whichever

MAIN CLAUSE + ; + conjunctive adverb + , + MAIN CLAUSE.

Elsewhere 1. Transitional Words and Phrases:
Equally o Put a comma after these if they are at th
Eventually example: I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy
Finally o Use a semicolon to connect the two sen
Further example: I like to travel; specifically, I enjoy
Furthermore o Use a comma before and after the trans
Elsewhere example: I like to travel, and, specifically, I e
Hence Other Functions
Henceforth Conjunctive adverbs can also function as a r
However “He was accordingly very interested in jazz.”
Therefore, I will eat green eggs and ham.
In other words, English is a hard language.
Above all, we must try and save the planet.
 for and nor but

Adversative Transitions:
These transitions are used to signal conflict, contradiction concession, dismissal, &c.
Conflict:
but,
‫اب بھی‬ lakin
teesra however, taham yet, ‫ابھی تک‬
in contrast, when in fact,
‫ساتھ مل کر‬ ‫اس کے برعکس میں‬ ‫جب حقیقت میں‬
To contrast
at the same time ‫عین اسی وقت پر‬
even so ‫یہاں تک کہ تو‬
jaldi Emphasis:
teezi se above all, sab se barh kar
bad mai I hope mojy omeed hai
jesy hi/itni jaldi jit I suppose ‫ میرے خیال میں‬assuredly ‫ بالیقین‬/ ‫یقینا‬
certainly ‫قابل ذکر‬/nomaya tor par
yakeenan remarkably
Concession:
‫ادھر سے‬ but even so, nevertheless, baharhal
however, taham nonetheless, ‫بہر حال‬
(and) still, although,
‫آج کے بعد‬/ ‫اب سے‬  ‫اگرچہ‬
(and) yet, though,
‫ پھر بھی‬/ ‫ اگرچہ‬/ ‫تاہم‬
Dismissal:
either way, whichever happens,
in either case, whatever happens,
Replacement:
(or) at least, kam az kam (or) rather, balky
Sequential Transitions:
These transitions are used to signal a chronological or logical sequence.
Numerical:
Continuation:
subsequently, bad aza/bad mapreviously, ‫پہلے‬/ ‫پہلے سے‬
before (this), is se pehly afterwards, ‫ ببعد میں‬/ ‫اس کے بعد‬
 Conclusion:
as a final point, ‫ایک آخری نقطہ کے طور پر‬
last but not least, in the end, ‫آخر میں‬
in the long run ‫طويل مدت يا تجربے کے بعد‬
Digression:
‫ویسا ہی‬
ordinarily am tor par Obviously ‫ صاف طور پر‬/ ‫واضح طور پر‬
Resumption:
to get back to the point, to resume
to return to the subject, anyhow, baharhal/wese jo bi hu
Summation: as was previously stated,
‫جیسا کہ پہلے کہا گیا تھا‬
for the most part ‫ زیادہ تر حصے کے لئے‬initially, ibtidai tor pi/shoro
at first,
‫ااس لیے کہ‬  As Noted Above ‫جیسا کہ اوپر کہا گیا‬  to start with,
to make a long story short,
as has been mentioned,
given these points,
tu/per/tha k etc
as has been noted, as shown above jese opar dekaya giya hai
qudrati tur pi to put it briefly,

yaqeenan To summarize
per as has been said in particular ‫ خصوصا‬/ ‫خاص طور پر‬
to summarize ikhtisar karky in short ‫مختصرا‬/makhsoos
osi waqt se/aj k b finally ‫ آخر ميں‬in simpler terms ‫آسان الفاظ میں‬
‫ اثر میں‬Space / Location / Place
‫وہاں سے‬ in the middle ‫ وسطی‬/ ‫ درمیان میں‬here and there yaha waha
to the left/right ‫ دائیں جانب‬/ ‫ بائیں‬in the foreground ‫پیش منظر میں‬
is leyay in front of k samny in the background ‫پس منظر میں‬
‫ چناچہ‬/ ‫ اس کے بعد‬on this side es taraf in the center of ‫ درمیان میں‬/ ‫کے مرکز‬
in the distance ‫ پر‬/ ‫ فاصلے میں‬adjacent to ٬‫مل ہوا‬/‫نزدیک ۔ ملحق‬
Showing a Result

so
as a result
therefore
thus (more formal)
as a consequence
consequently (more formal)
Establishing Time Relation or Sequence

first
second
finally
in conclusion
in summary
meanwhile
Showing a Condition

or
whether . . . or
if . . . (then)
Explaining or Emphasizing

in fact
actually
in other words
namely (more formal)
Giving an Alternative

or
either . . . or
neither . . . nor (more formal)
The dark skies and distant thunder dissuaded Clarice from her afternoon run; moreover, she had thirty
calculus problems to solve for her morning class.

Leon's apartment complex does not allow dogs over thirty pounds; otherwise, he would have bought
the gangly Great Dane puppy playing in the pet store window.

The cat ate a bowlful of tuna; then, to the squirrels' delight, the fat feline fell asleep in the rocking chair.

At 10 a.m., Paul was supposed to be taking his biology midterm. Instead, he was flirting with the pretty waitr
at the coffee house.

Maria declined Jeff's third invitation to go out. This young man is determined, nevertheless, to take her to di
one night soon.

After mowing the yard in the hot sun, Pedro was too hungry to shower. He did wash his dusty hands, howeve

If the break is weak, do not use comma(s).

Anna called to say her car would not start. Rafael will therefore have to walk to school.

Weak interruption = no commas.

The long noodles splashed tomato sauce all over the front of Brenda's shirt. Ordering fettuccine was a mistak

Weak interruption = no comma.

tood if you leave out the word that when you introduce a subordinate clause. If the sentence makes sense without the word that, omit it.

e sentence.)

Jeez
Jeez
Sweet lightning!
Sweet lightning!
Sweet lightning!
Sweet lightning.
 Madre de Diodes
Mein gott!
Mon dieu!
Mon dieu!
Mon dieu!
Oh my gosh!
Pull the rip panel[3]
Rigger Rats!
by Sir Isaac!
Smagga du BOKK!
Suffering sanddragons!
Thank God.
The heck

M
motherfucker
N
nigga
Harold Christ nigger

Mary and Joseph

 used to connect two independent clauses

Joining
subject + subject
noun + noun

subject + subject

sentence + sentence

verb + verb
sentence + sentence
sentence + sentence
her do or prepare)

ve ice hockey.

9 Conjunctions Time
· after
· as long as
· as soon as
· before
· by the time
· now that
· once
· since
· till
· until
· when
· whenever
· while
. until
. as
nsitional Words and Phrases:
comma after these if they are at the beginning of a sentence.
: I like to travel. Specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.
a semicolon to connect the two sentences.
: I like to travel; specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.
a comma before and after the transitional word/phrase in the middle of a clause.
: I like to travel, and, specifically, I enjoy places with old cathedrals.

tive adverbs can also function as a regular adverb and modify a verb, an adjective, or another adverb. In this case, they will not need extra
accordingly very interested in jazz.”
e, I will eat green eggs and ham.
words, English is a hard language.
l, we must try and save the planet.

Relative Pronoun/Adjective
· who
· whoever hither
· whom thither
· whomever hence
· whose thence
· which
· what
 · why
. that

or yet so

ismissal, &c.

while, jis duran/jab on the other hand,

‫جبکہ‬
whereas, ‫جبکہ‬/halanky/chonky/balky though (final position), ‫پھر بھی‬/ ‫تاہم‬/ ‫اگرچہ‬
conversely, still
 ‫کے الٹ‬/ ‫برخلف‬ ‫اس کے برعکس‬ ‫اب بھی‬

on the contrary os k baraks in contrast ‫اس کے برعکس میں‬

otherwise warna unlike

indeed, be shak as if aisy jesy

I think mery khyal mai clearly
without doubt shak k baghair of course
then again per dobara markedly

even though, ‫اگرچہ‬ on the other hand,

despite (this)/that, os k bawajood notwithstanding (this),
in spite of (this/that), bawajood os k regardless (of this),

granted (this), hasil karky/

in either event, in any case,

all the same, in any event,

instead bajayey except

next, a/agly/bad mai/aynda/kareeb

after (this), is k bad
 to conclude (with) ‫تھ یہ نتیجہ اخذ کرنے کے لئے‬
eventually, bil akhir
finally, ‫آخر ميں‬
as can be seen jesy deka ja sakta ha
incidentally, ‫ اتفاقی طور پر‬/ ‫ ناگہانی‬/‫اتفاق سے‬
by the way, wesy
Ultimately ‫بالخر‬/ ‫آخرکار‬
in either case ‫دونوں صورتوں میں‬
at any rate, ‫کسی بھی قیمت پر‬
l/wese jo bi hu anyway, bahrhal/wese jo bi hi
‫جیسا کہ پہلے کہا گیا تھا‬
first of all ‫ اول‬/ ‫ سب سے پہلے‬so,
secondly, ‫ دوم‬thus, pas
thirdly, (&c.) ‫ سوم‬in fact darhaqiqat/dara

hence, isi waja se

in sum,
‫رقم میں‬
r dekaya giya hai overall ‫مجموعی طور پر‬
on the whole ‫ سب‬/ ‫ تمام‬/ ‫مجموعی طور پر‬

makhsoos

beyond ‫ کی طاقت سے باہر‬/ ‫ اس پار‬/ ‫ دسترس سے باہر‬across ‫پار‬/ ‫اتفاقا ملنا‬

opposite to ‫ بالمقابل‬from below nichy
here yaha over down neechy
there waha Elsewhere up upar
next gly/bad mai/aynda/kareeb alongside under k nichy
where kaha/janha above further mazeed
Examples

Janet passed her exam, so she is very happy.

Tim was late. As a result, we could not go to the concert.
James is not feeling well. Therefore, he will not be here today.
The committee voted against the proposal. Thus, we must consider another idea.
I forgot that the cake was in the oven. As a consequence, it burned.
Tina lost her keys. Consequently, she could not drive home.
Examples

First, I think that she is studying hard.

Second, I believe that she is a bright student.
Finally, I know that she has great potential.
In conclusion, I feel that she deserves to win the scholarship.
In summary, we should offer her some financial help.
Jeff was working hard to clean the house. Meanwhile, his brother was watching television.
Examples

I must study hard, or I will fail my exam.

Whether you are coming or not, I am still going to Amy's party.
If you want to get good grades, then you must do your homework.
Examples

The bookstore sells cards. In fact, they have the best cards around.
James is actually the first person I have known who has been to Africa.
He was late to class again. In other words, he didn't wake up on time.
The plan needed only two things to succeed—namely, time and money.
Examples

We can go to the beach, or we can go to the mountains.

You can either ride the bus or walk to my apartment.
I like neither that person nor his brother.
run; moreover, she had thirty

wise, he would have bought

fell asleep in the rocking chair.

he was flirting with the pretty waitress

ned, nevertheless, to take her to dinner

e did wash his dusty hands, however.

alk to school.

rt. Ordering fettuccine was a mistake indeed.

se without the word that, omit it.

what in crackthunder is…

What on—
What the hell
what's—OW!
Wow!
you filthy thief of souls…
—may her bones burn green
—the Devil?!

S
shit
shit ass
shitass
son of a bitch
son of a motherless goat
son of a whore
sweet Jesus
T
twat
t two independent clauses
dverb. In this case, they will not need extra punctuation.
acting like an adverb
 dosri taraf or ya
‫پھر بھی‬/ ‫تاہم‬/ ‫ اگرچہ‬ ‫گو‬
of course ..., but /‫للی کن‬
‫ ل‬/‫شک‬ ‫للے‬ contrarily
‫ ب‬/‫لللب کل‬ ‫مخالفان‬

‫اس کے برعکس میں‬ conversely ‫اس کے برعکس‬

‫ مختلف‬/ ‫برعکس‬ rather than ‫بجائے اس کے‬

with attention to ‫پر توجہ کے ساتھ‬

‫واضح طور پر‬ besides os k elawa/os k sath sath
‫ بیشک‬/ ‫بلکل‬، definitely yakeenan
nomaya andaz se
it seems aisa lagta hai/wo lagta hai

dosri taraf although this may be true ‫ اگرچہ‬،‫یہ سچ ہو سکتا ہے‬

‫ باوجوديکہ‬even so ‫یہاں تک کہ‬
‫بے فکر‬/ ‫ بےخبر‬rather ‫ اس کی بجائے‬balky
as though ‫گويا کہ يا يوں سمجھيے کہ‬

k sewa

then per
all things considered ‫ہر چیز پر غور‬
at last, akhir kar in conclusion ‫اختتام میں‬
lastly,
‫ بالخر‬in the final analysis ‫حتمی تجزیہ میں‬
after all akhir kar/bahr hal
Definitely yakeenan
generally speaking ‫عام طور پر بول‬
usually ‫اکثر‬/‫معمول ا‬ ‫عام طور پر‬

consequently, natijatan in summary, khulasy mai

as I have said, jese mai ni kaha hato sum up, khulasy mai
to summarize, mukhtasar karky to be brief, khulasy mai/mukhtasaran
therefore, es leyay
in conclusion, ‫اختتام میں‬
altogether, in short,
‫ایک ساتھ‬/ ‫تمام تر‬ ‫مختصرا‬
in brief khulasy mai/mukhtasaran
then, per by and large ‫بحثیت مجموعی‬

in other words dostry lafzo mai on the whole ‫سب‬/ ‫ تمام‬/ ‫مجموعی طور پر‬
in conclusion ‫میں‬ ‫ اختتام‬on balance ‫توازن پر‬
‫یہ ہے کہ‬ khulasy mai/mukhtasaran
that is in brief
behind pechy/ ‫للر‬
‫للشت پ‬
‫پ‬
beside ‫ ک ۔ پاس ۔ ھلگ بھھگ ۔‬before se pehly
nearby ‫نزدیکی‬/  ‫ پڑوس میں‬near nizdeek
wherever jaha kahi amid ‫ درمیان میں‬/ ‫دوران‬
around ird gird among darmian
between k darmian beneath shan k khlaf/neechy
‫‪another key point‬‬ ‫ایک اور اہم نقطہ‬

‫‪must be remembered‬‬ ‫یاد کرنا ضروری ہے‬

‫‪point often overlooked‬‬ ‫اکثر نظر انداز کی طرف اشارہ‬

‫‪on the positive side‬‬ ‫مثبت پہلو‬

‫‪on the negative side‬‬ ‫منفی پہلو پر‬
‫‪with this in mind‬‬ ‫‪ye zihen mai rak/dal kar‬‬
‫‪chiefly‬‬ ‫بنیادی طور پر ‪ /‬خاص طور پر‬
‫‪surely‬‬ ‫یقینی طور پر ‪/‬یقین کے ساتھ ‪/‬بے شک ‪/‬درحقيقت‬
‫‪expressly‬‬ ‫ھصراحاتا ۔ وااضح ھ‬
‫طور ھپر‬
‫‪surprisingly‬‬ ‫حیرت انگیز طور پر ‪/‬حیرت انگیز طریقے سے ‪/‬یکایک‬
‫‪frequently‬‬ ‫سلَ‬ ‫اکسثرَ ۔ تھوُڑے تھوُڑے سوقَفے کے ساتھ ۔ بار بار ۔ سعمموُما ا ۔ مم س‬
‫سلَ س‬

‫‪significantly‬‬ ‫نمایاں طور پر ‪ /‬پپر معنی انداز سے‬

‫‪in general‬‬
‫‪in detail‬‬ ‫‪/tafseelan‬تفصیل سے‬

‫‪to demonstrate‬‬ ‫ممظُاہرَہ کرَنا۔ ممظُاہرَے سے سمجھانا۔ مکمملَ وضاحت سے نشان دہی کرَنا۔ صاف طوُر پرَ دکھانا۔‬
‫‪to emphasize‬‬ ‫تاکيد ۔ تائيد ۔ زور ۔ اہميت ۔ تاکيد لفظی ۔ زور بيان‬ ‫پر زور‬
‫‪to repeat‬‬ ‫دہرانا‬
‫‪to clarify‬‬ ‫واضح ‪/‬صاف کرنا‬
‫‪to explain‬‬ ‫واضح ‪/‬بیان کرنا‬
‫‪to enumerate‬‬ ‫شمار کرَنا ۔ کننا ۔ کاونٹ کرَنا ۔ فہرَست سے ملنا‬
Additive Transitions:
These show addition, introduction, similarity to other ideas, &c.
Addition/to add to/sequence:
indeed, be shak further, mazeed
also, be moreover, is k elawa/mazeed bara/sewa is k
and, owr furthermore, mazeed bara
or, ya in fact, dar haqiqat/darasal
too, bi let alone, chor do/akely chor do
time sequence
and then owr per shortly jald hi/makhtasaran
eventually bil akhir finally akhir/akhir mai
further mazeed formerly bazabta/rasmi tor par
simultaneously ba yak waqt/ik waqt soon jald/jaldi/jald hi
then per subsequently bad azah/bad mai
at the present time mojoda waq mai/is waqt sooner or later jald ya bad mai
from time to time kabi kabi/wqtn fawaqtn at the same time ik hi waqt mai/isi waqt/bayak waqt
up to the present time is waqt tak/mojoda waqt tak to begin with se shoro/k sath shoro
in the first place pehly jaga mai/par all of a sudden achanak se/ik dam mai
in the past mazi mai so far ab tak
in time barwaqt/waqt mai during k duran
by the time waqt k sath/os waqt se now that ab jabky
To illustrate
indeed be shak in other words dosri lafzu mai
namely yani/yani keh after all akhir kar/bahr hal
nor, na hi next agla/agly/bad mai/aynda/kareeb
again dobara for instance ik lamhy k leyay/foran
Introduction:
such as, jesa keh as, jesa/jetna/aisa/itna
for example, misal k tor par/masaln like, jesa k
for instance, misal k tor par/masaln especially, khas kar
Reference:
speaking about (this), is k bary mai bat karty howay considering (this), balihaz is k/Is khyal se
as for (this), k leyey jesa k/k tor par/jaha tak…taloq concerning (this), bary mai
Similarity/to compare:
similarly, isi tarah in the same way/fashion, isi tareeqy se
equally barabar/yaksa tor pi/masawi likewise, isi tarah
rather than k bajay/se behtar hai k whether chahy/khwa
Identification:
that is (to say), ye hai k namely, yani k/yani/masaln
Clarification:
that is (to say), ye kehna hai k I mean, mera matlb
Causal Transitions:
These transitions signal cause/effect and reason/result, etc. . .
Cause/Reason:
for the (simple) reason that, is sada waja k leyay k
because (of the fact), ki waja se
due to (the fact that), ki waja se
Condition/concede:
on (the) condition (that), shart par k if, agar
in the event that, is sorat/halat/kifiat mai unless jab tak..na
granting (that), maan/manzor karty howey even if, agar..bi
Effect/Result/conclude:
as a result (of this), os k natijy mai
because (of this), ki waja se
as a consequence, natijey k tor par
Purpose:
for the purpose of, maqsad k leyay
with this intention, is gharz/niat/maqsad se
with this in mind, ye janty/zehen mai rakty howay
Consequence:
under those circumstances, os halath k madnazar
that being the case,
as well (as this), sath sath
what is more, mazeed kia
in addition (to this), is k sath sath/is k elawa
actually, darasal/darhaqiqat
much less bohut kam

before pehly
besides is k elawa/is k sath sath
earlier is se kabal/jaldi
still ab bi/ibi tak/per bi
too bohut/bi
in due time moqarrara waqt mai
in a moment ik lamhay mai
without delay bela takheer/waqt zaya keyy baghair
at this instant Pal/lehzy mai
after a while koch lehza/lamhy bad
prior to kabal/pehly
instantly fori tor pi/fori/foran

correspondingly
on the other hand, dosi taraf
not to mention (this), is ka tu zikar hi na karna keh
alternatively, motabadil k tor par/motabadil sorat mai

particularly, khas tor pi

in particular, khas tor/khas tor par
notably, khas/yadgar/nomaya tor par

regarding (this), k bary mai/hawaly

the fact that haqiqat/darasal ye hai k

aslo bi
as much as jitna otna
specifically, khas tor par

(to) put (it) another way

under those circumstances, os halath k madnazar

being that,
seeing that, ye daik kar keh

granted (that), hasil karky/

as/so long as, jab tak
providing that, shart lagana k

consequently, natijatan
in consequence, k natijy mai/natijy mai

in the hope that, is omeed mai k

in order that, ke leyay/tha k

then, per
if so, agar asia hai tu
either (neither), do mai se ik/do mai se ik b nahi not only (this) but also na serf …balky (that) as well,
as a matter of fact, ye baat such hai k in all honesty, second
besides (this), es k sath sath/is k elawa to tell the truth, such kaho tu then
coupled with ‫ساتھ مل کر‬/mil kar/jor kar finally
additionally, izafy k tor par/is k elawa first

lately hal hi mai/tory din howy presently ‫فورا ا‬/ ‫ اسی وقت‬in the meantime
at length akhir kar/lambai mai now ab as long as
at that time os waqt mai since jab se/chonky/k bad/k bad se meanwhile
thereafter is k bad/bad azah when jab after
until now ab taq once ik bar until
at last akhir kar as soon as jesy hi/jitni jaldi..otna jaldi till
next agla/agly/bad mai/aynda/kareeb first, second pehly, dosry hence
again dobara then per last
while jab k/jab/jab tak k/ afterward is k bad/per/bad aza henceforth
forthwith foran/fori/fori tor pi about k bary mai straightaway
occasionally kabi kabi/kabi kabar now that ‫ اب جبکہ‬suddenly
as jesa/jetna/aisa/itna whenever jab kabi for the time being

in fact darhaqiqat/darasal for example

in short mukhtasaran truly haqiqathan/such much
it is true ye such hai even bi/hi
last pechly/akhir of course yaqeenan

including, samayt/ba shamool as an illustration, ‫ایک مثال کے طور پر‬

by way of example, misal k tor par explicitly ‫واضح طور پر‬

with regards to (this), is k hawaly se

on the subject of (this) is mozo pzr

like jesa identically

in the light of k roshni mai than se equally important
whereas jabky/halanky/chonky/balky in a like manner, aisi hi andaz mai comparatively
uniquely ajeeb tor Pr thus, pas

in other words, is k mutaradif

in as much as,
for, k keyay because the qeunkey in view of (the fact),
as, jesa/jetna/aisa/itna accordingly k mutabiq owing to
since, jab se/chonky/k bad/k bad se forthwith foran/jald/fori tor par forasmuch as,

lest kanhi asia no hu/khonakhwasta in case agar kanhi provided that,

whether..or khwa/chahy/aya/ya/kia in that case os surat mai
assuming that ‫یہ سوچتے ہیں کہ‬/ye fikar karty howy k only if,

hence, isi/is waja se/yaha se/isar se/ab si/ for this reason,
so that, tha keh accordingly
so, bohut/keh therefore,

for fear that, dar se k so that,

in order to, k leyay/tha k lest
so,

in that case, is surat mai if not,

otherwise warna
bi still ‫اب بھی‬
dosra third teesra
pir together with ‫ساتھ مل کر‬
akhir/akhir mai
pehly

‫ اس عرصے میں اس دوران میں‬immediately jaldi

jab tak quickly teezi se
‫جس دوران‬ ‫ااس اثنا میں‬  later bad mai
bad mai as soon as jesy hi/itni jaldi jitni
‫جب تک تک‬
tak
‫یہاں سے اس وجہ سے‬ ‫ادھر سے‬
akhir/pechly
‫اس وقت سے ااس وقت کے بعد‬ ‫آج کے بعد‬/ ‫اب سے‬ 
‫اک دم‬ ‫اسی وقت‬
achanak
filahl/waqti tor par

misal k tor par

‫ایک ہی طور پر شناختی‬

‫ اتنا ہی اہم‬،‫ویسا ہی برابرکی اهمیت‬
‫مقابلے میں نسبتا‬
 ‫جہاں تک‬ ‫چونکہ‬  ‫ااس لیے کہ‬ 
‫ کہ‬،‫حقیقت کے پیش نظر‬

‫ کی وجہ سے‬so tu/per/tha k etc

basharth ye k naturally, qudrati tur pi

of course yaqeenan
sirf agar ... then per

‫ اس وجہ سے‬henceforth osi waqt se/aj k bad

‫ اس کے مطابق‬in effect ‫اثر میں‬
Is leyay thence ‫وہاں سے‬

tha k therefore is leyay

kanhi asia no hu/khonakhwasta thereupon ‫ چناچہ‬/ ‫اس کے بعد‬
‫تو تاکہ‬

agar nahi tu
Adversative Transitions:
These transitions are used to signal conflict, contradiction concession, dismissal, &c.
Conflict:
but, lakin while,
however, taham yet, ‫ ابھی تک‬whereas,
in contrast, ‫ اس کے برعکس میں‬when in fact, ‫ جب حقیقت میں‬conversely,
To contrast
at the same time ‫عین اسی وقت پر‬ on the contrary
even so ‫یہاں تک کہ تو‬ otherwise
Emphasis:
above all, sab se barh kar indeed,
I hope mojy omeed hai I think
I suppose ‫ میرے خیال میں‬assuredly ‫ بالیقین‬/ ‫ یقینا‬without doubt
certainly yakeenan remarkably ‫قابل ذکر‬/nomaya tor par then again
Concession:
but even so, nevertheless, baharhal even though,
however, taham nonetheless, ‫ بہر حال‬despite (this)/that,
(and) still, although, ‫ اگرچہ‬in spite of (this/that),
(and) yet, though, ‫ پھر بھی‬/ ‫ اگرچہ‬/ ‫ تاہم‬granted (this),
Dismissal:
either way, whichever happens, in either event,
in either case, whatever happens, all the same,
Replacement:
(or) at least, kam az kam (or) rather, balky instead
Sequential Transitions:
These transitions are used to signal a chronological or logical sequence.
Numerical:
Continuation:
subsequently, bad aza/bad mai previously, ‫پہلے‬/ ‫پہلے سے‬
before (this), is se pehly afterwards, ‫ ببعد میں‬/ ‫اس کے بعد‬
Conclusion:
as a final point, ‫ایک آخری نقطہ کے طور پر‬
last but not least, in the end, ‫آخر میں‬
in the long run ‫طويل مدت يا تجربے کے بعد‬
Digression:

ordinarily am tor par Obviously ‫ صاف طور پر‬/ ‫واضح طور پر‬
Resumption:
to get back to the point, to resume
to return to the subject, anyhow, baharhal/wese jo bi hu
Summation: as was previously stated,
for the most part ‫ زیادہ تر حصے کے لئے‬initially, ibtidai tor pi/shoro mai first of all
at first, secondly,
As Noted Above ‫جیسا کہ اوپر کہا گیا‬  to start with, thirdly, (&c.)
to make a long story short,
as has been mentioned,
given these points,
as has been noted, as shown above jese opar dekaya giya hai
to put it briefly,
To summarize
as has been said in particular ‫ خصوصا‬/‫خاص طور پر‬
to summarize ikhtisar karky in short ‫مختصرا‬/makhsoos makhsoos
finally ‫ آخر ميں‬in simpler terms ‫آسان الفاظ میں‬
Space / Location / Place beyond
in the middle ‫ وسطی‬/ ‫ درمیان میں‬here and there yaha waha opposite to
to the left/right ‫ دائیں جانب‬/ ‫ بائیں‬in the foreground ‫ پیش منظر میں‬here
in front of k samny in the background ‫ پس منظر میں‬there
on this side es taraf in the center of ‫ درمیان میں‬/‫ کے مرکز‬next
in the distance ‫ پر‬/ ‫ فاصلے میں‬adjacent to ٬‫مل ہوا‬/ ‫ نزدیک ۔ ملحق‬where
jis duran/jab

 ‫کے الٹ‬/ ‫برخلف‬

os k baraks
warna

be shak
mery khyal mai
shak k baghair
per dobara

‫اگرچہ‬
os k bawajood
bawajood os k
hasil karky/

bajayey
 ‫جیسا کہ پہلے کہا گیا تھا‬
‫سب سے پہلے ‪ /‬اول‬
‫دوم‬
‫سوم‬

‫دسترس سے باہر ‪ /‬اس پار ‪ /‬کی طاقت سے باہر‬

‫بالمقابل‬
‫‪yaha‬‬
‫‪waha‬‬
‫‪agla/agly/bad mai/aynda/kareeb‬‬
‫‪kaha/janha‬‬
 ‫ جبکہ‬on the other hand, dosri taraf
‫جبکہ‬/halanky/chonky/balky though (final position), ‫پھر بھی‬/ ‫تاہم‬/ ‫ اگرچہ‬ ‫گو‬
‫ اس کے برعکس‬still ‫ اب بھی‬of course ..., but /‫للی کن‬
‫ ل‬/‫شک‬ ‫للے‬
‫ ب‬/‫لللب کل‬

in contrast ‫اس کے برعکس میں‬

unlike ‫ مختلف‬/ ‫برعکس‬

as if aisy jesy
clearly ‫واضح طور پر‬
of course ‫ بیشک‬/ ‫بلکل‬،
markedly nomaya andaz se

on the other hand, dosri taraf

notwithstanding (this), ‫باوجوديکہ‬
regardless (of this), ‫بے فکر‬/ ‫بےخبر‬

in any case,
in any event,

except k sewa

next, agla/agly/bad mai/aynda/kareeb

after (this), is k bad then per
to conclude (with) ‫ ساتھ یہ نتیجہ اخذ کرنے کے لئے‬all things considered ‫ہر چیز پر غور‬
eventually, bil akhir at last, akhir kar
finally, ‫ آخر ميں‬lastly, ‫بالخر‬
as can be seen jesy deka ja sakta ha
incidentally, ‫ اتفاقی طور پر‬/ ‫ ناگہانی‬/‫ اتفاق سے‬Definitely yakeenan
by the way, wesy generally speaking ‫عام طور پر بول‬
Ultimately ‫بالخر‬/ ‫ آخرکار‬usually ‫اکثر‬/‫معمول ا‬
 in either case ‫دونوں صورتوں میں‬
at any rate, ‫کسی بھی قیمت پر‬
anyway, bahrhal/wese jo bi hi

so, consequently, natijatan

thus, pas as I have said, jese mai ni kaha hai
in fact darhaqiqat/darasal to summarize, mukhtasar karky

hence, isi waja se in conclusion, ‫اختتام میں‬

in sum, ‫ رقم میں‬altogether, ‫ایک ساتھ‬/ ‫تمام تر‬
overall ‫مجموعی طور پر‬
on the whole ‫ سب‬/ ‫ تمام‬/ ‫ مجموعی طور پر‬then, per

in other words dostry lafzo mai

in conclusion ‫اختتام میں‬
that is ‫یہ ہے کہ‬
‫ کی طاقت سے باہر‬/ ‫ اس پار‬/ ‫ دسترس سے باہر‬across ‫پار‬/ ‫ اتفاقا ملنا‬behind pechy/ ‫للر‬
‫للشت پ‬
‫پ‬
from below nichy beside ‫ھنزديک ۔ پاس ۔ ھلگ بھھگ ۔‬
over down neechy nearby ‫نزدیکی‬/  ‫پڑوس میں‬
Elsewhere up upar wherever jaha kahi
alongside under k nichy around ird gird
above further mazeed between k darmian
or ya

contrarily ‫مخالفان‬

conversely ‫اس کے برعکس‬

rather than ‫بجائے اس کے‬

with attention to ‫پر توجہ کے ساتھ‬

besides os k elawa/os k sath sath
definitely yakeenan
it seems aisa lagta hai/wo lagta hai

although this may be true ‫ اگرچہ‬،‫یہ سچ ہو سکتا ہے‬

even so ‫یہاں تک کہ‬
rather ‫اس کی بجائے‬ balky
as though ‫گويا کہ يا يوں سمجھيے کہ‬

in conclusion ‫اختتام میں‬

in the final analysis ‫حتمی تجزیہ میں‬
after all akhir kar/bahr hal

‫عام طور پر‬

in summary, khulasy mai
to sum up, khulasy mai
to be brief, khulasy mai/mukhtasaran
therefore, es leyay

in short, ‫مختصرا‬
in brief khulasy mai/mukhtasaran
by and large ‫بحثیت مجموعی‬

on the whole ‫ سب‬/ ‫ تمام‬/ ‫مجموعی طور پر‬

on balance ‫توازن پر‬
in brief khulasy mai/mukhtasaran

before se pehly
near nizdeek
amid ‫ درمیان میں‬/‫دوران‬
among darmian
beneath shan k khlaf/neechy