Urdaneta City University | College of Arts and Sciences Study Guide | Mathematics in the Modern World

➢ Logic Symbols
MODULE 2: MATHEMATICS LANGUAGE AND
• ∀ “for every” or “for any” or “for all”
SYMBOLS
• ∃ there exist
TOPIC OUTLINE • ∈ an element of
o Lesson 1: The Language of Mathematics
• ∉ not an element of
o Lesson 2: Mathematical Logic
• → implies or if...then
THE LANGUAGE OF MATHEMATICS • ↔ if and only if
Importance of Language • ∧ and
Language is a systematic way of communicating with • ∨ or
other people by the use of sounds or conventional symbols.
Language was invented to communicate ideas to
Fundamental Numbers in Math
others (to transmit information).
The language of math was designed so we can write
Real Numbers ℝ= {- …, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
about things such as numbers, sets, functions, etc. and
what we do with those things like perform operations such Whole Numbers 𝕎= {0, 1, 2, 3, …}
as addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
Natural Numbers ℕ = {1, 2, 3, …}
The Vocabulary of Mathematics
Integers ℤ= {- …, -3, -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, …}
Some of the symbols commonly used in Mathematics are
the following: Rational Numbers ℚ - fractions/terminating &
➢ The 10 digits
repeating decimals
0, 1, 2, 3, ..., 9
➢ Symbols for operations and set Irrational Numbers ℚ′ - non-terminating & non-
+, -, ×, ÷, ⋂, ⋃, ⊆,... repeating decimals
➢ Symbols that “stands in” for values
Complex Numbers ℂ
a, b, c,…x, y, z
➢ Special symbols
π, ≠, =, ˂, ˃, ≤, ≥, …
Urdaneta City University | College of Arts and Sciences Study Guide | Mathematics in the Modern World
Real Number System Translate the following phrases into a mathematical
expression.

_______________1. The sum of a number and ten

_______________2. The product of two numbers

_______________3. One-half times the sum of two

numbers

_______________4. Twice a number

_______________5. The square of the sum of five and a

number

Translate the following mathematical symbols into _______________6. The sum of squares of two numbers
mathematical sentences. State whether True or False.
_______________7. Five more than three times a number
1. ∀ 𝑥 𝜖 𝑍, 𝑥 2 ≥ 0
_______________8. Five less than three times a number

Exercise 2.1 Test Yourself

Translate the following phrases into a mathematical
2. ∀ 𝑥, 𝑦 𝜖 𝑍, (𝑥 + 𝑦)2 = 𝑥 2 + 2𝑥𝑦 + 𝑦 2
expression.
1. 5 increases by 3
2. a number increase by 4
3. 7 more than a number
3. ∃ 𝑚, 𝑛 𝜀 𝑅, 𝑚 + 𝑛 ≤ 𝑚 − 𝑛
4. a number decrease by 2
5. 5 less than 8
6. 9 is less than a number

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Urdaneta City University | College of Arts and Sciences Study Guide | Mathematics in the Modern World
7. a difference of a number and 5 the set A above which has the days of the week as its
8. 5 subtracted from 8 elements can be written as

9. the product of 7 and a number 𝐴 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑑𝑎𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑤𝑒𝑒𝑘 }

10. thrice of ten
11. thrice a number Set Operations
12. a quotient of 8 and 2
Set Union
Let A and B be sets. The union of sets A and B, denoted by
Language of Sets A∪B, is the set that contains the elements that belong A or
to B, or to both.
A set is an unordered collection of distinct objects, called
elements or members of the set. Sets are used to group Given the following sets:
objects together. We often use uppercase letters to denote 𝐴 = {1,2}
sets. Given a set S, we write x∈S to say that x is an element 𝐵 = {1,2,3}
of the set S. For the case where x is not an element of the 𝐶 = {3,4}
set S, we write x∉S. There are two ways to describe a set.
A set can be specified using the roster method where we Find A∪B, A∪C, and B∪C
write all the elements of the set between braces, { }. As an
Solution. To obtain the union of A and B, list first all the
example, let us use A to represent the set consisting of the
elements of set A, which are 1, 2. Then combine this list
days of the week. Using the roster method, we can write
with the elements of set B that have not been listed yet,
𝐴 = {𝑀𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑇𝑢𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑊𝑒𝑑𝑛𝑒𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑇ℎ𝑢𝑟𝑠𝑑𝑎𝑦, these are 1, 2, 3. Because of our notation for sets, we will
𝐹𝑟𝑖𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑆𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑑𝑎𝑦, 𝑆𝑢𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑦} need to enclose the elements with braces. Hence,

Note that the order in which the elements are listed does A∪B = {1, 2, 3}
not matter. Another way of describing a set is by using the
rule method where we characterize the elements of the set A∪C =
by stating the property or properties, they must have to be
elements of the set. For this method, set is, in general,
B∪C =
denoted as {x|x has property P} which is read “the set of all
x such that x has property P”. If we use this method, then

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Urdaneta City University | College of Arts and Sciences Study Guide | Mathematics in the Modern World
Set Intersection Find B-C, A-C, and C-A
Let A and B be sets. The intersection of sets A and B, Solution. All the elements of B do not belong to C except
denoted by A∩B, is the set that contains the elements the element 3. Therefore
which belong to both A and B.
B - C = {1, 2}
Given the following sets:
𝐴 = {1,2} A-C=
𝐵 = {1,2,3} C-A=
𝐶 = {3,4}

Find A∩B, A∩C, and B∩C Universal set

Solution. The elements that belong to both A and B are 1 A universal set (usually denoted by U) is a set which has
and 2. Thus elements of all the related sets, without any repetition of
elements. Say if A, B, and C are three sets, such as A =
A∩B = {1, 2} {1,2}, B = {1, 2, 3} and C = {3, 4}, then the universal set
associated with these sets is given by U = {1, 2, 3, 4}.
A∩C =

B∩C =
Set Complement

The complement of a set A, denoted by A C is the set of all

the elements except the elements in A. Complement of the
Set Difference
set A is U–A.
Let A and B be sets. The difference of A and B, denoted by
A-B, is the set whose elements are those that belong to A Given the following sets:
but not to B. 𝐴 = {1,2}
𝐵 = {1,2,3}
Given the following sets: 𝐶 = {3,4}
𝐴 = {1,2}
Find A’, B’, and C’
𝐵 = {1,2,3}
𝐶 = {3,4} Solution. To find A C , list all the elements of U that are not
in A then enclose the elements with a pair of braces. Thus,

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Urdaneta City University | College of Arts and Sciences Study Guide | Mathematics in the Modern World
A’ = U-A = {3, 4} ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Exercise 2.2 Test Yourself
B’ =
A. Given the following sets:
C’ = A = {-1, 2, 5}
B = {-2, 0, 2, 3}
C = {-1, 0, 4, 2}
Example. Given the following sets:
A = {1, 4, 5} Solve for the following:
B = {3, 5, 7} 1. A C ∪ B C
C = {1, 2, 3, 4} 2. (A ∩ B)C
D = {1, 3}
3. (A - C) ∩ (B ∪ C)
Find the following: 4. (A ∪ C) - B
1. A ∪ (C ∩ D)

2. B’ ∪ C’

3. (B - D) ∩ A’

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Urdaneta City University | College of Arts and Sciences Study Guide | Mathematics in the Modern World
B. Use rule method to give the description of the MATHEMATICAL LOGIC
following sets.
Logic is the study of principles of correct reasoning.

1. 𝐵 = {𝐴𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑙, 𝐽𝑢𝑛𝑒, 𝑆𝑒𝑝𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟, 𝑁𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟} Mathematical Logic is a branch of mathematics with close
connection to computers. It includes both the mathematical
study of logic and the applications on formal logic to other areas
of mathematics.
2. 𝐶 = {𝑎, 𝑒, 𝑖, 𝑜, 𝑢}
A proposition (or statement) is a declarative sentence that is
either true or false, but not both.
3. 𝐷 = {0,1,2,3} Note: A declarative sentence is a sentence that declares a fact.

Two kinds of proposition

C. Use roster/list method to represent the following Simple proposition - it is composed of one subject and one
sets. predicate.

1. 𝐸 = {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ ℤ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 3 < 𝑥 ≤ 5} Compound proposition - it consists of simple propositions

combined with the use of logical connectives.

State whether or not the following are propositions. In case of a

2. 𝐹 = {𝑥 |𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑟𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑙𝑒𝑠𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑛 20} proposition, indicate the truth value.

1. San Fernando City is the capital of La Union.

3. 𝐺 = {𝑥|𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑜 𝑥 + 5 = −1} Answer:

2. Where are you going?

Answer:
4. 𝐻 = {𝑥 |𝑥 ∈ ℕ 𝑎𝑛𝑑 − 8 ≤ 𝑥 ≤ −2}
3. Please give me some water.

Answer:

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Urdaneta City University | College of Arts and Sciences Study Guide | Mathematics in the Modern World
4. Cielo is beautiful. Conjunction

Answer: Let p and q be propositions.

The conjunction of the propositions p and q is the
5. 1 + 1 = 2
compound statement "p and q" denoted as p ∧ q which is true
Answer: only when both p and q are true, otherwise, it is false.

6. x > 5, if x = 3 Truth Table for Conjunction

Answer: p q p∧q
T T T
Logical Operators T F F
A simple proposition is a proposition that conveys a single idea. F T F
Lowercase letters such as 𝑝, 𝑞, 𝑟 and 𝑠 are used to represent
simple propositions. Now, out of simple propositions, we can F F F
construct compound propositions by using logical operators. The
logical operators that are commonly used are the conjunction, Disjunction
disjunction, implication, biconditional, and negation.
Let p and q be propositions.

Logical Connectives The disjunction of the propositions p and q is the

compound statement "p or q" denoted as p ∨ q which is false
Connectives Symbol Meaning only when both p and q are false, otherwise, it is true.

Conjunction ∧ and Truth Table for Disjunction

Disjunction ∨ or p q p∨q

Implication/Conditional → implies/if...then T T T

T F T
Biconditional ↔ if and only if
F T T
Negation ~ or ¬ not
F F F

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Urdaneta City University | College of Arts and Sciences Study Guide | Mathematics in the Modern World
Implication/Conditional Negation
Let p be a proposition.
Let p and q be propositions.
The negation of the statement p is denoted by ¬p where ¬ is
The implication of the propositions p and q is the compound the symbol for "not". The truth value of the negation is always the
statement "If p, then q" denoted as p → q which is false only reverse of the truth value of the original statement.
when p is true and q is false, otherwise, it is true. Truth Table for Negation
Truth Table for Conditional p ¬p
T F
p q p→q
T F
T T T
F T
T F F F T
F T T
Truth table for compound propositions
F F T We now consider how to construct truth table for complicated
compound propositions. We will be using the truth tables for
Biconditional negation, disjunction, conjunction, conditional, and biconditional
that were presented previously.
Let p and q be propositions. Note: We will only limit our discussions for compound propositions
The disjunction of the propositions p and q is the that involve two or three simple propositions. For compound
compound statement "p or q" denoted as p ∨ q which is false propositions that involve two simple propositions, our truth table will
only when both p and q are false, otherwise, it is true. have 4 rows. When there are three simple propositions involved, the
truth table will have 8 rows.
Truth Table for Biconditional TRUTH TABLE
p q p↔q Conjunction Disjunction Conditional Biconditional Negation
T T T p q p∧q p∨q p→q p↔q ¬p
T T T T T T F
T F F
T F F T F F F
F T F
F T F T T F T
F F T
F F F F T T T

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Urdaneta City University | College of Arts and Sciences Study Guide | Mathematics in the Modern World

Construct truth table for the following compound propositions.

1. ¬p ∨ ¬q 3. (p ∧ q) → (p ∨ q)

4. (~p∧ q) ∨ (p ∨ ~q)
2. (p ↔ q)’

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Urdaneta City University | College of Arts and Sciences Study Guide | Mathematics in the Modern World
Exercise 2.3 Test Yourself
A. State whether or not the following are propositions. In case of a
proposition, indicate the truth value.

1. 25 + 18 = 45
2. Rodrigo Roa Duterte is the 16th president of the
republic of the Philippines.
3. Are you alright?
4. Move forward.
5. Some integers are natural numbers.
6. All integers are natural numbers.
7. y-5 ∈ ℕ if y is an even number
8. x=1
9. if x= 1 then x+ 1= 5
10. 24 is divisible by 4

B. Construct truth table for the following compound

propositions.
1. p ∧ ~q
2. ~q ∨ p
3. ~ p ↔ q
4. ¬p → q
5. ¬ (q → p)

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