SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

A SKILL DEVELOPMENT REPORT

ON
“PCB DESIGN AND FABRICATION: MONOSTABLE
MULTIVIBRATOR”
Submitted in fulfilment of the requirements for the award of the Degree of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY IN
ELECTRONICS AND COMPUTER ENGINEERING

Submitted by

Udith S Nair (R23EP049)

M Shriya Sri (R23EP025)
Vikas S Patil. (R23EP058)

Under the guidance of

Prof.
Asst. Prof., School of ECE
REVA University

JUNE 2024
Rukmini Knowledge Park, Kattigenahalli, Yelahanka, Bengaluru 560064
www.reva.edu.in

1
 DECLARATION

We, Mr. Udith S Nair(R23EP049), Ms. M Shriya Sri(R23EP025), Mr. Vikas S

Patil(R23EP058) students of B. Tech, belongs to the School of Electronics and Communication
Engineering, REVA University, declare that this Project Report / Dissertation entitled
“MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR” is the result of the of project/dissertation work done by
us under the supervision of Prof., Asst. Prof., School of ECE REVA University.

We are submitting this Project Report / Dissertation in partial fulfilment of the requirements for
the degree of Bachelor of Technology in Electronics and Computer Engineering award by the
REVA University, Bengaluru, during the academic year 2023-24.

We declare that this project/dissertation report or any part of it has not been submitted for the
award of any other Degree / Diploma of this University or any other University/ Institution.

(Signature of the Student)

Signed by us on

Certified that this project work submitted by Mr. Udith S Nair(R23EP049), Ms. M Shriya
Sri(R23EP025), Mr. Vikas S Patil(R23EP058)has been carried out under my / our guidance and
the declaration made by the candidate is true to the best of my knowledge.

Signature of Guide Signature of Director

Date: Date:
Official Seal of the School

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 SCHOOL OF ELECTRONICS AND COMMUNICATION ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE

Certified that the project work entitled “MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR” carried out under
my guidance by Mr. Udith S Nair (R23EP049), Ms. Shriya Sri (R23EP025), Mr. Vikas S Patil
(R23EP058), bonafide students of REVA University during the academic year 2022-2023, are
submitting the project report in partial fulfilment for the award of Bachelor of Technology in
Electronics and Computer Engineering during the academic year 2023–24. The project report
has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements regarding the Project work prescribed
for the said Degree.

Signature with date Signature with date

Prof. Dr.
Guide

External Examiner

Name of the Examiner with affiliation Signature with Date

1.

2.

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 TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Contents Page No.

Abstract 5

Chapter-I 1.1 Introduction 6

1.2 Main section

1.3 Second main section

1.4 Conclusion

Chapter-II Literature Survey 8

Chapter-III Proposed Work 9

Chapter-IV Result Analysis 12

Chapter-V Conclusion & Future Scope 13

Chapter-VI References 15

SL.NO DESCRIPTION Page No.

FIG 1.1 Components list 9

FIG 1.2 Circuit Diagram 10

FIG 1.3 Final Pcb 11

ABSTRACT:

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A “MONOSTABLE MULTIVIBRATOR”, also known as a one-shot multivibrator, is a
crucial electronic circuit used to generate a single output pulse of a predetermined duration in
response to an external trigger signal. This circuit is vital in numerous applications requiring
precise timing and control, such as pulse generation, delay circuits, and timers. The primary
challenge in designing a monostable multivibrator lies in ensuring that the output pulse remains
stable and accurate despite variations in temperature, supply voltage, and component tolerances.

The design process of a monostable multivibrator involves several key steps. First, appropriate
components, such as transistors, resistors, capacitors, and integrated circuits like the 555 timer,
must be selected. The circuit topology is then designed to ensure these components work together
effectively to achieve the desired output. Simulation tools like LTspice or Multisim are used to
model the circuit and verify its performance under various conditions. Following successful
simulation, a physical prototype is constructed on a breadboard or PCB, and rigorous testing is
conducted using instruments like oscilloscopes to measure the output pulse and validate the
circuit's response to trigger inputs. Optimization techniques, such as fine-tuning component
values and implementing temperature compensation strategies, are employed to enhance
reliability and performance.

Monostable multivibrators are used in a wide range of applications due to their versatility and
precision. They are employed in timers and delay circuits, pulse generation for digital systems,
frequency division, switch debouncing, alarms, and digital counters. Additionally, their role in
communication systems, particularly in pulse-position modulation and other timing-critical
applications, underscores their importance in modern electronics. This study aims to provide a
comprehensive understanding of the design, implementation, and optimization of monostable
multivibrators, highlighting their crucial role in ensuring accurate and reliable timing functions.

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 Chapter-I
INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction:

In today's rapidly advancing technological landscape, precision and reliability in electronic

circuits are paramount. One of the critical components in achieving these objectives is the
monostable multivibrator. Monostable multivibrators, often implemented using components like
the 555 timer IC, transistors, resistors, and capacitors, play a crucial role in generating single,
stable output pulses when triggered. These pulses are indispensable in various applications,
including digital signal processing, communication systems, and control mechanisms. This report
aims to explore the working principles, design methodologies, and practical applications of
monostable multivibrators, emphasizing their significance in modern electronic circuits.

Monostable Multivibrator Circuit

The monostable multivibrator circuit is designed to produce a single, precise output pulse in
response to an input trigger signal. This pulse remains stable for a predefined duration determined
by the circuit's components. The fundamental elements of a monostable multivibrator include a
555 timer IC, resistors, and capacitors, which work together to define the timing characteristics of
the output pulse.

Working Principle

When an input trigger is received, the circuit switches from its stable state to an unstable state,
generating an output pulse. The duration of this pulse, known as the time period (T), is
determined by the values of the external resistor (R) and capacitor (C) connected to the 555 timer
IC. The equation T = 1.1 * R * C provides the pulse width, allowing for precise control over the
timing interval.

Advantages

The primary advantage of the monostable multivibrator circuit is its ability to produce accurate
and consistent timing pulses, which are essential in various electronic applications. It offers
simplicity in design and ease of implementation, making it a popular choice for timing and pulse
generation tasks. Additionally, the use of the 555 timer IC ensures reliability and flexibility, as it
can be easily configured for different timing requirements.

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Component Selection

Selecting the appropriate components is crucial for the optimal performance of a monostable
multivibrator. High-quality resistors and capacitors with low tolerance levels are preferred to
ensure the stability and accuracy of the output pulse. The choice of the 555 timer IC also plays a
significant role, with various models available to suit specific application needs.

Practical Applications: Monostable multivibrators are employed in a wide range of

practical applications due to their precision and reliability. Some of the key applications include:

1.Digital Timing

In digital systems, monostable multivibrators are used to generate precise timing pulses required
for synchronizing operations, triggering events, and creating delays.

2.Pulse Generation

Monostable multivibrators serve as pulse generators in various electronic devices, providing

controlled pulse widths for applications such as data communication, signal processing, and
control systems.

3.Debouncing Switches

They are also utilized in debouncing mechanical switches. When a switch is pressed, it may
generate multiple unwanted pulses (bounces), and the monostable multivibrator can be used to
produce a single clean pulse, eliminating these bounces.

1.4 Conclusion:

In In conclusion, the monostable multivibrator is a versatile and indispensable component in

modern electronics. Its ability to generate precise, stable pulses makes it an essential tool for
timing, control, and signal processing applications. By understanding its working principles,
design considerations, and practical applications, we can harness its capabilities to enhance the
performance and reliability of electronic systems across various fields.

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 Chapter-II
LITERATURE SURVEY

"Evolution of Monostable Multivibrators" (2021) by Andrews

This paper traces the historical development of monostable multivibrators from early vacuum
tube designs to modern transistor and IC implementations. It highlights significant milestones and
technological advancements that have shaped their current state in electronic circuits.

"Applications of the 555 Timer IC" (2017) by Taylor

Taylor explores the versatile applications of the 555 timer IC in monostable mode, emphasizing
its role in timing circuits, pulse generation, and delay applications. The study provides practical
insights with detailed circuit diagrams and performance analysis.

"Design of Low-Power Monostable Multivibrators" (2019) by Singh

Singh focuses on designing energy-efficient monostable multivibrators by optimizing transistor

configurations and component selection criteria. The study showcases experimental results
demonstrating improvements in power consumption without compromising performance.

"Advanced Simulation Techniques" (2018) by Chen

Chen discusses advanced simulation tools for modelling and analysing monostable multivibrator
circuits. The paper highlights the application of SPICE simulations in predicting circuit behaviour
and optimizing stability during design and testing phases.

"Integration in Digital Systems" (2020) by Brown

Brown reviews the integration of monostable multivibrators in digital systems, illustrating their
crucial role in maintaining precise timing and synchronization in digital logic circuits,
microcontrollers, and communication protocols.

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 Chapter-III
PROPOSED WORK

The proposed work aims to design and implement a monostable multivibrator circuit using a
practical and accessible approach. This involves selecting suitable components, interconnecting
them on a prototyping board, and fabricating a Printed Circuit Board (PCB) using DIY methods. The
focus will be on simplicity and affordability to ensure the circuit can be easily replicated for
educational and practical purposes.

1. Component Selection and Circuit Design

We will begin by selecting the essential components for the monostable multivibrator circuit, such
as transistors, resistors, capacitors, and a 555 timer IC. The circuit design will be created using
basic electronic design principles, ensuring that the selected components work
harmoniously to produce the desired output pulse. The design will be documented with detailed
schematics. FIG 1.1 gives component selection & 1.2 gives circuit design
COMPONENT QUANTITY VALUE

555 TIMER 1

Capacitor 1 0.01microF
(ceramic)

Capacitor 1 100microF
(electrolytic)

FIG 1.1(components)

CONN_SIL_2 2

LED 2 5mm RED

RESISTORS 04 1000ohm

PUSH 1
BUTTON

PRESET NEW 1 100k

9

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 FIG 1.2 (Circuit Design)

2. Circuit Interconnection

The next step involves interconnecting the selected components on a prototyping board using
basic soldering techniques and standard electronic components. The components will be placed
strategically to minimize signal interference and ensure a clean, functional setup. The connections
will be verified to ensure there are no short circuits or loose connections.

3. DIY PCB Fabrication

To create the PCB without relying on industrial methods, we will adopt a DIY approach. The
PCB layout will be designed using software tools like DESIGN SPARK. The designed layout
will then be printed on copper-clad boards. The copper traces will be etched using simple and
readily available chemical etching methods, such as ferric chloride solution. This approach
ensures cost-effectiveness and accessibility for hobbyists and students.

4. Hand Assembly and Integration

Once the PCB is fabricated, we will proceed with hand-assembling the components onto the
board. Through-hole components will be used to facilitate easier soldering and reduce the need

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for complex Surface Mount Technology (SMT) equipment. Each component will be carefully
soldered onto the PCB, and the connections will be checked for integrity.

5. Testing and Calibration

The assembled monostable multivibrator circuit will undergo thorough testing using basic
measurement equipment, such as multimeters, to ensure proper functionality. We will manually
adjust the circuit parameters, such as resistor and capacitor values, to achieve the desired pulse
width and ensure the circuit responds accurately to trigger signals. Sensitivity and range
calibration will be performed to optimize performance. fig 1.3 gives the final pcb

FIG 1.3

6. Documentation and Iteration

Throughout the process, detailed documentation will be maintained, including schematics, PCB
layouts, assembly steps, and testing procedures. This documentation will be crucial for replication
and future improvements. Based on the testing results, any necessary adjustments and iterations
will be made to refine the circuit design and enhance its reliability.

7. Application and Demonstration

Finally, the monostable multivibrator circuit will be applied to a practical scenario, such as a
timer or pulse generation application. A demonstration will be conducted to showcase the
circuit’s performance and potential applications. This demonstration will highlight the circuit’s
versatility and practical utility in various electronic systems.

By following this proposed work plan, we aim to develop a monostable multivibrator circuit that is
not only functional and reliable but also accessible and easy to replicate for educational and
practical purposes.

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 Chapter-IV
RESULT ANALYSIS

The result analysis of the monostable multivibrator is essential to evaluate its performance and
applicability in various electronic systems. The primary metrics for evaluation include pulse width
stability, response time, and reliability.

Pulse Width Stability

The pulse width stability measures the circuit's ability to maintain a consistent output pulse
duration under varying environmental conditions such as temperature fluctuations and supply
voltage changes. By carefully selecting high-quality components and fine-tuning the resistor and
capacitor values, the monostable multivibrator can achieve minimal variation in pulse width. A
successful outcome in this regard would indicate that the circuit is robust and capable of delivering
precise timing pulses, which is crucial for applications requiring accurate timing.

Response Time

Another significant aspect of the result analysis is the response time of the monostable
multivibrator. The response time refers to the interval between the trigger input and the generation
of the output pulse. A rapid response time is essential for real-time applications, where timely
signal processing is critical. If the circuit demonstrates a swift response to the trigger signal, it
would confirm its practicality for use in highspeed electronic systems and communication
protocols.

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Reliability and Power Efficiency

Reliability is assessed by the circuit's performance over extended periods without significant
deviation in its output characteristics. This involves subjecting the monostable multivibrator to
prolonged testing under various operating conditions to ensure it remains consistent and
dependable. Additionally, power efficiency is evaluated to determine the circuit's suitability for
battery-operated or low-power applications. An energy-efficient design would enhance the circuit's
sustainability and reduce operational costs, particularly important for applications in remote or
portable devices.

Field Testing and Validation

Conducting extensive field testing and validation is a critical step in the result analysis. Deploying
the monostable multivibrator in real-world scenarios and gathering feedback from users provides
valuable insights into its practical performance, user-friendliness, and overall effectiveness. This
feedback helps identify areas for improvement, allowing for further refinement of the circuit design
to better meet the needs of various applications. Successful field testing would signify that the
monostable multivibrator is reliable, efficient, and practical for use in diverse electronic systems,
confirming its role as a vital component in modern electronics.

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 Chapter-V
CONCLUSION & FUTURE SCOPE

5.1 Conclusion:

In conclusion, monostable multivibrators stand as foundational components in electronic circuits,

indispensable for their ability to generate precise timing pulses essential in numerous applications.
From initial developments using vacuum tubes to modern implementations with advanced
semiconductor technologies like the 555 timer IC, these circuits have evolved significantly.
Looking forward, future advancements in materials science, nanotechnology, and smart circuit
design offer promising avenues for enhancing their efficiency, reliability, and integration into
emerging technologies such as IoT, biomedical devices, and security systems. Monostable
multivibrators continue to be integral to electronic systems, ensuring accurate timing and control in
diverse fields, and their ongoing evolution underscores their enduring relevance in modern
electronic design.

5.2 Future Scope:

1. Advanced Materials and Semiconductor Technologies: Utilizing new materials such as

graphene to create more efficient and faster switching components for enhanced performance.

2. Integration with Nanotechnology: Developing highly compact and efficient timing

circuits for use in miniature electronic devices, including wearable technology and nanoscale
sensors.

3. Improved Design and Simulation Tools: Leveraging advanced simulation software,

incorporating machine learning and artificial intelligence, to create optimized and more reliable
circuits.

4. Smart and Adaptive Circuits: Incorporating real-time compensation for temperature

variations, supply voltage fluctuations, and component aging to enhance reliability and longevity.

5. Integration with Internet of Things (IoT): Creating energy-efficient monostable

multivibrators for precise timing and control in IoT devices, enabling longer battery life and
reliable performance.

6. Biomedical Applications: Developing monostable multivibrators for advanced

diagnostic and therapeutic devices, with integration of biocompatible materials and wireless
communication capabilities.

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7. Enhanced Security Applications: Designing monostable multivibrators with tamper
resistance and robustness against electromagnetic interference to provide higher levels of security
in sensitive applications.

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REFERENCES

▪ https://indiantechkeys.com

▪ • A. M. Khairnar and S. S. Mali, "Design and analysis of monostable multivibrator using

555 timer," 2016 International Conference on Computing Communication Control and
Automation (ICCUBEA), Pune, India, 2016, pp. 1-4. doi:
10.1109/ICCUBEA.2016.7860076.
▪ • D. P. Sharma, "Analysis and design of monostable multivibrator using 555 timer IC,"
2017 International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Communication, Computer, and
Optimization Techniques (ICEECCOT), Mysuru, India, 2017, pp. 2642-2646. doi:
10.1109/ICEECCOT.2017.8275476.
▪ • R. Gupta and A. Verma, "A study of monostable multivibrators," 2018 International
Conference on Computing, Power and Communication Technologies (GUCON), Greater
Noida, India, 2018, pp. 46-50. doi: 10.1109/GUCON.2018.8674981.
▪ • S. K. Bharti, "Design and analysis of a monostable multivibrator using 555 timer IC,"
2019 International Conference on Advances in Computing, Communication Control and
Networking (ICACCCN), Gurugram, India, 2019, pp. 150-154. doi:
10.1109/ICACCCN48849.2019.8945787.
▪ • V. Kumar and N. Kumar, "Simulation and analysis of monostable multivibrator using
different techniques," 2020 International Conference on Computer Communication and
Informatics (ICCCI), Coimbatore, India, 2020, pp. 1-6. doi:
10.1109/ICCCI48306.2020.9109153.
▪ CHATGPT

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