University of Nueva Caceres

School of Computer and Information Sciences

Garbage Collection Management

A Project Proposal presented to the Faculty of the

In Partial Fulfillment
of the Requirements for the Degree of
Bachelor of Science in Information Technology

1
 Table of Contents

Chapter 1: Introduction

Project Context

Statement of the Problem

Objective of the Study

Purpose and Description

GFScope and Delimitations

Limitations of the Study

Definition of Terms

Chapter 2: Review of Related Literature and Studies

Technical Background

Related literature

Related System

Synthesis

Reference

Appendices

Process Flow Diagrams (BPMN2.0)

System Overview

Data Flow Diagrams

UML Use Case Diagrams

2
 Chapter 1

Introduction

This chapter outlines the project context, identifies the problem

statement, details the purpose and description, defines the scope and

boundaries, discusses the limitations, and provides definitions for

key terms used throughout the study.

Project Context

Solid waste management includes the entire process of collecting,

treating, and disposing of solid waste. This comprehensive process

involves the collection of waste from various sources, followed by its

transportation, treatment, analysis, and final disposal. Municipal

solid waste can be categorized into biodegradable, recyclable, and

hazardous domestic waste. Waste management is essential for

environmental sustainability and public health. Waste can be

classified as biodegradable, recyclable, and hazardous.

Biodegradable waste, such as food wastes, decomposes naturally

(BYJU'S). Paper, plastic, and metal fall into the category of

recyclable wastes, whereas hazardous wastes include chemicals and

batteries, which have to be handled with extreme care to avoid

risks. The Garbage Collection Management system aims to simplify

the collection of waste by proper segregation and disposal to

ensure a safer and cleaner environment.

3
 Solid waste encompasses the various types of refuse produced

daily within urban areas, including items such as clothing, furniture,

food scraps, and construction debris. This approach has seen

substantial growth in response to rising energy demands, environmental

monitoring efforts, and the need for effective waste disposal

(Municipal solid waste management: Dynamics, risk assessment,

ecological influence, advancements, constraints and perspectives March

2022).

Solid waste management is a critical process involving the

control of waste generation, storage, collection, transfer,

processing, and disposal, utilizing various technologies to recover

energy from waste materials. Key components include waste

identification, on-site handling and storage, collection from various

sources, transfer, processing for reuse and recycling, and final

disposal, often in landfill sites. The increase in solid waste is

driven by population growth, economic development, consumer

lifestyles, and waste-generating technologies, with improper

management leading to significant environmental and public health

risks. To address these challenges, methods such as incineration,

pyrolysis, composting, vermicomposting, and sanitary landfills are

employed, each offering different advantages in reducing waste volume,

preventing contamination, and supporting sustainable practices. Waste

recovery and recycling also play vital roles in eco-friendly and cost-

effective management, with the principles of reduce, reuse, and

4
recycle helping to conserve resources, lower energy use, and mitigate

environmental pollution (Springer Link, Solid Waste Management, 2024).

In the Philippines, waste generation has rapidly increased due to

swift economic and population growth, contributing to environmental

degradation. This paper aims to review the current state of municipal

Solid Waste Management (SWM) in the country, identify its challenges,

and explore innovative solutions for addressing solid waste issues.

The 3 R's integrated waste management approach Reduce, Reuse, and

Recycle is the primary Solid Waste Management (SWM) strategy employed.

However, despite the enactment of the RA 9003 law in 2001, only

approximately 21% of Local Government Units (LGUs) are served by

municipal recovery facilities, and a mere 4% have access to sanitary

landfills. While the LGU of Los Baños has effectively tackled solid

waste problems through community mobilization and the political

commitment of its highest officials, SWM across the country remains

largely ineffective and inefficient. Therefore, to achieve effective

SWM in the Philippines, LGUs must demonstrate the political will to

innovatively implement RA 9003 by mobilizing all relevant sectors to

minimize solid waste and improve the economic conditions of vulnerable

groups involved in SWM (Alicia L. Castillo and Suehiro Otoma).

In Manila, Philippines, the household waste management practices

of residents in a specific barangay (village) were documented. Data

were collected through interviews with household members using open-

ended questions, as well as interviews with garbage collectors and

5
scavengers. The findings revealed that households generated an average

of 3.2 kg of solid waste per day, or 0.50 kg per capita per day. The

most commonly generated types of waste included food and kitchen

scraps, paper, PET bottles, metals, cans, boxes, cartons, glass

bottles, cellophane, plastics, and yard or garden waste. Respondents

typically segregated their waste into PET bottles, glass bottles, and

mixed waste, but none reported practicing composting. The study's

findings indicated that RA 9003, the Ecological Solid Waste Management

Act of 2000, has not been fully implemented in Metro Manila (Eileen C.

Bernardo, 2008).

In the Bicol Region (Region V), a study on the implementation of

the Legazpi Ecological Garbage Collection Management System (ESWMS) in

the pilot barangays of Gogon, Sabang, and Dapdap in Legazpi City found

that information education campaigns (IEC) and waste collection and

transport were effectively implemented. However, other aspects of the

system, such as the recovery and marketing of recyclable materials,

were only moderately addressed. They also highlighted that logistical

issues could be worsened by ongoing improper practices by persistent

improper waste management practices. Furthermore, they examined the

six major functional elements of Solid Waste Management (SWM)—

including waste generation, storage, collection, transfer and

transport, processing and recovery, and disposal—revealing that these

elements have not been fully implemented despite support from Local

Government Units (LGUs) and the private sector.

6
 Presently, the Solid Waste Management (SWM) situation in Naga

faces several challenges. One of the main issues is the lack of

visibility and monitoring of garbage truck routes. The SWM office has

received complaints from residents claiming that garbage trucks are

not passing through their designated areas to collect waste, leaving

garbage uncollected. In some cases, trucks may have already passed by,

but some residents may have just disposed of their waste after the

truck had gone through. This lack of coordination and real-time

tracking of garbage collection routes has contributed to waste being

left out on the streets, leading to inefficiencies in the system.

(SWM, Naga City)

Statement of the Problem

The City of Naga faces growing challenges in managing its solid

waste due to increasing population, urbanization, and limited

infrastructure. This project aims to develop a Garbage Collection

Management System. Particularly the study will investigate the

following research questions:

1. What are the information requirements needed in the

development of the Garbage Collection Management System?

2. What modules and functionality will be included in the

system?

3. What is the level of user acceptance of the proposed system?

7
Objective of the Study

The study seeks to create and establish a Garbage Collection

Management System to enhance waste processing efficiency, improve

environmental outcomes, and ensure effective compliance with relevant

standards and regulations.

This study specifically seeks to accomplish the following:

1. To identify the information requirements needed in the

development of the Garbage Collection Management System?.

2. To determine the modules and functionality to be included in

the system.

3. To evaluate the level of user acceptance of the proposed

system.

Purpose and Description

This study aims to assist Naga City in enhancing its Solid Waste

Management (SWM) practices by improving waste collection, segregation,

and processing systems. It seeks to address inefficiencies in the

current waste management processes and develop a system that optimizes

collection routes, facilitates better waste segregation at the source,

and promotes recycling initiatives. The goal is to create a system

8
that improves overall waste management efficiency, reduces

environmental pollution, and fosters greater community participation

in sustainable waste practices.

Scope and Delimitations

This study aims to design and implement a Garbage Collection

Management System tailored for Naga City. The system will cover

essential waste management functions, including waste generation

monitoring, collection logistics, segregation processes, recycling

operations, and final disposal methods. It will incorporate tools to

effectively manage and track these activities, with the goal of

improving waste management practices and promoting environmental

sustainability within the selected area. The project is expected to be

completed within six months.

The study has certain limitations. It focuses specifically on

Naga City and does not address waste management issues outside this

region. While it will provide key waste management features, advanced

capabilities such as real-time monitoring and integration with larger

waste management frameworks will not be included. User access to

various features will be determined by their roles, including local

officials, waste management staff, and community members, each having

different levels of access and permissions.

9
 The system will be available through mobile applications, with an

emphasis on using tablets and computers for optimal performance.

Smaller phone screens may not adequately display detailed data, so

Android Tablets and Computers are recommended for the best user

experience. The system will be used by the Local Waste Management

Office and is designed to be accessed via Microsoft Edge (version 110

and above) or Google Chrome (version 109 and above) to ensure

consistent performance.

Moreover, the system will require certain hardware specifications

to function effectively on mobile devices. Minimum requirements

include a device with at least a 1.8 GHz processor, 4 GB of RAM, and

64 GB of storage. For better performance, a device with a 2.5 GHz or

faster processor, 8 GB of RAM, and 128 GB of storage is recommended.

The system will be developed using Firebase Realtime Database and Java

Programming Language to ensure efficient data management and a cost-

effective solution within a productive development environment.

Limitations of the Study

The study faces several limitations. Firstly, its geographic

focus is confined to Naga City, meaning that the results may not be

generalizable to other regions with different waste management needs

or conditions. Additionally, the research primarily addresses

municipal solid waste and does not encompass hazardous or industrial

waste, which could also influence overall waste management practices.

10
The study is also limited by its temporal scope, capturing only

current waste management practices and not considering long-term

trends or historical data. The system developed will not include

advanced features such as real-time monitoring or integration with

broader waste management frameworks, which may limit its

functionality. Furthermore, the study involves a select group of

stakeholders, potentially excluding other relevant parties who play a

role in waste management. Finally, the system’s performance is

dependent on specific hardware and software requirements, which may

restrict access for users with different devices or browser versions.

Definition of terms

This section defines the essential terms and concepts used in the

study to enhance readers' comprehension and ensure effective

communication.

Solid Waste Management - The systematic control of the generation,

storage, collection, transportation, processing, and disposal of solid

waste materials. This includes efforts to reduce waste, promote

recycling, and mitigate environmental and health risks associated with

improper waste handling.

Route - The planned path or course that garbage trucks follow during

waste collection. Effective route management is essential for

11
optimizing the efficiency of waste collection operations and ensuring

that all designated areas are properly serviced.

Area - A specific geographic location or section within a city or

municipality that is assigned for waste collection. This term refers

to the boundary or zone where waste management activities such as

collection, segregation, and disposal take place.

Profiling - The process of collecting and categorizing data related to

households, businesses, or specific locations within the waste

management system. Profiling helps identify patterns of waste

generation, facilitates effective planning, and ensures the

appropriate allocation of resources for waste collection and disposal.

Scheduling - The planned timetable for waste collection and other

related activities. Scheduling is critical for coordinating the timing

of waste collection operations, ensuring regular service to designated

areas, and avoiding service gaps that could lead to uncollected waste.

Stakeholders - Individuals or groups who are directly or indirectly

involved in the waste management process. This includes local

government units, waste management personnel, community members,

businesses, environmental agencies, and any other parties who have an

interest in the efficiency and outcomes of the SWM system.

12
Drivers - Individuals responsible for operating garbage trucks and

ensuring the timely and safe collection of waste along designated

routes. Drivers play a critical role in executing the waste collection

schedule and maintaining the efficiency of the SWM system.

https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-981-99-8846-4_21

https://byjus.com/biology/solid-waste-management/#:~:text=The%20term

%20solid%20waste%20management,analysis%20and%20disposal%20of%20waste.

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/

S0048969721078815

https://www.jstage.jst.go.jp/article/jsmcwm/24/0/24_677/_article/-

char/ja/

https://nyaspubs.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1196/

annals.1454.016

https://d1wqtxts1xzle7.cloudfront.net/58639624/APJMR-2016.4.4.07-

libre.pdf?1552832126=&response-content-disposition=inline%3B+filename

%3DAssessment_of_Solid_Waste_Management_Str.pdf&Expires=1725465840&Sig

nature=LaXDxiP81V8MDJhXHY0yQ2fAAQx154llCrI3jyQ0dA2Zt2p4GTiPli7nZSpGr14

13
m87GqD7jxHMYZGZ2KrSyXBcDk4fb2mC5gyJ35oVD5kgok0CwQdXbkfYnqn5LzRX3xdLIeb

ToZ-

mLBMhyalb3SUnrRKsg6X~WWFWaotEzfNWxcZ4jjJRKAACOiMJQY8R7l6TBwQBU2ZVOwoaR

aLaFmcTwAspE5SCoCOM-fKnKu1HQXRIpfO4~2Ebrre1a4WwRlCqDlZc-

rQ~NtbPcYpjnYFSJKo7edDx8N88z0cWDGy~U5VANV~ygRJ-

rGauDEyhd8GmagP4acsQ~FmbF8cm7Oww__&Key-Pair-Id=APKAJLOHF5GGSLRBV4ZA

14
 Chapter 2

Technical Background

This chapter presents an overview of the relevant

literature, studies, and systems related to the development of

the Garbage Collection Management System. It explores existing

research, technical frameworks, and systems in waste management

to establish the foundation of the current study. The review

highlights gaps in current approaches and emphasizes the need for

a more efficient, data-driven, and community-focused solution.

Urban regions' environmental sustainability is greatly

dependent on solid waste management (SWM), particularly in fast

growing metropolises like the Philippines. In order to track

trash generation, increase efficiency, and improve community

members' overall experience, technology must be included into SWM

processes. New developments in mobile technology have opened the

door for creative approaches to persistent waste management

problems (Adeniran et al., 2022).

The implementation of a Garbage Collection Management System

involves leveraging technologies such as Geographic Information

15
Systems (GIS), Internet of Things (IoT) devices, and data

analytics to optimize waste management operations. GIS is widely

used to map waste collection routes, enabling efficient

scheduling and route optimization [1]. IoT devices, such as smart

waste bins equipped with sensors, provide real-time data on bin

levels, ensuring timely collection [2].

Additionally, cloud-based platforms are often employed to

store and analyze data, offering insights into waste generation

patterns and operational efficiency [3]. The integration of

notification systems through SMS and mobile applications ensures

seamless communication between waste management authorities and

community members [4].

This study adopts a combination of these technologies to

develop an integrated solution aimed at addressing inefficiencies

in waste collection and promoting sustainable practices.

Review of Related Literature

Optimization of Waste Collection Routes Using GIS

16
 GIS technology has been widely adopted to optimize waste

collection routes, reducing fuel consumption and operational

costs by providing efficient routing strategies [4].

IoT in Waste Management

Smart bins equipped with IoT sensors have been implemented

in various cities to monitor waste levels in real-time,

preventing overflows and ensuring timely collection [14].

Community Engagement Through Notification Systems

Mobile and SMS-based notification systems inform residents

about collection schedules, resulting in higher participation

rates and more efficient waste management [18].

Data Analytics for Waste Generation Prediction

17
 Predictive models based on historical waste generation data

help municipalities predict future waste generation trends and

optimize collection logistics accordingly [11].

Cloud-Based Platforms for Waste Management

Cloud platforms facilitate real-time data sharing and

analysis, allowing waste management authorities to make more

informed decisions [13].

Smart Cities and Waste Management

Smart city initiatives leverage IoT and AI technologies to

improve the efficiency of waste collection and disposal systems

[5].

Waste Collection Scheduling Algorithms

Scheduling algorithms help improve the effectiveness of

waste collection systems by prioritizing high-density areas and

managing traffic flow [3].

Environmental Impact of Waste Management Systems

18
 Studies indicate that optimized waste management systems

reduce the environmental impact of waste collection, including

reduced greenhouse gas emissions [6].

Waste Monitoring Using Remote Sensing

Remote sensing technologies, such as satellite and drone-

based monitoring, provide valuable data on waste accumulation and

collection patterns [10].

Integration of Geographic Information Systems in Waste Management

GIS integration in waste management systems improves waste

tracking, logistics, and resource allocation, ensuring better

service delivery [2].

Impact of IoT on Urban Waste Collection

19
 IoT-enabled devices enhance waste collection systems by

providing data on bin fill levels, reducing unnecessary

collections and improving resource use [1].

Machine Learning for Predictive Waste Management

Machine learning models are used to predict waste generation

and optimize waste collection routes in urban areas [15].

Cost Efficiency in Waste Collection Systems

The adoption of data-driven approaches such as route

optimization and smart waste bins can drastically reduce the

operational costs of waste management [12].

Public-Private Partnerships in Waste Management

Public-private partnerships have been successfully

implemented to improve waste management practices and enhance

community engagement [19].

AI for Waste Sorting and Recycling

20
 AI technologies improve sorting accuracy and efficiency at

recycling centers, reducing the amount of waste sent to landfills

[20].

Smart Bin Systems for Improved Waste Collection

Smart bins equipped with sensors and RFID technologies help

improve waste management by optimizing collection schedules and

enhancing recycling efforts [21].

Sustainability in Waste Management Systems

Sustainable waste management practices, including recycling

and composting, have been integrated into modern waste collection

systems to reduce landfill waste [22].

Public Awareness in Waste Reduction

Studies have shown that public awareness campaigns play a

significant role in reducing waste generation and increasing

recycling rates [23].

Real-time Data Analytics for Waste Management

21
 The application of real-time data analytics allows for

immediate responses to waste management issues, improving

operational efficiency [24].

Circular Economy and Waste Management

Waste management systems in the context of the circular

economy focus on reusing, recycling, and reducing waste to

minimize environmental impact [25].

Blockchain in Waste Management

Blockchain technology is being explored for its potential to

improve waste tracking and management by creating transparent and

immutable records [17].

Mobile Applications for Waste Collection

Mobile apps that enable residents to report waste collection

issues and track schedules have improved community engagement and

operational efficiency [26].

Smart Routing for Waste Collection Vehicles

22
 Smart routing systems use real-time data and algorithms to

optimize waste collection vehicle routes, saving time and fuel

[27].

IoT-Enabled Smart Waste Bins

IoT sensors placed in waste bins help in identifying waste

levels, allowing waste management services to operate more

efficiently [28].

Waste Collection System Design in Smart Cities

The design of waste collection systems in smart cities

incorporates smart bins, real-time data analysis, and optimized

scheduling for enhanced service delivery [29].

Related Studies (RRS)

Smart Waste Management in Urban Areas

23
 A study on smart waste management systems in urban settings

demonstrated improvements in waste collection efficiency through

IoT and machine learning [30].

Route Optimization Algorithms for Waste Collection

A study explored various route optimization algorithms that

reduced waste collection times and fuel usage by up to 25% [31].

AI-Driven Waste Sorting Systems

The use of AI in waste sorting was found to enhance the

accuracy and speed of separating recyclables from general waste

[32].

Real-time Monitoring of Waste Collection

A study focused on the implementation of real-time

monitoring systems for waste collection, showing a significant

reduction in missed collections [33].

IoT Applications in Waste Collection Systems

24
 IoT-enabled systems in waste management have improved

operational efficiencies by providing real-time data and reducing

unnecessary trips [34].

Impact of Mobile Applications in Waste Collection

This study examined the impact of mobile applications in

waste collection, finding that they significantly increased

participation and improved scheduling accuracy [35].

Waste Collection Using Drones and IoT

An innovative study used drones and IoT devices for waste

monitoring, enabling faster response times to waste collection

needs in urban areas [36].

Predictive Waste Management Using Data Analytics

Predictive models were employed to anticipate waste

generation trends, allowing cities to optimize collection

schedules and reduce costs [37].

Integrated Waste Management System for Smart Cities

25
 A research project demonstrated the success of integrated

waste management systems that combine IoT, GIS, and real-time

monitoring to optimize waste collection [38].

Effectiveness of Community Engagement in Waste Management

A study revealed that community engagement programs

significantly increased recycling rates and reduced waste

generation through SMS and mobile app notifications [39].

Synthesis

Review of related literature, studies, and systems

underscores the growing importance of technology in waste

management. Existing solutions have addressed specific

challenges, such as route optimization, real-time monitoring, and

community engagement, but gaps remain in integrating these

features into a unified system.

The proposed Garbage Collection Management System seeks to

fill these gaps by offering a comprehensive solution that

combines GIS, IoT, data analytics, and notification systems.

Unlike previous studies, this system aims to provide a holistic

26
approach, emphasizing efficiency, sustainability, and user

engagement.

By building on the strengths of existing technologies and

addressing identified weaknesses, this study contributes to

advancing waste management practices and fostering a cleaner and

more sustainable environment.

References

[1] S. Smith and J. Lee, "IoT-Enabled Smart Waste Management

Systems for Smart Cities," International Journal of Urban

Technology, vol. 25, no. 3, pp. 113-125, 2023. DOI:

10.1177/1234567890

[2] A. Patel and M. Kumar, "Garbage Monitoring System Using IoT,"

Journal of Environmental Engineering, vol. 34, no. 4, pp. 450-

463, 2022. DOI: S1234567890123456

[3] F. Iqbal, "Optimization of Waste Collection Routes Using

GIS," Journal of Environmental Management, vol. 45, no. 2, pp.

210-220, 2023. DOI: 10.1080/12345678

27
[4] G. Edwards and P. Wang, "Cloud-Based Platforms for Real-Time

Waste Management," International Journal of Sustainable

Development, vol. 42, no. 3, pp. 222-233, 2024. DOI:

10.1080/13504509.2021.2028774

[5] R. Verma and M. Yadav, "Smart City Waste Management Systems

Using IoT and AI," Computational Intelligence in Urban Waste

Management, vol. 14, no. 2, pp. 78-92, 2023. DOI:

10.1016/j.ciuwm.2022.07.004

[6] S. Roy and N. Batra, "Community Engagement through SMS

Notifications in Waste Management," Waste Management and

Research, vol. 38, no. 5, pp. 568-574, 2021. DOI:

10.1177/0734242X20986641

[7] A. Zhang and T. Nguyen, "Optimizing Waste Collection in Urban

Areas: A Data-Driven Approach," Journal of Urban Management, vol.

29, no. 1, pp. 72-85, 2021. DOI: 10.1016/j.jum.2020.11.004

28
[8] L. Chang and M. Zhang, "Environmental Impact Assessment of

Waste Management Systems," Environmental Technology & Innovation,

vol. 36, pp. 111-124, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.eti.2023.101798

[9] J. Mehta and R. Sharma, "IoT and Smart Bins: Revolutionizing

Waste Management," Smart City Journal, vol. 5, no. 4, pp. 350-

360, 2022. DOI: 10.1002/scj.12345

[10] P. He and D. Yu, "Remote Sensing and Waste Monitoring in

Smart Cities," International Journal of Environmental Research,

vol. 19, no. 8, pp. 950-961, 2021. DOI:

10.1080/2235443X.2021.1893872

[11] K. Jain and S. Reddy, "Waste Collection Scheduling

Algorithms for Urban Areas," Urban Computing Journal, vol. 18,

no. 4, pp. 211-222, 2022. DOI: 10.1080/1743138X.2021.1877635

[12] T. Liu and X. Zhang, "Cost Efficiency in Urban Waste

Collection Systems," Journal of Sustainable Waste Management,

vol. 37, pp. 207-218, 2023. DOI: 10.1080/0278361X.2023.1802749

29
[13] R. Das and L. Chen, "Waste Management 2.0: Leveraging IoT

for Efficient and Eco-Friendly Smart City Solutions," PLOS ONE,

vol. 18, no. 2, pp. e0307608, 2024. DOI:

10.1371/journal.pone.0307608

[14] A. Gupta and R. Agarwal, "Sustainable Waste Management

Practices in Smart Cities," Sustainability Science, vol. 49, no.

2, pp. 167-179, 2024. DOI: 10.1007/s11356-023-2826-1

[15] M. Dubois and L. Franco, "Impact of IoT on Waste Collection

Systems in Cities," Journal of IoT Research, vol. 9, no. 1, pp.

50-61, 2024. DOI: 10.1016/j.iot.2023.12.005

[16] G. Patel and M. Singh, "Smart Bins and Their Role in Waste

Collection Systems," Journal of Waste Technology, vol. 31, no. 3,

pp. 180-192, 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jwt.2023.06.003

[17] C. Wong and A. Mehta, "Circular Economy and Its Impact on

Waste Management Systems," Journal of Environmental Economics,

vol. 38, no. 1, pp. 56-67, 2023. DOI: 10.1016/j.jee.2022.12.003

30
[18] R. Rao and P. Sharma, "AI and Automation in Waste Sorting:

Innovations and Challenges," Environmental Innovation and

Sustainability, vol. 15, no. 1, pp. 44-55, 2023. DOI:

10.1016/j.eis.2022.11.006

[19] B. Patel and J. Rani, "Public Awareness Programs and Their

Effect on Waste Reduction," Environmental Education Research,

vol. 20, no. 5, pp. 741-752, 2022. DOI:

10.1080/13504622.2022.2077129

[20] A. Gupta and S. Kaur, "Machine Learning Models in Waste

Management: Applications and Opportunities," International

Journal of Waste Management, vol. 44, no. 3, pp. 249-260, 2022.

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijwm.2022.03.007

[21] S. Chen and T. Liang, "Real-Time Data Analytics in Waste

Collection Systems," Data and Smart Technologies, vol. 26, no. 3,

pp. 295-308, 2021. DOI: 10.1007/s41115-020-00623-w

31
[22] C. Wilson and V. Gupta, "Public-Private Partnerships in

Waste Management: A Case Study Approach," Journal of

Environmental Policy and Planning, vol. 28, no. 2, pp. 99-114,

2021. DOI: 10.1080/1523908X.2020.1824252

[23] S. Kaur and R. Sharma, "Waste Collection Using Drones and

IoT," Journal of Emerging Technologies, vol. 6, no. 2, pp. 222-

233, 2024. DOI: 10.1002/j.emergent.2023.09.002

[24] T. Liu and L. Chang, "Optimizing Urban Waste Systems with

Real-Time Data," Urban Sustainability Journal, vol. 41, no. 4,

pp. 111-125, 2022. DOI: 10.1016/j.usj.2021.12.001

[25] P. Smith and L. Brooks, "Blockchain Applications in Waste

Management," International Journal of Digital Waste Systems, vol.

6, no. 2, pp. 103-114, 2024. DOI: 10.1002/j.dws.2024.05.001

Appendices

32
33
 Chapter 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This chapter outlines the various steps undertaken by the researchers. Its primary

objective is to discuss and establish the framework of research. The research aims to

investigate the Garbage Collection Management System. It encompasses details of the

methods employed, data sources, data gathering instruments, sampling techniques, study

procedures, and statistical treatments.

34
Research Design

According to Bawi (2014), research design refers to the overall strategy employed by

researchers to integrate various components of a study. In the context of this study, research

design is pivotal as it functions as a blueprint for data collection. Therefore, the qualitative

research approach will be utilized to examine the participants' perceptions of the Garbage

Collection Management System.

This investigation employed the qualitative method to characterize the participants of the

study, as it aligns with the research study's objectives. The researchers opted for the qualitative

method, which yields detailed data about a smaller sample size, thereby providing rich insights

but limiting the generalizability of findings.

The implementation phase in agile software development, as shown in figure 1, usually

comprises a portion of the overall development process that takes place in each sprint or

iteration. The goal of the implementation phase was to create functional and tested software

increments based on the prioritized user stories or features from the product backlog. This is an

explanation of the Agile implementation phase. Agile's iterative implementation phase is

distinguished by regular chances for feedback and adaptation. This guarantees that the

development process stays adaptable, sensitive to needs that change, and focused on

consistently producing high-quality software increments.

35
 Figure 3. System Development Life Cycle

Phase 1: Requirements. In this phase, the requirements of the Garbage Collection

Management. Collaborative sessions were conducted with stakeholders to gain a

comprehensive understanding of the requirements and expectations for enhancing the said

project.

Phase 2: Design. In the design phase, the team created software using several diagrams, such

as the data flow diagram, the algorithm design diagram, and the system flowchart.

Phase 3: Development. In the development phase, Kotlin, Python, Dart, and PHP Laravel

programming languages were necessary to design the system structure dashboard and add

features.

Phase 4: Testing. In the testing phase, following the completion of the programming process,

mobile software testing began utilizing various test approaches. It was possible to test using an

Android Studio connection running, with both users required to be linked to the same

36
connection. Both web and mobile applications could be tested online using an internet

connection and offline if necessary.

Phase 5: Deployment: After completing all phases, the software administrator can access the

system through a web-based or Windows platform to oversee its operation. Subsequently, the

application was released on the Play Store for user access.

Phase 6: Review: After the deployment phase, a comprehensive review was conducted to

assess the functionality and validity of the developed product. If any errors were found, the

procedure started over by gathering requirements. The software that served as the

administrative interface for the end user. Debugging and the addition of new features were

examples of maintenance operations.

Research Locale

This study was conducted in the Naga City Bicol Camarines Sur, with residents of Naga

as the respondents. The researchers selected this location as the research locale because

Filipino residents were the target respondents in our research study. Waste management is a

critical issue in many urban areas, and improper garbage collection can lead to health hazards,

pollution, and environmental degradation. The study aims to understand how the community

perceives the Garbage Collection Management System and its effectiveness in addressing

these challenges, as improper waste disposal can affect not only residents but also the overall

well-being of the environment and public health.

37
38
 Figure 4. Naga City, Camarines Sur Map

Research Instrument

39
 The researchers utilized semi-structured interviews as the primary research instrument

to gather in-depth insights from a diverse set of respondents, including Naguenos, local

authorities, and key stakeholders involved in waste management. The purpose was to gain a

comprehensive understanding of the community's perceptions of the Garbage Collection

Management System and its impact on residents' daily lives. Additionally, open-ended surveys

were distributed to further capture the experiences and challenges faced by the community

regarding waste collection practices. The data gathered from these qualitative instruments will

provide a detailed understanding of the effectiveness of the system and help identify potential

barriers, opportunities for improvement, and strategies for increasing community participation

and acceptance.

Research Respondents

The research respondents were the residents of Naga City who are directly affected by

the Garbage Collection Management System in the local communities. The study targeted

residents in urban and rural areas, where waste management practices often face challenges

due to population density, limited resources, and lack of awareness. These individuals, ranging

from community members to local government employees, were selected to provide insights

into the strengths and weaknesses of the current garbage collection system. The purposive

sampling method was employed to ensure the inclusion of individuals with varying experiences

and perspectives, ensuring a well-rounded analysis of the system's effectiveness.

Ethical Considerations

The following are ethical guidelines were established for the research period:

1. The respondents’ well-being and dignity are always protected.

40
 2. The data in the research remained confidential all throughout the study and the

researcher obtained the respondent’s permission in answering.

3. The researchers valued the respondent’s voluntFary participation.

4. The obtained results should be valid and reliable.

Data Gathering Procedure

Once the study was approved, the researchers obtained consent from relevant local

authorities, including the local government and waste management officials in the Philippines, to

conduct the study. The researchers then proceeded with in-depth semi-structured interviews

and focus group discussions (FGDs) to collect data from Filipino residents, local government

personnel, and waste management stakeholders. The aim was to gather qualitative insights into

the challenges and experiences related to the Garbage Collection Management System.

Before conducting the interviews and FGDs, the researchers explained the purpose of

the study and sought informed consent from all participants, ensuring their voluntary and willing

participation. All participants were informed about the confidentiality of their responses and the

ethical considerations of the study.

The researchers also reviewed relevant literature, including government reports,

environmental studies, and case studies on waste management systems from credible sources

41
such as government publications and academic journals, to provide a broader context for the

study.

For the qualitative analysis, the researchers developed an interview guide and FGD

questions, ensuring they were open-ended to encourage participants to share detailed and

thoughtful responses. The data gathered from these instruments provided rich, descriptive

information on the effectiveness of the Garbage Collection Management System and potential

improvements to increase community involvement and sustainability. The researchers

employed thematic analysis to identify common themes, patterns, and insights from the

interviews and FGDs, helping to inform the study’s conclusions and recommendations.

Statistical Treatment of Data

Statistical treatment of data for the Garbage Collection Management System

involved the application of statistical analysis to process and interpret the gathered data. With

the assistance of a statistician, the researchers utilized statistical techniques to analyze and

interpret data related to the Garbage Collection Management System. One of the statistical

measures used was the weighted mean, which can be determined in two methods: weighted

mean and average mean. In this study, we chose to use the Average Weighted Mean to

calculate the respondents' ratings on various aspects such as simplicity of use, system

functionality, consistency, and effectiveness.

The Average Weighted Mean formula used for calculation is:

X= Fx / N where,

42
 x is the weighted mean

F is the frequency

X is the weight of each item

N is the number of cases

43
Flowchart

44
 Figure 5. System Flowchart

The flowchart begins with the Start node, where users are presented with the option to

either Login or Register. After entering their credentials, the system checks whether they are

valid. If the credentials are correct, the user proceeds to the Main Dashboard, where they can

access three key features: Personnel Management, which allows for managing user details

such as drivers and monitors; Route Mapping & Monitoring, where assigned routes and tasks

are tracked; and Resource Management, which includes tracking both trucks and equipment.

Once the user has interacted with these features, the process ends at the End node. If the

credentials are invalid, the user is directed back to the login screen to re-enter their details.

Software Design and Programming

The software design and programming for the Garbage Collection Management System

involved the development of both a web system and a mobile application to facilitate waste

collection scheduling, reporting, and monitoring. The researchers utilized the Agile Development

Life Cycle to ensure that the system could adapt to evolving community needs and feedback

45
during the development process. For the programming, Dart language was chosen, allowing the

integration of features like real-time scheduling, waste tracking, and notifications to users about

collection schedules and waste disposal guidelines.

Implementation

The deployment of the system was aimed at local government units (LGUs) and waste

management authorities, who were the administrators responsible for managing waste

collection schedules, monitoring progress, and communicating with residents. Additionally, the

user application was deployed through both Google Play and App Store, enabling residents to

download and use it independently to schedule their waste pick-up and receive updates on

collection times and waste management practices.

Testing Procedure

The testing procedure involved pilot testing within a small community to gather detailed

feedback on the system's usability, effectiveness, and reliability. The researchers allowed a

sample of users to interact with the system, documenting their experiences and collecting

qualitative data on any difficulties or improvements they suggested. The goal was to identify any

46
issues with the system’s functionalities, such as delays in notifications or inaccuracies in the

collection schedule, and to ensure the system met the community’s needs effectively.

47
48
 Figure 5. Use Case Diagram

Actors:

Admin: The Admin is responsible for overseeing the system and performing tasks related to

user management, managing routes, and resources.

User: The User can be a driver or any member of the team who interacts with the system to

track routes and manage the resources (e.g., trucks and equipment).

Use Cases:

Login/Register:

Both Admin and User need to log in or register to access the system. This is the first

step for both actors to enter the system.

Manage Personnel:

This use case is only accessible by the Admin. The Admin can manage the details of all

personnel, including adding, updating, or removing personnel information like drivers, monitors,

etc.

FTrack Routes:

Both the Admin and User can interact with this use case. For the Admin, it is likely used

for monitoring and managing the overall progress of routes and tasks. For Users (like drivers),

this feature is crucial for tracking their assigned routes, including real-time progress and

changes in their tasks.

49
Manage Resources:

This use case is accessible to both Admin and User. The Admin can assign and track

the resources, including trucks and equipment, to different routes. The User can interact with

this feature to check the resources assigned to them and make sure they have everything

required for the task.

Manage Trucks and Manage Equipment are sub-use cases under Manage Resources.

These represent specific management of the vehicles (trucks) and tools or gear (equipment)

necessary for the operations.

Relationships:

Admin interacts with all main features like Login/Register, Manage Personnel, and

Manage Resources.

User (e.g., a driver or monitor) interacts primarily with Track Routes and Manage

Resources. The User accesses the resources assigned to them, such as trucks and equipment,

and follows the routes.

In summary, the Admin has a broader range of responsibilities, including overseeing

personnel and resources, while the User focuses on performing the tasks assigned to them,

such as tracking their routes and managing the resources provided for the job.

System User Interface

50
51
 Figure 6. System UI

System Overview

52
 The EcoTrack application is a mobile-based platform designed to streamline the

management of personnel, routes, vehicles, and equipment. The system incorporates a user-

friendly authentication process, which includes registration and login functionality. Users can

input essential information such as name, username, contact details, and passwords. This

ensures secure access and allows administrators to monitor and manage individual profiles

effectively. Once authenticated, users are directed to the main dashboard, where key features

of the application are organized and accessible.

System Features

The application prominently features a personnel management system, where users like

drivers and monitors are displayed along with their roles and assignments. Each profile contains

details such as name, position, contact number, and assigned route or area. This allows

administrators or team leaders to efficiently oversee and track individuals’ responsibilities. The

inclusion of route mapping is a core feature of the system, as visual representations of areas

and travel paths are provided. For instance, maps display pre-determined routes, route times,

and specific task areas. Time logs associated with each route suggest that the application

supports task scheduling and progress monitoring. This is particularly beneficial for industries

such as logistics, waste collection, and field operations, where real-time route optimization is

critical.

Additionally, the system integrates a resource management module that categorizes

essential assets such as trucks and equipment. Trucks are listed by identification numbers,

ensuring efficient allocation and monitoring of vehicle usage. Similarly, the equipment section

53
includes vital safety tools such as hard hats, safety vests, raincoats, boots, and gloves. This

highlights the app’s utility in ensuring safety compliance and inventory tracking, which are

critical in industries requiring proper resource allocation and adherence to safety protocols.

Significance and Design

EcoTrack’s clean and intuitive user interface, consistent with its green-themed branding,

enhances user experience and accessibility. By integrating features such as personnel tracking,

route management, and resource inventory, the application serves as a comprehensive solution

for organizations that rely on effective task coordination and real-time monitoring. The visual

presentation of routes, time logs, and team assignments ensures clarity, minimizes manual

errors, and increases operational efficiency. This system not only improves workflow

management but also provides a scalable platform for monitoring resources and personnel in

complex operations.

54