Electronic Circuits-ll 2 Feedback Am.

~lifiers

If the amplifier input resistance R j is large compared with the source resistance R s
then Vi ::::: Vs ' If the external load resistance R L is large compared with the output
resistance R o of the amplifier, then Vo ~ A v Vi ;;: A v Vs ' Such amplifier circuit provides
a voltage output proportional to the voltage input, and the proportionality factor does
not depend on the magnitudes of the source and load resistances. Hence, this amplifier
is called voltage amplifier. An ideal voltage amplifier must have infinite input·
resistance R i and zero output resistance R o ' For practical voltage amplifier we must
have R i » R s and R L » R o •
1.2.2 Current Amplifier
Fig. 1.2 shows Norton's equivalent circuit of a current amplifier. If amplifier input
resistance R j ~ 0, then Ii "" Is' If amplifier output resistance R o ~ 00, then I L = Ail;.
Such amplifier provides a current output proportional to the signal current, and the
proportionality factor is independent of source and load resistances. This amplifier is
called current amplifier. An ideal current amplifier must have zero input resistance R i
and infinite output resistance R o ' For practical current amplifier we must have Rj « Rs
and R o » R L '.
I· .•....•........•........•.•.•..•. I = I.

.
~: • ~L
I I I I.:. 9+ 1..3

Is Rs Rj AjI j Ro RL Vo

-=-
: _ : -=-
Rj --+0 or Rj « Rs RL« Ro or Ro --+ 00

Fig. 1.2 Norton's equivalent circuits of a current amplifier

1.2.3 Transconductance Amplifier

Fig. 1.3 shows a transconductance amplifier with a Thevenin's equivalent in its
input circuit and Norton's equivalent in its output circuit. In this amplifier, an output
current is proportional to the input signal voltage and the proportionality factor is
independent of the magnitudes of the source and load resistances. Ideally, this
amplifier must have an infinite input resistance R j and infinite output resistance R o '
For practical transconductance amplifier we must have R j » R s and R o » R v

~ _.. _ I
I • ~ ~L

.:
Ro

.
RL
~
As.
~ •
(

• ! ' ..
-=­
R?>Rs Ro»R L
.....
•
Fig. 1.3 Transconductance amplifier .....,. •
("'"
Electronic Circuits·1I 3

1.2.4 Transresistance Amplifier

Fig. 1.4 shows a transresistance amplifier with a Norton's equivalent in its input
circuit and a Thevenin's equivalent in its output circuit. In this amplifier an output
voltage is proportional to the input signal current and the proportionality factor is
independent on the source and load resistances. Ideally, this amplifier must have zero
input resistance R i and zero output resistance RD. For practical transresistance
amplifier we must have R j «R, and R o « R I .

R, R,

-=­ .-----_. _.-

Ri«R s

Fig. 1.4

1.3 Feedoack Concept

In the previous section we have seen four basic amplifier types and their ideal
characteristics. In each one of these circuits we can sample the output voltage or
current by.. means of a suitable sampling network and apply this signal to the input
through a feedback two port network, as shown in the Fig. 1.5. At the input the
feedback signal is combined with the input signal through a mixer network and is fed
into the amplifier.

-! '­
n8
I---i-
Signal
source
r---;­
Comparator
or mixer
network
v,
Basic amplifier
forward transfer gain
A
v! Sampling
network .
.
:
o
V
?­
}­

~ I,
Feedback network
+! V, reverse transmission
p

Fig. 1.5 Typical feedback connection around a basic amplifier

As shown in the Fig. 1.5 feedback connection has three networks

• Sampling Network
• Feedback f\:etwork
• Mixer Network
Electronic Circuits-II 4 Feedback Ame.lifiers

1.3.1 Sampling Network

There are two ways to sample the ~t12ill, according to the sampling parameter,
either voltage or ~t. Th~SlU~p~t voltage. is sampled by connectingth:~Jeedback
nehvork in shuntacross the output, shown as
theF[~T6-(a} this type of connection ln Iii., «
is referred to'
as v~lta&.e, or ~ sampli.!}g. The output ~ur:!!:!'-J.._.i.s s~I12E.~~~_.?y
connecting the feed~ack networkin series with the output as shown in the Fig. 1.6 (b).
This type of connecti~;;'i;"r~ferred"fo"-;S"cufreil('o~ -i<?op~ s>ampling.
Voltage (node) Current (loop)
...
~
. sampler
I:
,1
.:..0 o-----J),
sampler
.' I
:~
..
Basic Basic
arr.plifier RL amplifier RL
A A

Feedback •......,.. Feedback

network network
13 13

(a) Voltage or node sampling Fig. 1.6 (b) Current or loop sampling

1.3.2' -Feedback Network 6e1llllllllitil

_..--"-_._. .­ .. ~""-'~ ~-." " "

It may consists of resi?t,of§, capacitors, and indus:.t9.I~ Most often it is simply a

resistive C9_~~~!E~!i.2J:l' It··provides·'reduced portion of the output as feedb';lck sigIlaJ to
"'15.
the input mixer network. It is given as _ ..
'-.-'­ " . 1'7;:~'- -,
I V f = ~ Vo \
where 13 is a. feedlJaci< factQr or fee(fb,ick ratio. The symbol ~ used in feedback
circmts reI)rese~ts"feedbacl facto~ which alway~ lies bctweendb and i, It is totally
different from ~ symbol used -t~'~represent current gain in common emitter amplifier,
which is greater'than 1. ~"
\~

1.3.3 Mixer Network

Like sampling, there are two way?of-!TIixing feedback signal with the input signaL
These are: series input connection and ~shu"~t inpui:c'onn~iiCQn,-TheFig. 1.7 (a) and (b)
show the simple and very common series (loop) inp~t and sE~!1t(node) input,
connections, respectively.
Source series mixer , .., Source Shunt mixer ..... ....
.-------~ .-----------~
~ I

I ,
V:
I
I,
Basic
amplifier
A
Is R s,:
Basic
amplifier
A
®~
' ,. * JI _

•If
I I network I
(a) Series mixing Fig. 1.7 (b) Shunt mixing
- ~ "
,,
"'~~'(

,1.
 5 Feetttlack Amplifiers

1.3.4 Transfer Ratio or Gain

In Fig. 1.5, the ratio of the output signal to the input signal of the basic amplifier is
represented by the symbol A. The suffix of A given next, represents the different
transfer ratios.
VD
= A v = Voltage gain (1.1)
Vi
Ie:>
= Ai = Current gain (1.2)
Ii
10
G m = Transconductance ... (1.3)
Vi -~._-.,--- ---"""'-_·.a~~'_ ~ . __

Vo
R In = Transresistance ... (1.4)
Ii - -..-----.-~~
The four quantities A v' Ai' G m and R m are referred to as a \ransfer gain of the
basic amplifier without fee<i]Ja!=k and use of only symbol A represent anyone of these
quantities. .-.- ­

The .!.!'_~~!~~~~n_,~i.!..J:1.__ !~.l:9E<:sl<. is represented by the symJ:>~l_Af' It is defined as

the ratio of the ~u~ut signal to .tl.'t~~r,:tEl!!..2ffi~al of the amplifier configuration shown in
Fig. 1.5. Hence AI' is used.to represent anyone of the following four ratios:

V
Vs
o
= !"Vf = Voltage gai,!l with !.ee9~~£k ... (1.5)
1 •

(1.6)
Is
0
1
V = GMf = TrCiIlscQndJJ.cJ9Pce with feedback
~~--'-"'--"::.'" <'-'~"-~'~
(1.7)
s

V
Is
o
= R Mf = Transresistal1ce
'- .~>,-.-
with feedbilck
;-"""'• •. -....<;.,-.,"';"""... , , .-,,"~--~~' ....-,"?~
'" (1.8)

Fig. 1.8 shows the schematic representatibnof a feedback connection around a basic
amplifier. Recall that, when E t ofoptp.1!t,,~gnS!land illPl.!! signaL~£0!!_gut~<:t2}~.~§e
the feeEE~~~c~_~5~!l~c! neg'!:tive_fe~dback The schematic diagram shown· in Fig. 1.8
represents negative feedback because the feedback signal is fed back to the input of the
amplifier out of phase with input signal of the alilplifier.
Comparator
o r mixer Difference signal Output signal
xd =xi Basic
amplifier
Xo Axi =
Xs +
A
In put -
si gnal

Feedback
circuit -.=
xf =pXo P
Feedback si g nal

Fig. 1.8 Schematic representation of negative feedback amplifier

 Electronic Circuits-II 6 Feedback Amplifiers

® 1.4 Ways of Introducing Negative Feedback in Amplifiers

The basic amplifier shown in Fig. 1.8 may be a voltage, current, transconductance, ~.
or transresistance amplifier. These can be connected in a feedback configuration as

shown in the Fig. 1.9.

Voltage
T+
amplifier
Rl Vo
l-
\/
,- /
~vo
+
(/
\jf
\
+

Vt I ~
~

Fig. 1.9 (a) Voltage amplifier with voltage series feedback

+T
Vi
I Trans­
conductance -
10 = IL

Rl
:~~ ""'"
~ Q.~r ~
amplifier
..
+
/3lo=vt l I /3

Fig. 1.9 (b) Transconductance amplifier with current series feedback

/'
./
_Ii
Current
amplifier
-
10 = IL

Rl
,?r5~o
\./,,,
, I - QI
f-PO,
I
/3

~k;,

Fig. 1.9 (c) Current amplifier with current-shunt feedback

------­ '\
-- - -- - -- - - -

Electronic Circuits-II 7 Feedback Amplifiers

_Ii

¢
Trans·
resistange
~
>
amplifier

If = l3Vo~ '-­ r--­

p
"

Fig. 1.9 (d) Transresistance amplifier with voltage shunt feedback

1.5 Effect of Negative Feedback

where x
Xi
0 = Output voltage or output current
Input voltage or input current
, ..
X s = Source voltage or< source current
As it is a negative feedback the relation between Xl and X s is given as
Xi = X s + (- X r )
where Xr = F~edback< voltage or feedback current
A
r
= Xo _ Xo
~- Xj+X r
Dividing by X i to numerator and denominator we get, /
Xi> /X j
=
(X j + Xf)/Xi.
. A X
= ': A =_0

l+X r /X j Xi
A l,
=

... (1.9)

where P is a feedback factor

 Electronic Circuits-II 8 Feedback Ame.lifiers

Looking at equation we can say that gain without feedback (A) is always greater
than gain with feedback (A/(l + ~ A) ) and it decreases with increase in ~ i.e. increase
in feedback factor.
For voltage amplifier, gain with negative feedb~k is given as
, lp="T"'" - ­

A y
'
A yr = ... (1.1 0)
1+ A y ~

where = Open loop gain i.e. gain without feedback

'"'-
Ay
----- .., ­
P = Feedback factor ~-"-,.-~~- -~

1.5.2 Stability of Gain "It

J~,
Il>
The transfer gain of the amplifier is not constant as it depends on the factors such
as operating point, temperature, etc. This lack of stability in amplifiers can be reduced
by introducing negative feedback.
We know that, ,.,
.­
• .'
A •
'A r = l+~A

) Differentiating both sides with respect to A we get,

dAr _ (1 + PA)l- ~A
~~ dA - (1 +p A)2 •
....

.~.

1
=
(1 + PA)2
f

} .. dAr =
dA
(1 + ~ A)2
tt­
i
Dividing both sides by A r we get,
,
J dAr
=
dA 1
x--
Ar (1 + pA)2 Ar

dA (1 + ~A) . A
= x-- smce A r = - ­
(1 + PA)2 Ai' l+pA
t
dAr = dA 1
... (1.11)
Ar A (1 + PA)
where
d..!\r
= Fractional change in amplification with feedback
v""
Af

~ = Fractional change in amplification withopt feedback

i' Looking at equation 1.11 we can say that change in the gain with feedback is less
I
;1 than the change in gain without feedback by factor (1 + PA). The fractionals~.~~,
! ~l am~~i!icatio~_~tt::feedba~~~vided by the fraction~l change without feedback is~.~lled
 Electronic Circuits-II 9 Feedback Amplifiers

the sensitivity of the transfer gain (1/ (1 / (1 + PA) ). The reciprocal of the sensitivity is
called the desensitivity 0 (1 + PA). ......__~_ _
~ -:~.-
Therefore, stability of the amplifier increases with increase in desensitivity.
If P A » 1, then·
' .. (UO) A A
l+pA -pA
1
== ... (1.12)
P
and the gain is dependent only on the feedback network.

factors such Since A represents either A y, OM' Al or R M and A f represents the corresponding
be reduced transfer gains with feedback either A yf , G Mf , A lf or R Mf the equation signifies that:
• For voltage series feedback
A yf == i
voltage gain is stabilized ... (1.13)

• For current series feed back

GMf == 13I transconductance gain is stabilized ... (1.14)

• For voltage shunt feedback

R Mf == 13I transresistance gain is stabilized ... (1.15)

• For current shunt feedback

AIr == 13I Current gain is stabilized ... (1.16)

'/1.5.3 Frequency Response and Bandwidth

We know that,
\ Af == A
. l+pA
~
Using this equation we can write, ---­
Amid
... (1.11)
A fmid = 1 +pA mid
... (1.17)

. A. ... f1oW = ... (1.18)

I+PA 1ow
A high
and A f high = 'I + PA . ... (1.19)
high

Now we analyse the effect of negative feedback on lower cutoff and upper cutoff
frequency of the amplifier.

.'
;
 Electronic Circuits-l' 10 Feedback Aml!liflers

Lower cutoff frequency

We know that, the relation between gain at low frequency and gain at mid

frequency, is given as, n~~\

A 10w 1 .A _ A

-)(f)" (f)
_ mid
.. , (1.20)
A-
JDld -
1
\ l'L
f~
10\\ - l'
-) f

Substituting value of A low in equation 1.18 we get,

Amid

1- J '(ff L
)
_i
.. .­
"', -':J.:.r
Af low =

+{-~[;t )J
'~~

1 •
Amid
=
1- (f~ )+ A mid ~
Amid <"l
= .~

(I+Amid~)-{f~ )

~*

Dividing numerator and denominator by (l + Amid ~) we get,

~

Amid t.~

1 +Amid~
fJow

A = l fL
1 - j 1 + ~mid~
1
A fmid Amid
=

l-f +~:~d ~ II
.: A f mid = 1+ A mid ~
..,.

A f low 1
" .(1.21)
A fmid
1-{ f~f )

where "
fL .'
Lower cutoff frequency with fe~dback = f Lf f. 1 + ~ ! . / ... (1.22)
\ mId t-' i
\
'. V

...
 Electronic Circuits-II 11 Feedback Amplifiers

From equation 1.22, we can say that lower cutoff frequency with feedback is less
than lower cutoff frequency without feedback by factor (1 + A mid p). Therefore~ by
pin at mid
introducing negative feedback low frequency response of the amplifier is improved.
Upper Cutoff Frequency,
... (1.20)
We know that, the relation between gain at high frequency ang gain at mid
{~
frequency is given as,
t A high I 1
( - - ----­
, Ami0 ( f )
l-il-
~ fH
Amid
A high ... (1.23)
1 .( f )
-ll
fH

Substituting value of Ahigh in equation 1.19 we get,

A mid

At high =
1-{ f: )
( 'I
1 +11.1
I--'
Amid
/
l-i[ -
f '\
J
j I

\ \ fH ~
Amid
==

I Dividing numerator and denominator by (1 + A mid P) we get,

Amid

A f high ==
1'[ f
- 1 (1 + A mid I)) fH
]

A fmid
--­ -----­ .. A Amid
fmid - 1 +A . 11.
midI--'

f: )
A fmid
... (1.21) == .VI
1-{
where upper cutoff frequency with feedback is given as
,.--- .-----­ -~- ~ - ~

'" (1.22) fHi == (1 + Amid P) fH .. , (1.24)

j
\.
 Electronic Circuits-II 12 Feedback ArnJ?lifiers

From equation 1.24, we can say that upper cutoff frequency with feedback is
greater than upper cutoff frequency without feedback by factor (1 + Amid 13). Therefore,
by introducing negative feedback high frequency response of the amplifier is improved.
The bandwidth of the amplifier is given as
BW = Upper cutoff frequency - lower cutoff frequency
Bandwidth of the amplifier with feedback is given as

BWf = fH[ - fLf = (l + Amid I3)fH - ( ;:-. 13) ... (1.25)

1+ mId

It is very clear that (fHf-fLf ) > (fH -fd and hence bandwidth of amplifier with
feedback is greater than bandwidth of amplifier without feedback, as shown in
Fig. 1.10.

Gain

Amid
- ~_ _~ .......

0.707 Amid

Afmid
0.:'07 A f mid .. _ .. - -. --~ ~ .. - ~ - _.. _ - " " ~"" _ - - _ .. - _ ..
"f f f fn ~ Frequency
LF L
/.. B H HF
W ~I
,.. B Wf -.j
:;;;=:;

-"-­
~,i If ~ is made up of reactive components, the reactances of these components will
I" chCinge with ._frequency, changing the ~. As a result, gain will also change with
W:
frequency. This fact is used in tuned amplifiers. In tuned amplifiers, feedback network
is designed such that at tuned frequency 13 ~ 0 and at other frequencies B ~ 00. As a
. result, amplifier provides high gain fo~ signal at tuned frequency and relatively reject )
all other frequencies. . .­ .,.
~- _ .

1.5.5 Noise and Nonlinear Distortion

Signal feedback reduces the amountof noise signal and non linear distortion. The /­

factor (l + 13 A) reduces both i;p~t c~;·iS~'.:"·-ci"if(rresultlng nonllnear-'aisfortlon for

C;;nsiderable~improvement. Thus, noise and non linear distortion also reduced by same
factor as the gain.
<------~' ......._~..-............

II\ "r~}-;) J
.•
 13

1.5.6 Input and Output Resistances

Input resistance
If the feedback sign<lLl~
added,to the!~tin-series,."~
the apprreav~lt,_ag~"'(r~g;~dlessof
Amplifier
Sampling
network
wnellierTfie feedback is obtained
by sampling the output current
... (1.25) or voltage ), it increases the input
+ \j resistance. Slnce--the-feedbacK
Wier with \161tage VI' opposes Vs ' the input
shmvn in f3 c,urrent 1i is less than it would be
if VI' were absent, as shown in
the Fig_ 1.11.
Fig. 1.11 Hence, the input resistance
with feedback R if = ~s is greater
~ /
,
than the input resistance without
Sampling feedback, for the circuit shown in
Amplifier
network Fig. 1.11.

,
\i -.
On the otherhand, if the
feedback signal is added to the
\
input in shunt wit~ the applied
voltage (regardless o~,,--whetner the
feedl;>ack is obtained bY'~mpling
the output voltage or current),. it
Fig. 1.12 decreases the input resistancg.
'Since is ~ Ii +- If, the current Is"
drawn from the signal source is increased over what it would be if there were no
feedback current, as shown in the Fig. 1.12.

Hence, the input resistance with feedbac~ R j[ = Vi is decreased for the circuit
Is
shown in Fig. 1.12. Now we see the effect of negative feedback on input resistance in
different topologies (ways) of introducing negative feedback and obtain R if
quantitatively.
Voltage series feedback
The voltage series feedback topology shown in Fig. 1.13 with ampiifier is replaced
.., lhevenin's model. Here, A v represents the open-circuit vQltage gain taking R s into
6tortion. The -.mont. since throughout the discus-sian of feedback amplifiers we will consider R s to
GiSfOrtlon for lie part of the amplifier and we will drop the subscript on the transfer gain and input
IIIbc:ed by same
IiI!5istance (A... instead of A vs and R if instead of R it:, }------,.~
c;)." . ,' .
rl . "
\)0
~LJ;-- __ r~V~\J
'~ - , ' _ \1 'v 0
,,~~. ------­
 Electronic Circuits-II 14 Feedback Am.e.lifiers

~-_ -._ - -_ .. .
~

Ro h
~

T+
Rj
R
L
1
Fig. 1.13

Look at Fig. 1.13 the input resistance with feedback is given as

Vs
R jf = T ... (1.26)
I

Applying KVL to the input side we get,

Vs - Ji R i-Vf = 0
Vs = Ii R i + V f
= Ji R i +~ Vo ... (1.27)
The output voltage Vo is given as
A y VjR L
Vo = Ro + RL /

= AI,' Ii R j = AI,' Vi ... (1.28)

where AI,' = Vo

__ . -Vi

r­
(\ V = AyR L _
Ro+R L "
--_.-/
(Note: A" represents the open circuit voltage gain without feedback and AI,' is the
voltage gain without feedback taking the load R L into account).

."
m' Substituting value of Vo from equation 1.28 in equation 1.27 we get,
~
t· Vs = Ii R i + ~ AI,' Ji R i
.~
Vs ~/.
R i +~ A v R j
J.I
.
~
!
Current series feedback
R jf = R i (1 +~ AI,' )
.J (1.29)
"t;

The current series feedback topology is shown in Fig. 1.14 with amplifier input
circuit is represented by Thevenin's equivalent circuit and output circuit by Norton's
equivalent circuit.
 Electronic Circuits-II 15 Feedback Amplifiers

_._- .

:.. - ~

Fig. 1.14
Looking at Fig. 1.14 the input resistance with feedback is given as
R if = Vs
Ii
'" (1.26) Applying KVL to the input side we get,
Vs - Ii R j - Vf = 0
Vs = Ii R i + Vf
= Ii R i +~ 10 '" (1.30)
The output current 10 is given as
... (1.27)
.,. (1.31)

where
I
G = GmR o
.. , (1.28) M
R o +R L
(Note : G M represents the open circuit transconductance without feedback and GM
is1he transconductance without feedback taking the load RL into account.)
Substituting value of 10 from equation 1.31 into equation 1.30 we get,
it Vs = Ii R i +P G M Vi
A v is the
= Ii R +P G M Ii R
j j '.' Vi = Ii R;
Vs = R i (l + ~ G M)
Ii

~s = R j (1 + ~ G M ) ... (1.32)
1
.~

Om:en:t shunt feedback

The current slWnt feedback topology is shown in Fig. 1.15 with amplifier input and
~ced by Norton's equivalent circuit
 Electronic Circuits-II 16 Feedback Ame.lifiers

i l~ 1 f~·-~-· __ ·__ ·_""""_·········__ ·· 10

---=-­
i :

Rj R ;
0;
T
RL Vo

1
Fig. 1.15
The output current 10 is given as
A- IiR o
10 -= R~ + -R L
== A J Ii ... (1.34)
AjR o
where AJ ==
Ro + RL

Note: Ai represents the open circuit current gain without feedback and A J is the
current gain without feedback taking the load R L into account.
Substituting value of 10 from equation 1.34 into equation 1.33 we get,
Is == Ii + PAJI j
I.
== Ii (1+f3A[)
I The input resistance with feedback is given as
V. V.
R.c == _' =:: I
" Is Ii (1 + f3 A J )

Rj .: ~ =:: Vi ... (1.35)

(1+f3A J ) Ij
Voltage shunt feedback
....
The voltage shunt feedback topology is shown in Fig. 1.16 with amplifier input ."
'!:c
circuit is represented by Norton's equivalent circuit and output circuit represented by
Thevenin's equi\·alent.
.' ··· .. ······R···· .. ··:.. o. T+
.······ .... · ~

Rj
~~ Rml, : r1­
i _ v
'
.......
0lIl . . . .

..
_••I.i••1 ~

Now:. ­
Fig. 1.16 ~

-,
::fi
i:
 Electronic Circuits-II 17 Feedback Amplifiers

Applying KCL at input node we get,

Is = Ii + If
= Ii +I3 Vo ... (1.36)
The output voltage Vo is given as
R m IiR o /1
R o +R L

= R M Ii ... (1.37)
RmR o
where
R o +R L
(Note: Rm represents the open circuit transresistance without feedback and RM is
the transresistance without feedback taking the load R L into account)
Substituting value of Vo from equation 1.37 into equation 1.36 we get,
... (1.34)
Is = 1;+13 R M Ii
= I j (l+I3 R M)
The input resistance with feedback ~f is given as
Al is the
V V
Rif=
Y:-­' ­- Ij(l+ ,
13 R M )

... (1.38)

Output resistance
The negative feedback which samples the output voltage, regardless of how this
aullput signal is returned to the input, tends to decrease the output resistance, as shown
.. the Fig. 1.17.
.. , (1.35)

Mixer Amplifier
network
 Electronic Circuits-II 18 Feedback AmE.lifiers

10
~

Mixer
T+
Amplifier RL V o
network
-i­
Rof>R o

Fig. 1.18

Voltage series feedback

In this topology, the output resistance can be measured by shorting the input
source Vs = 0 and looking into the output terminals with R L disconnected, as shown in
the Fig. 1.19.
Ro
-I
IIIIe

Vi R;
VJRL
, 0 l
ROf;f
l ROof

Fig. 1.19
+
,f· Applying KVL to the output side we get,
A y Vi + IR o - V = 0
.
V -A y Vi
J .. , (1.39)
Ro
.
The input voltage is given as -,;;

Vi = - V f = --f3 V .: Vs =0 ... (1.40)

f
~,
Substituting the Vi from equation 1.40~ equali~n 1.39 we get,
I = V + A y J3V
Ro

I
~"
= V (1 + J3 A y
Ro
)
•
I
...
'I1Ie ,.
V
.. Rof

=
J
Ro
... (1.41)
, 51
(1 + J3 Ay )

Note: Here A y is the open loop voltage gain without taking R L in account,
 Electronic Circuits-II 19 Feedback Amplifiers

R of xR L
= R of + R L

Dividing numerator and denominator by (R o + Rdwe get

RoR L
R o +R L
R~f = - - - - ­
1 + (3 A v R L
Ro +R L
the input
as shown in ==
Rb .: R~ =
RR
0 Land A y = A R
v L ... (1.42)
1 + ~A y Ro + R L Ro + RL
Note: Here A y is the open loop voltage gain taking RL into account.

Voltage shunt feedback

In this topology, the output resistance can be measured by shorting the input
source Vs = 0 and looking into the output terminals with RL disconnected, as shown in
the Fig. 1.20.

... (1.39)

... (1.40) Fig. 1.20

Applying KVL to the output side we get,
Rill Ii + I R o - V = 0
... (1.43)

Ii = -If = ~ V. ... (1.44)

IIIIlIIIJiIIu~g \ from equation 1.44 in" equation 1.43 we get,
... (1.41) 1= V+Rm~V _ V(l+R m (3)
R - Ro
o
 Electronic Circuits-II 20 Feedback Am.e.lifiers

R of = ~
I
Ro
... (1.45)
1 + Rm~
Note: Here, R m is the open loop transresistance without taking R L in account.
, , ofR x R
R
ot' = R
0
t" I!
I,
RL = ----­
Rof+R
L

Ro X RL "-lit
l+Rm~
_ RoR L
R0 R - ~+ R L - (l=-+-"'-::R:-,-n-=~)
--+ L
1+ R m ~
Dividing numerator and denominator by R o + R L we get;
RoR L
R ' f -
-
Ro+R L
o l+~RI11 R L

R o + R L

= ~ .: R' = _R o RJ:.... and R M = ~m R L ... (1.46)

l+J3R M 0 Ro+R L 'Ro+R L
Note: Here, R M is the open loop transresistance taking R L in account.
Current shunt feedback ~;
"ii'
Ji'
In this topology, the output resistance can be measured by open circuiting the input
source Is = 0 and looking into the output terminals, with R L disconnected, as shown in
i
In
~. the Fig. 1.21.
Vs = 0
t I
Fig. 1.22
,- 0+

, ~
L ! ' \ ' ~~
1" in.,
Is'" 0

,,! '-
\. '-.... V
7..)
'::i
Rj

Rof = Y...
I
J; R'Of

*:
it:

fIi Applying the KCL to the Qutput node we get,

Fig. 1.21

V
I = - R - A I I,I ... (1.47)
o

The input current is given as

The"
Ii = -If =--13 1 0 .. Is = 0
= ~ I .: I = -1 0 ... (1.48)
 Electronic Circuits-II 21 Feedback Amplifiers

Substituting value of Ii from equation 1.48 in equation 1.47 we get,

V
I = --A~I
R I
o
... (1.45)

_ account.

... (1.49)

Note: Here, Ai is the open loop current gain without taking R L in account.
DL R'of = R II R L = R of X R L
of R of + R L

= R o (l+~AdRL _ R o R L (1+f3 A d
Ro(1+~Ai)+RL -R o +R L +f3A j R o
Dividing numerator and denominator by R o + R L we get,
R o R L (l+~Ad
Ro+R L _ R~ (l+f3Ad
R~f ::;:
- (l+~Ad

... (1.46)
.: R~ = R o R L and Al = Ai R o ...(1.50)
Ro+ RL Ro+ RL
Note: Here, AI is the open loop current gain taking R L in account.
Current series feedback
In this topology the output resistance can be measured by shorting the input source
V s = 0 and looking into the output terminals with R L disconnected, as shown in the
Fig. 1.22

_I·

Rof =/V R'

of
 Electronic Circuits-II 22 Feedback Ame.'ifiers

Substituting value of Vi from equation 1.52 in equation 1.51 we get, l'a.U::: J

V
1= - R- G m I-'rq j
o j
I ( 1 + G m 13) = V
R

V
o .... " :

R of = T = R o (1 + Gm ~ ) .. , (1.53) all ~

Note: Here, G m is the open loop transconductance without taking R L in account.

R' =: R II R = RofxR L
of of L R +R
of L

Ro(l+~Gm)RL RoRL(l+~Gm) b~
R o (l+~G:1+RL - R o +R L +J3Gm R o
Dividing numerator and denominator by R o + R L
RLRo(l+~Gm) c)
R o +R L
we get R'of =

1+ ~ G m R o
Ex. U,:
i. R o +R L

, Note: Here, G M
= R~(l+J3Gm)':R' =
. 1+13 G M
RoR L andG = G m R o
Ro + RL M
Ro + RL
0

is the open loop current gain taking R L in account.

Table 1.1 summarizes the effect of negative feedback on amplifier.
... (1.54)

Sol :
a) I/it .:

I Parameter Voltage series_

Av~
Current series
Gm
'"
Current shunt VOltage shunt

;7 A.
Rm
Gain with
feedback A Vf = oJ. +~ A v G mf == 1+f3 G m R mf = 1 +~ R mJf
.. "

deceases decreases decreases

./" Stability Improves Improves Improves Improves
Frequency Improves Improves Improves Improves
-./f response I I I I I
Frequency Reduces. Reduces Reduces
~ distortion
Noise and Non Reduces Reduces Reduces Reduces to mainIIaIiI
linear distortion
Input resistance Rif = R j (1+PA v ) I Rif== RiCl+~ GM ) Rj R.
R;f == I *'PAl R jf == I +~ 'R
increases " increases M
decreases decreases c)
'0

Output Ro R of == Ro Cl+f3 GM )1 Rof == Ro Cl+f3A j ) R - Ro

resistance Rof == 1+~Av of - I +r:lI-' R m
".-.:::--'-~~ increases increases
.. ...
decreases -_........-----:-"­ ~_.'~.--,.. ..... ~---
-

decreases
Table 1.1
 Electronic Circuits-II 24 Feedback Am,2\ifiers

Ex. 1.3: An amplifier with open loop gain of A = 2000 ± 150 is available. It is necessary to
have the amplifier whose voltage gain varies by not more than ± 0.2%. Calculate ~
and AI
Sol. : a) We know that
dAf = 1 dA
Af 1+~A A
0.2 1 150
x-­
100 - 1+~A 2000
1 +~ A = 37.5
~ A = 36.5

~ = 36.5 = 0.01825
2000
= 1.825%
b) A F :
A _ A _ 2000

t1
q
F -

=
1 + ~ A - I + 0.01825 x 2000

53.33
1.6 Methodology of Feedback Amplifier Analysis
To analyse the feedback amplifier it is necessary to go through the following steps.
Step 1 : Identify Topology (Type of feedback)

a) To find the type of sampling network

1. By shorting the output Le. V0 = 0, if feedback signal (x d becomes zero then we

can say that it is "Voltage Sampling".
2. By opening the output loop i.e. 10 = 0, if feedback signal (x f ) becomes ze~o
then we can say that it is "Current Sampling". !

b) To find the type of mixing network

1. If the feedback signal is subtracted from the externally applied Signal as a
voltage in the input loop, we can say that it is "series mixing".
2. If the feedback signal is subtracted from the externally applied signal as a
current in the input loop, we can say that it is "shunt mixing".
Thus by determining type of sampling network and mixing network, type of
feedback amplifier can be determine. For example if amplifier uses a voltage sampling
l

and series mixing then we can say that it is a voltage series amplifier.
Step 2 : Find the input circuit
1. For voltage sampling make V0
2. For current sampling make 10
= 0 by shorting the output
= 0 by opening the output loop.
, ....
 Am Iifiers Electronic Circuits-II 25 Feedback Amplifiers

.II is necessary to Step 3 : Find the output circuit.

1112'%. Calculate ~ 1. For series mixing make Ii == 0 by opening the input loop.
2. For shunt mixing make Vi = 0 by shorting the input
Step 2 and step 3 ensure that the feedback is reduced to zero without altering the
loading on the basic amplifier.
Step 4 : Optional. Replace each active device by its h-parameter model at low
frequency.
Step 5 : Find the open loop gain (gain without feedback), A of the amplifier.
Step 6 : Indicate X f and X o on the circuit and evaluate ~ = X f Xo '
Step 7 : From A and p, find D, A f, Ru, Rof' and R~f'

Characteristics Topology

V oltage series Current series Current shunt Voltage shunt

Sampling signal Xo Voltage Voltage Current Current

Mixing signal Voltage Current Current Voltage

To find input Vo == a 10 == a 10 == a Vo =a
loop, set

To find output Ii =a Ii =a Vi =a Vi =a
loop, set
zero then we Single source Thevenin Thevenin Norton Norton

of)l becomes ze~o ~ = Xf/X O Vf/Vo Vf/Io If /1 0 If I\(,

A == XO/X i A y == Yo/V; GM = Io/Vi AI == 10 /1; RM = Yo/Ii

signal as a D==l+~A 1 + ~ Av 1 + ~ GM 1 + ~ AI 1 + ~ RM

signal as a Af AviD GM/D AriD RM/D

.....rk, type of RiD Rp R;/D Rj/D

".age sampling Ro Ro ( 1 + ~ G m ) Ro(1+~Ad Ro
1+[3A y 1+[3R m

Ro R~(l+PGm) R~(l+~A) R~
1+ PAy 1+~GM l+pA I 1+~RM

Table 1.2