Faculty of Computing and Informatics

Wireless Technologies
Dharm Singh Jat

Wireless Transmission
Faculty of Computing and Informatics

Motivation and Introduction

1. Introduction of Mobile Communications

2. Applications Mobile Communications
3. Wireless Communications
4. A case for mobility – many aspects
5. Cellular concept and the frequency planning
6. History of mobile communication
7. Areas of research
8. Reference Model
 Wireless Transmission

❑ Frequencies
❑ Signals
❑ Antenna
❑ Signal propagation
❑Multiplexing
 Frequencies for communication
twisted coax cable optical transmission
pair

1 Mm 10 km 100 m 1m 10 mm 100 m 1 m
300 Hz 30 kHz 3 MHz 300 MHz 30 GHz 3 THz 300 THz

VLF LF MF HF VHF UHF SHF EHF infrared visible light UV

• VLF = Very Low Frequency UHF = Ultra High Frequency

• LF = Low Frequency SHF = Super High Frequency
• MF = Medium Frequency EHF = Extra High Frequency
• HF = High Frequency UV = Ultraviolet Light
• VHF = Very High Frequency
• Frequency and wave length:

•  = c/f wave length , speed of light c  3x10 m/s, frequency f

8
 Frequencies for mobile communication

❑ VHF-/UHF-ranges for mobile radio

– simple, small antenna for cars
– deterministic propagation characteristics, reliable connections
❑ SHF and higher for directed radio links, satellite communication
– small antenna, beam forming
– large bandwidth available
❑ Wireless LANs use frequencies in UHF to SHF range
– some systems planned up to EHF
– limitations due to absorption by water and oxygen molecules (resonance
frequencies)
• weather dependent fading, signal loss caused by heavy rainfall etc.
 Frequencies and regulations
ITU-R holds auctions for new frequencies, manages frequency
bands worldwide (WRC, World Radio Conferences)
Europe USA Japan

Cellular GSM 450-457, 479- AMPS, TDMA, CDMA PDC

Phones 486/460-467,489- 824-849, 810-826,
496, 890-915/935- 869-894 940-956,
960, TDMA, CDMA, GSM 1429-1465,
1710-1785/1805- 1850-1910, 1477-1513
1880 1930-1990
UMTS (FDD) 1920-
1980, 2110-2190
UMTS (TDD) 1900-
1920, 2020-2025
Cordless CT1+ 885-887, 930- PACS 1850-1910, 1930- PHS
Phones 932 1990 1895-1918
CT2 PACS-UB 1910-1930 JCT
864-868 254-380
DECT
1880-1900
Wireless IEEE 802.11 902-928 IEEE 802.11
LANs 2400-2483 IEEE 802.11 2471-2497
HIPERLAN 2 2400-2483 5150-5250
5150-5350, 5470- 5150-5350, 5725-5825
5725
Others RF-Control RF-Control RF-Control
27, 128, 418, 433, 315, 915 426, 868
868
 Antennas: directed and sectorized

• Often used for microwave connections or base

stations for mobile phones (e.g., radio
coverage
y of a valley)
y z
directed
x z x antenna

side view (xy-plane) side view (yz-plane) top view (xz-plane)

z
z

x
sectorized
x antenna

top view, 3 sector top view, 6 sector

 Signal propagation ranges
• Transmission range
– communication possible
– low error rate
• Detection range
– detection of the signal
possible sender

– no communication
possible transmission

• Interference range distance

detection
– signal may not be
detected interference

– signal adds to the

background noise
 Signal propagation
• Propagation in free space always like light (straight line)
• Receiving power proportional to 1/d² in vacuum – much more in real environments
(d = distance between sender and receiver)
• Receiving power additionally influenced by
❑ fading (frequency dependent)
❑ shadowing
❑ reflection at large obstacles
❑ refraction depending on the density of a medium
❑ scattering at small obstacles
❑ diffraction at edges

shadowing reflection refraction scattering diffraction

 Multipath propagation
• Signal can take many different paths between sender and receiver due to
reflection, scattering, diffraction

multipath
LOS pulses pulses

signal at sender
signal at receiver
• Time dispersion: signal is dispersed over time
• ➔ interference with “neighbor” symbols, Inter Symbol Interference

(ISI)
• The signal reaches a receiver directly and phase shifted
• ➔ distorted signal depending on the phases of the different parts
 Multiplexing
• Multiplexing in 4 dimensions
channels ki

– space (si) k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

– time (t) c
– frequency (f)
t c
– code (c)
t

s1
f
• Goal: multiple use s2
f
of a shared medium c

• Important: guard spaces needed!

s3
f
 Frequency multiplex

• Separation of the whole spectrum into smaller frequency bands

• A channel gets a certain band of the spectrum for the whole time
• Advantages:
❑ no dynamic coordination
necessary k k k k k k6
1 2 3 4 5

❑ works also for analog signals c

f
• Disadvantages:
❑ waste of bandwidth
if the traffic is
distributed unevenly
❑ inflexible
❑ guard spaces t
 Time multiplex
• A channel gets the whole spectrum for a certain amount of time

• Advantages:
❑ only one carrier in the
medium at any time k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

❑ throughput high even

for many users c

• Disadvantages:
❑ precise
synchronization
t
necessary
 Time and frequency multiplex
• Combination of both methods
• A channel gets a certain frequency band for a certain amount
of time
• Example: GSM

• Advantages: k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

– better protection against c

tapping
f
– protection against frequency
selective interference
– higher data rates compared to
code multiplex
• but: precise coordination
t

required
 Code multiplex
• Each channel has a unique code
k1 k2 k3 k4 k5 k6

• All channels use the same spectrum

at the same time
c
• Advantages:
– bandwidth efficient
– no coordination and synchronization necessary
– good protection against interference and
tapping
f
• Disadvantages:
– lower user data rates
– more complex signal regeneration
• Implemented using spread spectrum
technology t
 Modulation
• Digital modulation
– digital data is translated into an analog signal (baseband)
– ASK, FSK, PSK - main focus in this chapter
– differences in spectral efficiency, power efficiency, robustness
• Analog modulation
– shifts center frequency of baseband signal up to the radio carrier
• Motivation
– smaller antennas (e.g., /4)
– Frequency Division Multiplexing
– medium characteristics
• Basic schemes
– Amplitude Modulation (AM)
– Frequency Modulation (FM)
– Phase Modulation (PM)
 Modulation

• Digital modulation
– digital data is translated into an analog signal (baseband)
– ASK, FSK, PSK - main focus in this chapter
– differences in spectral efficiency, power efficiency, robustness
• Analog modulation
– shifts center frequency of baseband signal up to the radio carrier
• Motivation
– smaller antennas (e.g., /4)
– Frequency Division Multiplexing
– medium characteristics
• Basic schemes
– Amplitude Modulation (AM)
– Frequency Modulation (FM)
– Phase Modulation (PM)
 Modulation and demodulation

analog
baseband
digital
signal
data digital analog
101101001 modulation modulation radio transmitter

radio
carrier

analog
baseband
digital
signal
analog synchronization data
demodulation decision 101101001 radio receiver

radio
carrier
 Digital modulation
• Modulation of digital signals known as Shift Keying
1 0 1
❑ Amplitude Shift Keying (ASK):
– very simple
– low bandwidth requirements t
– very susceptible to interference
1 0 1
❑ Frequency Shift Keying (FSK):
– needs larger bandwidth
t

❑ Phase Shift Keying (PSK): 1 0 1

– more complex
– robust against interference
t
 Advanced Frequency Shift Keying
❑ bandwidth needed for FSK depends on the distance
between the carrier frequencies
❑ special pre-computation avoids sudden phase shifts
➔ MSK (Minimum Shift Keying)

❑ bit separated into even and odd bits, the duration of each
bit is doubled
❑ depending on the bit values (even, odd) the higher or lower
frequency, original or inverted is chosen
❑ the frequency of one carrier is twice the frequency of the
other
❑ Equivalent to offset QPSK

❑ even higher bandwidth efficiency using a Gaussian low-pass

filter ➔ GMSK (Gaussian MSK), used in GSM
 Example of MSK
1 0 1 1 0 1 0
data bit
even 0101
even bits odd 0011

odd bits signal hnnh

value - - ++

low h: high frequency

frequency n: low frequency
+: original signal
-: inverted signal
high
frequency

MSK
signal
t

No phase shifts!
 Advanced Phase Shift Keying
• BPSK (Binary Phase Shift Keying): Q
– bit value 0: sine wave
– bit value 1: inverted sine wave I
– very simple PSK 1 0

– low spectral efficiency

– robust, used e.g. in satellite systems 10 Q 11
• QPSK (Quadrature Phase Shift Keying):
– 2 bits coded as one symbol I
– symbol determines shift of sine wave
– needs less bandwidth compared to
BPSK 00 01
– more complex A
• Often also transmission of relative,
not absolute phase shift: DQPSK -
Differential QPSK (IS-136, PHS) t

11 10 00 01
Thank you