17/05/2019

ESD

Electro Static Discharge

Content:
1. ESD Standards
2. Electrostatic Discharge (ESD)
3. Causes and Effects of ESD
4. Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)
5. ESD Precautions
6. ESD Packaging
7. ESD Marking
8. General Rules
9. Questions / Discussion
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Why this training?

Due to miniaturisation in
electronics and permanently
growing sensitivity of
components in the last few
years, the damage caused by
Electro Static Discharge (ESD)
is grown to a huge extent.

Why this training?

Everyone who handles ESD sensitive components and

electronic assemblies, is responsible for the application of
ESD-safety precautions.

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Für wem ist diese Schulung?

The ESD-safety regulations should be applied by all

employees, that work for or inside an electronic
company.

Für wem ist diese Schulung?

This is also applicable for

service- and cleaning personnel.
Staff from subcontractors and time employees
likewise, if involved in the production area, have
to be familiarised with the ESD-Handling
regulations, at least as far as necessary.

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1 ESD Standards

ESD Association Standard (USA)

– ANSI/ESD S20.20-2014
American ESD standard

– ESD TR 20.20-2016
ESD Handbook

1 ESD Standards

ESD Standard (Europe)

– IEC 61340-5-1, Ed. 2.0, 2016-05

ESD Standard
– IEC 61340-5-2, Ed. 1.0, 2007-08
ESD Handbook
– IEC 61340-5-3, Ed. 2.0, 2015-07
Packaging Standard

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1 ESD Standards

American and European ESD commissions

work together in this moment so the content of both
standards is almost the same.

1 ESD Standards

– Furthermore some companies

use the IPC-A-610 Acceptability
of Electronic Assemblies
standard.
This standard is not an ESD
standard but discusses in
chapter 3 the ESD issues and
refers to the ESD standards
mentioned before.

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1 ESD Standards

Other ESD documents

Globally there are a lot of other documents on ESD

available and used, published either by IEC, ESDA or
other organisations like for instance the American
Department of Defense.
It is not the intention of this training to list them all, not
even as an indication.

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(ESD)

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2 Electrostatic Discharge

What is ESD?

ESD is the abbreviation of:

Electro
Static
Discharge
bliksem.avi

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2 Electrostatic Discharge

ESD examples

List some examples of

ESD?
autodeur.avi

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2 Electrostatic Discharge

Example of ESD:

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2 Electrostatic Discharge

ESD (Electro Static Discharge)

Electrostatic Discharge (ESD) is the rapid transfer of a
static electric charge from one object to another of a
different potential that was created from electrostatic
sources.

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2 Electrostatic Discharge

ESD (Electro Static Discharge)

When an electrostatic charge is allowed to come in
contact with or close to a sensitive component it can
cause damage to the component.

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What is EOS?
EOS is the abbreviation of:

Electrical Over Stress

Electrical Overstress (EOS) is the internal result of an
unwanted application of electrical energy that results in
damaged components.

The cause can be ESD, but also short-circuit or

overvoltage!

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Electrical Overstress

This damage can be from many different sources, such as

electrically powered process equipment or ESD occurring
during handling or processing.

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2 Electrostatic Discharge

Video ESD
ESD Video Infineon

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2 Electrostatic Discharge

What is ESDS?
ESDS is the abbreviation of
Electro
Static
Discharge
Sensitive

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ESDS
• Electrostatic Discharge Sensitive (ESDS)
components are those components that are
affected by these high-electrical energy surges.
• The relative sensitivity of a component to ESD is
dependent upon its construction and materials.
• As components become smaller and operate
faster, the sensitivity increases.

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Examples of ESDS:
• microcircuits
• discrete semiconductors,
• thick- and thin-film resistors,
• hybrid devices und
• piezoelectric crystals.

It is possible to determine device and item susceptibility by

exposing the device to simulated ESD events.

The level of sensitivity, determined by test using simulated

ESD events, may not necessarily relate to the level of
sensitivity in a real life situation.

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Examples of ESDS
Component type Range of EOS/ESD
susceptibility (V)
VMOS 30 – 1800
MOSFET 100 – 200
GaAsFET 100 – 300
EPROM 100 Plus
JFET 140 – 7000
SAW 150 – 500
OP AMP 190 – 2500
CMOS 250 – 3000
Schottky Dioden 300 – 2500
Film-Widerstände (Dick, Dünn) 300 – 3000
Bipolar Transisitoren 380 – 7800
ECL (PDC LP-Level 500 – 1500
SCR 680 – 1000
Schottky TTL 100 – 2500

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Beispiele von ESDS:

• However, they are used to establish a baseline of
susceptibility data for comparison of devices with
equivalent part numbers from different manufacturers.

• Three different models are used for characterization of

electronic components:
- Human Body Model (HBM),
- Machine Model (MM),
- Charged Device Model (CDM).

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ESDS
ESDS components can fail to operate or change in
value as a result of improper handling or processing.
These failures can be immediate or latent, depending
on:
• The components degree of sensitivity to
ESD/EOS

• The height of the generated charge

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ESDS
• The result of immediate failure can be additional
testing and rework or scrap.
• However the consequences of latent failure are
the most serious.
• Even though the product may have passed
inspection and functional test, it may fail after it
has been delivered to the customer.

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• That’s why during the whole production process

of a product, during its functional test until it is
build in the product housing, products
appropriate safety precautions, correct
packaging materials and correct handling
should be applied.

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The weakest link?

Quelle: IEC-6130-5.2
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How does
electrostatic
Wie entsteht Elektrostatik
charging occur?

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How does electrostatic charging occur?

To create static charges we have to make contact and loose

contact, by separation or by friction. opwekken van ESD.AVI

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Electrostatic
• Static electric charge
Elektrostatik-2 • Uneven distribution of
electrons

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Electrostatic charging
The materials can create conductor/Isolator
or Isolator/Isolator -pairs.

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Electrostatic electricity

If materials are separated,

one side will be positively
charged and the other
side will be negatively
charged.

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How electrostatic
charge
Wie Elektrostatik is generated
aufgebaut wird

Contact and
separation of
materials

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Charging by friction
Aufladung durch Reibung

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Elektrostatic Charging

The level of charge build-up depends on the

„dielectric constant“ (the ratio of the capacitance
between two electrodes with a solid, liquid, or gaseous
dielectric, to the capacitance with air between the
electrodes) of the materials.

Depending on which type of material

(see tribo-electric series)

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2 Electro Static Discharge

Tribo-Electric Series

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Positive – Negative
• In the case of a
positive/negative charge,
the build-up charge
(positive/negative) will
discharge rapidly.
• This rapid discharge is
Build-up
called electrostatic
discharge (ESD). Discharge

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2 Electrostatic Discharge

Electrostatic charge generation

– Our body can be electrostatically charged at levels way
above 25000 Volt.
– We can feel a ESD discharge above ca. 2000 – 3000 Volt.
– We can see a ESD discharge above ca. 9000 -10000 Volt.
– Most sensitive IC’s can get destroyed already at levels
below 10 Volt (from 1,5 V).

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Other charge generators

• Non-grounded solder iron
• Clothing
• Plastic bags
• Non-ESD safe
packagingmaterial
• Computerscreen testers

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Perception
Wahrnehmung
≥ 5000V Hear

≥ 3000V Feel

≥ 10000V See

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The effect of humidity

Source 10-20% humidity 65-90% humidity

Walking on carpet 35.000 V 1.500 V
Walking on vinyl flooring 12.000 V 250 V
Worker at a bench 6.000 V 100 V
Vinyl envelopes 7.000 V 600 V
(Work Instructions)
Plastic bag picked 20.000 V 1.200 V
up from the bench
Work chair with 18.000 V 1.500 V
foam pad

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Electrostatic field
Buildup by a person
Elektrisches Feld

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Example charge build-up at work area

Relative Humidity of 65-90 %

Walking on PVC floor 250 Useage of plastic

V/m showcases 600 V/m

Walking on carpet 1500 Seated activities

V/m 100 V/m

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Capacity change in human

beings
Kapazitätsveränderung

Bend over: 4% Standup: 15%

higher charge higher charge

Lift both feet: Lift one foot

33% higher (standing): 16%
charge higher charge

Lift one foot:

15% higher
charge

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Typical Static
Charge Sources:

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Static charges occur

• if non-conductive items are lifted

• If plastic containers are lifted or opened

• If shoes with plastic soles are lifted from the

carpet

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ESD in daily life

Lightning
– Air insulation distance from about 1 km.
– Breakthrough voltage about 300.000.000 V (300 MV).

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2 Electrostatic Discharge

ESD in daily life

Discharge of people

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ESD in daily life

Examples of ESD failures
• Explosion of the hydrogen filling of the
Hindenburg Zeppelin (1937, 38 people died)
• Explosion by fuel tank of a space booster in
America (1970’s, 3 people died)
• Explosion of the fuel of a Pershing-Rocket near
Heilbronn (D) (1985, 3 died, 9 injuries)
• Failure of IC‘s in GSM-telephones

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2 Electrostatic Discharge

• Insulation clearance smaller than 0,18 mm.

• Breakthrough voltage smaller than 20 V.

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Destruction by static charges

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3 Causes and effects of ESD

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3 Causes and effects of ESD

Effect of ESD • ESD on an ESDS

component like an
Integrated Circuit (IC) can
have disastrous effects

• The tiny conductors (circuits)

inside the IC can’t conduct
the high current/voltage and
will burn

At high magnification (1000x) the ESD-damage,

in this case a burned conductor, will be visible

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3 Causes and effects of ESD

Destroying Effect of ESD

We have to prevent that static
charged components can get
into contact with other
conductive materials
(surfaces, packaging, tools)
and will be „hardly“ grounded,
this means they will discharge
with a high (destructive)
speed.

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Destroying Effect of ESD

One must make sure
• that the materials inside the EPA can
not be charged at high levels or
• that charges can be neutralised
quickly.

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3 Causes and effects of ESD

Destroying Effect of ESD

Charges that are not discharged can lead
to differences in potential and create
electrostatic fields that are dangerously
high.

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3 Causes and effects of ESD

ESD-safety measures
Implementing ESD- safety measures
alone does not guarantee a trouble free
result.

Only in combination with training

optimum results will be achievable.

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The effect of Electro

Static
Was bewirkt Discharge
Elektrostatik

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Burned circuits inside an IC due to

Electro Static Discharge
Zerstörungen

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Burned circuits inside an IC due to

Electro Static Discharge

Zerstörungen

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3 Causes and effects of ESD

ESD Damage

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3 Causes and effects of ESD

ESD damage can occur by:

1. A charged person or object comes into
contact with an ESDS device.

Source: IEC 61340-5.1

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3 Causes and effects of ESD

ESD damage can occur by:

2. An ESDS device comes directly into contact
with a highly conductive surface while it is
exposed on an electrostatic field.

Source: IEC 61340-5.1

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3 Causes and effects of ESD

ESD damage can occur by:

3. A charged ESDS device comes into contact
with an other charged surface with a
different electrical potential.
The surface can but doesn’t
have to be grounded.

Source: IEC 61340-5.1

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3 Causes and effects of ESD

Effects on endproduct
• The electronic assembly or component doesn’t
always fail immediately.
• Sometimes there occur little cracks in the circuits.
• This means, the component or assembly can fail
over a while (at customers side).
• This results in degradation of the
component/product, higher costs, unhappy
customers etc.

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Degradation Component OK

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area

(EPA)

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

ESD safe workstation (EPA)

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

ESD Protected Area iaw IEC-61340-5.1

• An EOS/ESD safe workarea prevents damage to
sensitive components from spikes and static
discharges while operations are being performed.
• Safe workstations should include EOS damage
prevention by avoiding spike generating repair,
manufacturing or test
equipment.

ESD 71

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

• For ESD protection, a path-to-ground must be

provided to neutralize static charges that might
otherwise discharge to a device or assembly.
• ESD safe workstations/EPAs also have static
dissipative or antistatic work surfaces that are
connected to a common ground.
• Provisions are also made for grounding the
worker’s skin, preferably via a wrist strap to
eliminate charges generated on the skin or
clothing.

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• Handling of ESDS without ESD

protective covering or packaging shall be
performed in an EPA.
• Caution signs indicating the existence of the EPA
shall be posted and clearly visible to personnel
prior to entry to the EPA

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

• Access to the EPA shall be

limited to personnel who have
completed appropriate ESD
training.
• Untrained individuals shall be
escorted by trained personnel
while in an EPA.

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

The personal grounding system should be so that staff is

protected from injuries from live circuitry in case of
carelessness or failures in equipment.

To protect the personell in general a 1 MegaOhm

resistance is integrated in the wrist strap system

Workstations shall be connected to ground or equipotentially

bonded.

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

ESD Protected Area (EPA) Symbols

The boundaries of the EPA shall be marked. The
method used for marking is not standardised.

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

ESD safe workstation (EPA)

1 Series connected wrist strap iaw IPC-A-610
2 ESD-protective trays, shunts etc.

3 ESD-protective table top

4 ESD-protective floor or mat

5 Building floor

6 Common ground point

7 Ground

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

ESD safe workstation (EPA)

1 Parallel connected wrist strap iaw IPC-A-610
2 ESD-protective trays, shunts etc.

3 ESD-protective table top

4 ESD-protective floor or mat

5 Building floor

6 Common ground point

7 Ground

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

IEC 61340-5-2:
Example of individually grounded benches -
Recommended

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

IEC 61340-5-2:
Example of a series ground connection of benches -
NOT recommended!

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

An EPA can be, f.i.:

• A building,
• A entire room or
• A workstation

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area(EPA)

Workstations at which ESDS are handled, have to fullfil

ESD-safety regulations.

This includes floors, seats, work surfaces, accessoiries,

tools,
equipment and
machines.

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area(EPA)

Give some examples of environments where

ESD risks can occurr?
• Installation and production workfloor.

• Repair and maintenance operations at the workstation or at the

customer.

• At wharehouse during kitting.

• Field operations.

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

ESD-damage can occurr everywhere!

• Incoming goods
• Acceptance/Inspection
• Production
• Installation
• Testing
• Wharehouse
• Packaging
• Transport
• Maintenance

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ESD Protected Area iaw IEC-61340-5-1

• Which ESD requirements and procedures

are applicable in the company is written
in the ESD control plan of the company.
• In the IEC-61340-5.1 the requirements
that should be taken in account are listed.

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

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Check ESD safe workstation iaw IEC-61340

(Example)

Daily check:
• Wrist strap

• Shoes/ heel strap

• Coat (buttoned down)

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Check ESD safe workstation iaw IEC-61340

(Example)
3 Monthly check:
• Floor
• Tables
• Chairs
• Roll carts
• Racks/Cupboards
• Clothing
• Marking/Warning stickers/Signs
• Tools

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4 Electrostatic Protected Area (EPA)

Check ESD safe workstation iaw IEC-61340

(Example)
Yearly check:
• Suppliers
(do they keep up with the ESD
regulations?)

• Testequipment (calibration)

• Staff (Training)

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5 ESD Precautions

Which ESD Precautions do you have in your company?

a) Wrist strap h) ESD safe tools

b) ESD floor i) ESD chairs

c) ESD shoes

d) ESD table or mat

e) Grounding

f) ESD coats/clothing

g) ESD packaging

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Personal wrist strap

• All seated
activities in an
EPA should be
conducted with
a wrist strap.

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5 ESD Precautions

• It should be attached securely to a

ground wire with a current limiting
resistor (1MΩ),
• This resistor is for personnel safety
(to 220 Volt) and for a slow drain of
static generated charges.

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Personal wrist strap

Wrong
Right

The purpose of wrist strap is proper grounding of employees that

contact electronics directly by hand. The static charge of the employee
is drained of in a slow manner to the earth bonding point (EBP).

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5 ESD Precautions

Testing personal wrist strap

and shoes

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Testing personal wrist strap

• Wrist strap is to be tested on a daily basis
together with the attaching wire to check for
functionality and documented.

• The wrist strap needs to be worn snugly

against bare skin, not over sleeves or
clothing.

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5 ESD Precautions

Testing personal wrist strap

• Wrist strap and wire have to be

connected with ground or equipotentially
bonded.

• The attachment wire has to contain a

current limiting resistor 1 x 106 Ohms
and 0,25 Watt.

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Wrist strap at EBP

• The EBP (Earth Bonding Point) is
the connection point where the
employee connect his/her wrist
strap to.

• Commonly under the work bench

(see picture).

• Sometimes as an snap-fastener
on the bench mat.

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5 ESD Precautions

Gloves and finger cots

Gloves and finger cots should be made from
dissipative or conductive Material.
Resistance:
7,5×105≤Rg≤1×1012Ohm

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ESD Boden
Innerhalb einer EPA findet
man öfters einen speziellen
ESD Boden oder dissipative
Bodenbeschichtung.
Die Ladung wird langsam
(kontrolliert) abgeführt.

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5 ESD Precautions

ESD floor
• All ESD floor surfaces in
an EPA should have a
resistance value that is in
compliance with IEC-
61340-5.1

• Dissipative floor mats are

used for smaller areas.

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ESD floor
• Inside an EPA we use dissipative
ESD floor materials or floor
coatings.
• This means the charge will be
drained of in a controlled slow
manner to ground.
• All floor mats and ESD floorings
should be connected to the same
grounding point.
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5 ESD Precautions

ESD floor
For the cleaning of ESD floors
only special cleaners should be
used!

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Testing ESD-safe floor or mat

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5 ESD Precautions

Testing ESD-safe floor or mat SIR meting vloer.AVI

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5 ESD Precautions

ESD field service kit

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5 ESD Precautions

ESD shoes / heel straps

• ESD shoes or heel straps connect your body (feet) with
the ESD flooring.

• In the case that an employee is charged with static

electricity, that charge will be drained of over the
shoe/heel strap through the dissipative floor to
ground.

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Dissipative heel strap

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5 ESD Precautions

Dissipative socks

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ESD shoes / heel straps

• Employees using heel straps are committed to wear
heel straps on both feet.

• When heel straps or ESD shoes are worn outside an

EPA (lunch break, smoking, etc.), the possibility of
contamination is increased.

• That's why it is an obligation that employees test their

heel straps or ESD shoes every time they enter the EPA
for correct function with an ESD tester (personnel
grounding tester).

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5 ESD Precautions

Testing the shoes schoenen

testen.avi

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ESD Tester • The ESD tester is commonly

positioned next to the
door/entrance of an EPA.
• Before an employee enters the
EPA, he has to test his wrist strap
and his ESD shoes/heel straps.
• First test the wrist strap and
afterwards the ESD shoes or heel
straps.

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5 ESD Precautions

ESD Tester
 Is this test good or wrong?

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ESD Tester

 What indicates Hi-Fail and Lo-Fail?

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5 ESD Precautions

ESD bench mats

• ESD Bench mat
(on the table/work
bench) have the same
function as ESD flooring,
a slow controlled
(dissipative) drain of
charges from the work
surface to ground.

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ESD bench mats

• Be carefull that employees in an EPA only do
solder operations on an properly grounded ESD
safe work bench or bench mat.
• Employees have to connect their wrist strap on
the bench mat or on the frame of the work
bench to the EBP.
• The solder equipment should also be
grounded/ESD safe (housing/ frame).
• The solderiron tip should be connected to
ground with a resistance of < 5 Ω

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5 ESD Precautions

Grounding

• All personnel that comes in

contact with ESD sensitive
devices inside an EPA have to
be connected to ground or
some kind of system that
eliminates potential difference.
Bron: IEC 61340-5.1
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ESD clothing
• Wrong clothing (synthetic, wool) is
one of the main generators of static
charges.
• The best way is to prohibit this
charge producing materials in an EPA.
• If not, it is important that charge
producing clothing is covered with an
ESD coat, that prevents contact with
ESDS devices.

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5 ESD Precautions

ESD smocks
• Synthetic materials, wool and
polyester should not contact/come
close to ESDS devices.
• Always fully button the ESD smock
and do not roll up your sleeves to
that point where charge produced
materials are exposed.
• The ESD smock functions like a
Faraday cage.

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5 ESD Precautions

Work clothing

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5 ESD Precautions

ESD clothing

According to the standard a

clothing material should have a
Point-to-Point-Resistance,
measured at several places
with round electrodes at a
distance of 30 cm of less than
1012 Ohm.

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ESD Chairs
• The movement from a person seated in a chair or
movement of the chair itself across the floor can
generate significant voltages.
• ESD control seating dissipates charge from the
user by providing a conductive path from the
portion of the body that is in contact with the chair
to the flooring material on which the seat rests.
• The ESD protective seating only functions on an ESD
floor

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5 ESD Precautions

ESD Chairs
• Take care that the wheels
are not contaminated

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ESD Chairs
Relieve charge
buildup by friction
in a controlled way,
max. Resistance
1010 Ohm wrijving 5.avi

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5 ESD Precautions

Testing the
resistance to
ground of
chairs iaw
IEC-61340

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5 ESD Precautions

Further relations with static charges:

• Surface roughness
• Surface condition
• Surface resistance
• Humidity
• Velocity of separation
• Contamination

125

5 ESD Precautions

Humidity
Relation between Surface
Resistance and humidity

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Air moisterizer
Because the charge buildup is in relation to the
humidity sometimes it might be neccessary to utilise
an air moisterizer.

127

5 ESD Precautions

Soldering stations
Solderingequipment should only be used at an ESD safe
workstation.
First make shure that yu have attached your personal grounding
equipment by means of wrist strap or floor system.
The soldering equipment should be ESD safe as well (grounded)
The tip should be grounded mit a maximum resistance of 5 Ohm.

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5 ESD Precautions

Paternoster Liftsystem, grounding is neccessary

here as well

129

5 ESD Precautions

Caution labels

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5 ESD Precautions

Storage and Transport

ESDS should be stored and transported in
their original packaging and unpacked just
before they are processed.

131

6 ESD Packaging

Dissipative or conductive casters

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5 ESD Precautions

ESD Packaging materials

• Packaging materials have many functions, i.e.
protection against:
– Shock,
– Moisture,
– Mechanical damage
– ESD
– etc.

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5 ESD Precautions

Insulators
• Insulators are the biggest risk.
• All non-essential insulators (plastic
pens, paper, etc.) shall be removed
from the bench in an ESD safe
workstation.

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

ESD 134

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5 ESD Precautions

Insulators
Some examples:
• Coffee cups
• Packaging for food
• Picture frames
• Pens
• Chewing gum
• Radio
• Cell phone

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

135

135

5 ESD Precautions

Insulators
• Required insulators can be used
inside the EPA if the following
criteria are met.

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

136

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5 ESD Precautions

Insulators

1. If the electrostatic field measured at the

position where the ESDS is handled
does not exceed 5000V/m

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

137

137

5 ESD Precautions

Insulators

2. if the electrostatic potential

measured at the surface of the
process required insulator
exceeds 2 000 V, the item shall
be kept a minimum of 30 cm
from the ESDS.

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

138

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5 ESD Precautions

Insulators

3. if the electrostatic potential

measured at the surface of
the process required
insulator exceeds 125 V, the
item shall be kept a minimum
of 2,5 cm from the ESDS.

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

139

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5 ESD Precautions

Insulators
• If the measured electrostatic field
or surface potential exceeds the
stated limits, ionization or other
charge mitigating techniques shall
be used.

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

140

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5 ESD Precautions

Ionisation
• Air ionisers neutralize the air.
• An air ioniser adds an equal amount of negative
and positive charge to its environment, whereby
insulators (such as PVC, teflon etc.) can
discharge within a few seconds in stead of a few
hours.
• An insulator (R > 100 GΩ) can not be grounded!

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

141

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5 ESD Precautions

Ionisation

A plastic balloon is electrostatic charged

and will not discharge itself by
grounding.

The balloon is an insulator and can not

transfer electrons over the surface.

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

142

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5 ESD Precautions

Ionisation

Air ionization is the most effective way

to remove electrostatic charges from
non-conductive (insulating) materials.

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

143

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5 ESD Precautions

Ionisation

• Because it uses only the air that is already

present in the work environment, air
ionization may be employed even in clean
rooms where chemical sprays and some
static dissipative materials are not usable.

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

144

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5 ESD Precautions

Ioniser
• Air ionization is not a replacement
for grounding methods.
• It is one component of a complete
static control program.
• Ionizers are used when it is not
possible to properly ground
everything and as backup to other
static control methods.
• In clean rooms, air ionization may be
one of the few methods of static
control available

145

5 ESD Precautions

Ionisation
Ionizers are commonly mounted at the ceiling, on the work
bench, and some times used in compressed air pistols.

It is important that there is enough airflow so that the ions are

properly spread.

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

146

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5 ESD Precautions

Ionisation

Bron: IEC 61340-5.1

ESD 147

147

5 ESD Precautions

Which ESD markings do we know?

ESD marking should be used at all ESDS
packaging containing ESD sensitive
components and/or ESD sensitive assemblies.

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5 ESD Precautions

ESD Marking
Marking should not
only be used at
packaging, but
everywhere inside /
outside the EPA if
there is a danger of
ESD damage.

149

5 ESD Precautions

ESD safe tool Non ESD safe

tool

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5 ESD Precautions

How can non ESD safe surfaces be

treated?
• With antistatic Spray antistatische spray op plastic.AVI

151

6 ESD Packaging

Packaging materials can be divided

according to their properties in one of 3
categories:
• Chargeability
• Conductivity/ Resistance
• Shielding properties

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6 ESD Packaging

Chargeability
• This property was a consideration in the past when we commonly
talked about antistatic materials.

• It was assumed that these could not be charged.

• Later on the term “Low-charging” was commonly used.

• In the last versions of the IEC standards these are not considered
any more since this is not the main function of the packaging
materials.

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6 ESD Packaging

Conductivity/ Resistance
• We talk about insulators/
conductors and
semi-conductors.
o A insulator is a material with a surface- or volumenresistance
equal or more than 1.0 x 1011Ω.

o Conductors have a resistance less than 1.0 x 104Ω.

o Semi-conductors are in between and are defined as materials

with a resistance equal or more than 1.0 x 104Ω but les than
1.0 x 1011Ω.

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6 ESD Packaging

Shielding properties
• In this case the protection of the products by packaging material
is considered.

• At the moment two types of shielding are defined:

o “Electrostatic Discharge Shielding” – This type resembles a Faraday cage.
Charges spread along the surface and can be discharged by grounding the
packaging. For ESD packaging most of the times this Faraday cage is a metal
layer in a bag or a box.

o “Electric Field Shielding” – Charges spread along the surface and can be
discharged by grounding the packaging. Current however might flow
through the volume of this type of packaging material.

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6 ESD Packaging

Types of ESD Packaging

• In general these types of ESD Packaging are used:
o Antistatic packaging

o “Low –charging” packaging

o Dissipative packaging

o Conductive packaging

o Static shielding packaging

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6 ESD Packaging

Antistatic packaging
• In general it was assumed that this type
of material was not chargeable.

• It does not have any shielding properties

and does not protect ESDS

• Often used as intermediate Packaging, often as a foam for

mechanical protection

• In the current standards thsi doesn’t have an official status any

more

157

6 ESD Packaging

Antistatic Packaging
• Colour mostly pink, but also green, blue,
transparent are used
• Polyethylen material
• Low cost packaging

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6 ESD Packaging

Low-charging Packaging
• Since even antistatic material can be charged a new
name has been used, “Low-charging”.

• This one also has lost its official status as of 2007.

159

6 ESD Packaging

Dissipative Packaging
• Dissipative materials are slow conductors

• Surface resistance 104 until 1011 Ω (IEC standard)

• Dissipative packaging is available in various colours

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6 ESD Packaging

Dissipative Packaging
• Our body, most components and ESD protective materials are
classified as being dissipative.

• Dissipatiev materials can be grounded (bench mat f.i.), the

current will be dissipated slowly to ground.

161

6 ESD Packaging

Conductive Packaging
• Conductive materialen have a surface resistance
below 104 Ω (IEC standard)

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6 ESD Packaging

Conductive Packaging
• In these type of packaging material products
containing batteries should not be packed since these
can get discharged.

163

6 ESD Packaging

Electrostatic shielding Packaging

• Electrostatic Discharge Shielding materials are generally layered.
• Outside and inside layer usually consist of dissipative polyethylene.
• In between there will be one or more metal layers, many times
evaporated on a Polyester.

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6 ESD Packaging

Electrostatic shielding Packaging

• Because of the metal layer the colour in general is silver, but green is
used as well (the idea here is that this can be used as an indication that
the contants are leadfree)

165

6 ESD Packaging

Electrostatic shielding Packaging

• Electrostatic shielding packaging protects assemblies
against ESD like a Faraday cage.

• Outside the EPA assemblies should be packed in this

kind of packaging.

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6 ESD Packaging

Electrostatic shielding Packaging

• Because of the layered construction this kind of
packaging is relatively expensive.

• If these packaging materials are grounded they can

discharge slowly.

167

6 ESD Packaging

Electrostatic shielding Packaging

• For moisture sensitive devices static shielding
packaging is used as well,
these protect also against
moisture ingress.

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6 ESD Packaging

Examples of ESD Packaging

169

6 ESD Packaging

Examples of ESD Packaging

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6 ESD Packaging

Examples of ESD Packaging

171

6 ESD Packaging

ESD Packaging – General rules

• Always use the proper packaging
• Packaging rules inside and outside of the EPA can be
different
• Packaging materials do not have the eternal life
• Take care that the products do not get contaminated
by the type of packaging material
• You can not rely on the colour

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6 ESD Packaging

Packagings regulations in IEC 61340-5-3

• Inside EPA
o Elektrostatic dissipative or conductive
• Outside EPA
o Only elektrostatic shielding, or
o Elektrostatic dissipative/ conductive and
elektrostatic shielding

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6 ESD Packaging

Packaging properties iaw. IEC 61340-5-3

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175

Where to use which

packaging?

Bron: IPC-A-610 176

ESD

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7 ESD Marking

ESD Marking

In the next slides we will discuss Marking as mentioned in:

• IPC-A-610, the industry standard for assemblies used

throughout the electronics industry

• IEC-61340-5-1 European ESD standard

• IEC-61340-5-2 ESD Handbook
• IEC-61340-5-3 ESD Packaging standard

177

7 ESD Marking

Which ESD Marking is mentioned in IPC-A-610?

• ESD susceptibility symbol is

a triangle with a reaching
hand and a slash across it.
• This is used to indicate that
an electrical or electronic
device or assembly is
susceptible to damage from
an ESD event.
ESD sensitive
• Also called ESD-sensitive.

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7 ESD Marking

Which ESD Marking is mentioned in IPC-A-610?

• ESD protective symbol differs
from the ESD susceptibility
symbol in that it has an arc
around the outside of the
triangle and no slash across the
hand.
• This is used to identify items
that are specifically designed to
provide ESD protection for ESD
sensitive assemblies and
ESD protective
devices

179

7 ESD Marking

Labels (Military)
• Sometimes one might find other Markings f.i. iaw. Military
standards (below left)

No official Status.

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7 ESD Marking

Which ESD Marking ist standardised?

• So far a marking of packaging
materials was recommended but ot
mandatory
• If a marking was used it should be
this symbol
• A letter at the location of the *
indicates the type/ properties/
funkton of the material
*

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7 ESD Marking

Which ESD marking ist standardised?

• Since only with the publication of IEC-61340-5-1:2016
and IEC-61340-5-3:2015 uniform marking rules have
been fixed, one might still find packagingen materials
containing false or “old” markings.

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7 ESD Marking

Which ESD Marking ist standardised?

In older standards (IEC-61340-5-1 until 2007) one could
find:

C= Electrostatic conductive
D= Electrostatic dissipative
S= Shielding
L= “Low Charging”

Very rarely one can find “A”, as an abbreviation for antistatic

In the 2007 Version of IEC 61340-5-1 no Symbol and letter

* combination is mentioned any more,
but a recommendation is made in IEC 61340-5-2.

183

7 ESD Marking

Which ESD Marking ist standardised?

IEC 61340-5.2, Version 2007:

C = Electrostatic Conductive
D = Electrostatic Dissipative
S = Electrostatic Discharge Shielding

As from 2007 no letter L or A is used any more. The reason for this
is that Low Charging (Antistatic) is not the primary function of the
Packaging material.

184

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7 ESD Marking

Which ESD Marking ist standardised?

IEC 61340-5.3, Version 2010:
S = Electrostatic Discharge Shielding
F = Electrostatic Field Shielding
C = Electrostatic Conductive
D = Electrostatic Dissipative

185

185

7 ESD Marking

Which ESD Marking ist standardised?

IEC 61340-5.3, Version 2015:

S = Electrostatic Discharge Shielding
F = Electrostatic Field Shielding
C = Electrostatic Conductive
D = Electrostatic Dissipative

* As from this version on it is mandatory that the

symbol is used in combination with the letter if
nothing else is specified in the customer
documentation.

186

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7 ESD Marking

EPA Marking
Even tough it is not
mandatory by the standard
in general the boundaries
of the EPA are indicated by
these markings.

187

7 ESD Marking

Labels

Furthermore it is a good
practice to indicate on the
package if it contains
sensitive components

188

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General Rules

Workstation
• Keep workstations clean and neat.
• Avoid using isolators like plastic, tape, etc.
• Eating, drinking or smoking are prohibited at
the workstation

189

General Rules

Personal grounding
• Follow the rules with regard to personal
grounding in the EPA
• With sitting operations in general a wrist strap is
used
• As an alternative ESD shoes or heel straps might
be used for standing operations
• Test the personal grounding at specified
intervals
• When wearing shoes mind the
contamination of the soles

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General Rules

Clothing
• If handling sensitive
components take care what type
of clothes you wear.
• If ESD smocks or T-Shirts are
amndatory use them.
• Always button up the smock and
do not roll up the sleeves

191

General Rules

Access to the EPA

• Every time when you enter the
EPA check your wrist strap and
ESD shoes at the Tester!
• Only people whoes personal
grounding means are working
shall be allowed entrance to the
EPA

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General Rules

Access to the EPA

• Visitors and untrained staff shall only be
allowed into the EPA if they are
accompanied by a trained Person
• They have to follow the rules for visitors at
all times

193

General Rules

Packaging
• Always use proper Packaging, follow the
rules of the company
• Inside the EPA dissipative or conduktive
• Outside the EPA shielding
• Make sure the packaging
material is not damaged!

194

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General Rules

Training
• All personell that comes into contact with
ESD sensitive assemblies or components
shall be trained
• They have to know and follow the
ESD rules of the company

195

General Rules

Responsibility
• Maintain and check the EPA at regular intervals
• Report failures in the EPA to the ESD coordinator
• Confront your collegues if they do not behave
according to the ESD rules

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General Rules

Handling
• Do not handle solderable surfaces with bare
hands or fingers.
• Body oils and salt reduce solderability.

197

General Rules

Handling
• Do not use handcremes or lotions containing
silicone.
• Special ESD-lotions to be used at EPA areas
are available.

198

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General Rules

Handling
Siliconfree
Lotions

199

General Rules

Handling
• Do not stack assemblies
• Use special racks to prevent physical
damage.

200

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 17/05/2019

General Rules

IPC-A-610 says:
It is acceptable:
• Handling with clean gloves and
full EOS/ESD protection.
• Handling during cleaning
procedures using solvent
resistant gloves meeting all
EOS/ESD requirements.
• Handling with clean hands by
board edges using full EOS/
ESD protection.

201

ESD is your
responsibility
202

202

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 17/05/2019

Questions / Discussion

203

203

EPA Workstation?

204

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 17/05/2019

Right or wrong?

205

Right or wrong?

206

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Right or wrong?

207

Right or wrong?

208

104
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Right or wrong?

209

Right or wrong?

210

105
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Right or wrong?

211

Right or wrong?

212

106
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Right or wrong?

213

Right or wrong?

214

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Right or wrong?

215

Right or wrong?

216

108
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Right or wrong?

217

Right or wrong?

218

109
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Right or wrong?

219

Right or wrong?

220

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Right or wrong?

221

Right or wrong?

222

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Right or wrong?

223

Right or wrong?

224

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Right or wrong?

225

Right or wrong?

226

113