(B.

TECH FIRST YEAR)

• TYPES OF FLUIDS…………………………………………………………………3

• VISCOSITY………………………………………………………………………….4

• COEFFICIENT OF VISCOSITY ………………………………………………….4

• REYNOLDS NUMBER…………………………………………………………….5

• STOKE’S LAW .…………………………………………………………………….5

• STREAMLINE AND TURBULENT FLOW .…………………………………….5

• CRITICAL VELOCITY …………………………………………………………….6

• BERNOULLI’S THEOREM ……………………………………………………….6

• POISEUILLE’S EQUATION ……..……………………………………………….9

TYPES OF FLUIDS:

• Ideal Fluid:

An Ideal Fluid is a uid that has no viscosity. It is incompressible in nature.

(Practically, no ideal uid exists.)

• Real Fluid:

All the uids are real as all the uid possess viscosity. Real uids are compressible in

nature.

Examples: Kerosene, Petrol, Castor oil

• Newtonian Fluid:

When the uid obeys Newton’s law of viscosity, it known as the Newtonian Fluid.

A Newtonian uid's viscosity remains constant, no matter the amount of shear applied

for a constant temperature.

Examples: water, air, emulsions

• Non-Newtonian Fluid:

When the uid doesn’t obey Newton’s law of viscosity, it is known as Non-

Newtonian uid

Examples: Flubber, Oobleck (suspension of starch in water)

• Non viscous uid: A uid that has zero viscosity is an ideal uid.

A uid that ows very easily and quickly.

• Compressible uid: When the density of the uid changes with the application of

external force, it is known as compressible uid.

• Incompressible uid : When the density of the uid doesn’t change with the

application of external force, it is known as an incompressible uid. Density of the

uid remains constant during its motion

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Viscosity :

“Viscosity is the quantity that describes a resistance (opposition) to ow of the

uid”. It arises as there is relative motion between corresponding layers of uid.

Coe cient of Viscosity:

Let, A & B are two adjacent layers of liquid which are in motion OY is xed plane.

x is distance of layer A from xed plane OY

x + dx is distance of layer B from xed plane OY

dx is distance between layer A & B.

v is velocity of layer A

v+ dv is velocity of layer B

F is viscous force between two layers.

According to newton’s law of viscous ow, viscous force exerted on faster layer by

adjacent slower layer is directly proportional to,

I) Area (A) of the layer

dv
II) Velocity gradient ( )
dx

dv
F = − η.A.
dx

Where, -η is coe cient of viscosity.

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Reynold’s Number:

• Fluid mechanics is a branch of physics that deals with studying uids and their

behaviour under di erent conditions. One of the most fundamental concepts in uid

mechanics is Reynolds number, a dimensionless quantity that describes the ow of

uids in di erent systems. In simple terms, Reynolds number helps predict uid ow

transition from laminar to turbulent.

• “Reynolds number, in uid mechanics utilised to determine whether uid (liquid or gas)

ow is absolutely steady (streamlined) or on the turbulent ow with small unsteady

uctuations.”

• As the Reynolds number is less than about 2000, ow in a pipe is generally laminar.

• If values greater than 4000, ow is usually turbulent.

Stoke’s law:

When a spherical body is owing with small velocity v through viscous liquid, the viscous

force is directly proportional to the terminal velocity v of body, radius of body and coe cient

of viscosity of liquid.

F∝ v , F∝r and F∝ η

F = k η rv

or F=6πηrv

where k - constant of proportionality = 6π

This is Stoke’s law.

Streamline ow (Laminar) and turbulent ow.

Streamline (Laminar) ow:

• When liquid ows steadily such that each particle of liquid follows exactly the same path

and has same velocity as that of other particles, such ow is called streamline ow.

• Energy dissipation in streamline ow is lower.

• As the velocity is variation is very small the pressure drop is lower.

• It is stable ow with well de ned ow paths.

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 APPLIED PHYSICS FLUID DYNAMICS

Turbulent ow:

• When velocity of uid cross the limit of critical velocity, the ow becomes unsteady and

irregular i.e. path and velocities of particle changes continuously, such ow is called as

turbulent ow.

• Energy dissipation in turbulent ow is high.

• As the velocity is variation is more the pressure drop is high.

• It is unstable and sensitive to disturbances.

Critical Velocity :
The velocity at which streamline ow becomes turbulent ow such velocity is called as critical

velocity.

Bernoulli’s Theorem :

Statement:

“When a non viscous and incompressible liquid ows in streamlines, the sum of

pressure energy, kinetic energy and potential energy per unit mass at any point in

streamline remains constant.”

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Mathematically it is represented as,

Proof:

Consider a liquid owing through a pipe.

Let, A1 & A2 are the cross sectional area at point A & B resp.

P1 & P2 are the pressure of the uid at point A & B resp.

V1 & V2 are the velocity of the uid at point A & B resp.

h1 & h2 are the velocity of the uid at point A & B resp.

ρ is density of liquid.
l1 & l2 are the displacement of the uid at point A & B resp.

As workdone is written as,

workdone (W) = Force x Displacement ————— (A)

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As we know,
Force(F )
Pressure(P) =
Area(A)

F = P.A
Displacement(l)
And , Velocit y(V ) =
Time(t)

l = V.t
So, equation (A) becomes,

W = P. A. V. t

At point A , work done (W1) is,

W1 = P1. A1. V1. t ————————————————————(1)

At point B , work done (W2) is,

W2 = P2. A2. V2. t ————————————————————(2)

The sum of kinetic energy and potential energy at point A and B is given by,
1
E1 = mV12 + mgh1 ——————————————————-(3)
2
1
E2 = mV22 + mgh2 ——————————————————-(4)
2
According to work-energy principle,

ΔW = ΔE
W1 - W2 = E2 - E1

W1 + E1 = W2 + E2

Now, put values from equation (1), (2), (3), (4) in above equation. We get,
1 1
P1. A1. V1. t + mV12 + mgh1 = P2. A2. V2. t + mV22 + mgh2
2 2
According to Continuity equation,
m
A1 . V1 = A2 . V2 = A . V =
ρ.t

Implies, we get,
1 1
P1. A. V. t + mV12 + mgh1 = P2. A. V. t + mV22 + mgh2
2 2

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m 1 m 1
P1. . t + mV12 + mgh1 = P2. . t + mV22 + mgh2
ρ.t 2 ρ.t 2
m 1 m 1
P1. + mV12 + mgh1 = P2. + mV22 + mgh2
ρ 2 ρ 2

Dividing equation by m,
P1 1 2 P2 1 2
+ V1 + gh1 = + V + gh2
ρ 2 ρ 2 2
P 1 2
+ V + gh = Constant
ρ 2

This is the required Bernoulli’s equation. It allows to calculate the pressure energy, kinetic

energy and potential energy at any point in the ow of the uid.

Poiseuille’s Equation:

“Poiseuille's derived the formula for the volume of liquid owing per second through a

horizontal capillary tube of uniform radius.”

Assumptions:

1) The ow of the liquid in the tube is steady and streamline and parallel to the axis of the

tube.

2) The pressure over any cross section normal to the axis of the tube is constant so that there

is no radial ow.

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3) The velocity of layer in contact with the walls of the tube is zero and increases uniformly

towards the axis.

Let, l → length of the capillary tube

r→ radius of the capillary tube

x→ distance of cylindrical layer from the axis of tube

v →velocity of this layer

dv
→ velocity gradient
dx

According to Newton's law of viscous ow

Let

dv
F = − η.A.
dx
where, η = coe cient of viscosity.

A= surface area of cylindrical layer.

A = 2πxl
dv
F = − η.2πxl . ————————————————————(1)
dx

As, P is the constant pressure di erence between two ends of the tube.

F is the pressure di erence x area of cross section

F=PxA

F = P x π . x 2 ————————————————————(2)

From equation (1) & (2),

dv
−η.2πxl . = P x π . x2
dx

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P
dv = − . x . dx
2ηl

Integrating,

P
∫ 2ηl ∫
dv = − x . dx

P
v=− . x 2 + C ——————————————————(3)
4ηl

At x = r ; v = 0

Hence,

P
0=− . r2 + C
4ηl

P
C= . r2
4ηl

Equation (3) becomes,

P P
v=− . x2 + . r2
4ηl 4ηl

P
v= . (r 2 − x 2) ——————————————————(4)
4ηl

At x = r ; v = 0

This equation gives velocity of liquid at a distance x from the axis of the tube.

I) Along the axis of tube i.e at x = 0 ; v = max

P
Vma x = . r 2 ——————————————————(5)
4ηl

II) As x increases, v decreases and x = r; v = 0

For nding out the volume of liquid owing through capillary tube.

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The volume dv of the liquid owing through shell is,

dV = velocity x cross sectional area

dV = v x 2πx.dx

From equation (4),

P
dV = . (r 2 − x 2).2πx . d x
4ηl

Total volume owing per second through the capillary tube is,

P r 2
∫ ∫
dV = (r − x 2).2πx . d x
4ηl 0

Pπ r
2ηl ∫0
V= (x . r 2 − x 3) . d x

Pπ x 2 . r 2 x 4 r
V= .( − )0
2ηl 2 4

Pπ r 4 r 4
V= .( − )
2ηl 2 4

Pπ r 4
V= .( )
2ηl 4

Pπ 4
V= .r
8ηl

This is required Poiseuille’s equation.

END

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