To Study Fluid

Dynamics

A project work for the partial fulfillment of grade XII in

physics.​

Submitted Submitted
By: to :​
- Niraj Bhusal Department Of PHYSICS ​
- Omit Arjel Nepal Mega College​
Babarmahal,kathmandu
- Parash Bam
Thakuri

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 Table Of Contents
S.N Title Slide No
1Introduction 4
2Viscosity 5
2.1Newton's formula for viscous force in liquid
2.2Coefficient of Viscosity
3Flowline 6
3.1flowline and steadyflow
3.2streamline(laminar)flow
3.3Turbulent flow
4Critical Velocity 7
4.1Reynold's Number
5Poiseullie’s Formula 8
5.1Application of poiseullie's Formula
6Stoke's Law 9
7Equation of continuity 10
8Energy of liquid in motion 11
9Bernoilli's Theorem 12
9.1Application of Bernoulli's Theorem 13
9.1.1 Atomiser or sprayer 13
9.1.2 Lift on an aeroplane 14
9.1.3 Flowmeter - Venturimeter 15
9.1.4 Spinning ball 15
10Conclusion 16
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 Acknowledgement
We would like to express our sincere gratitude to everyone who contributed to the
successful completion of this project on Fluid Dynamics. We extend our heartfelt
thanks to our mentor/teacher for their invaluable guidance, encouragement, and
support throughout the project. Their insights and suggestions greatly helped us in
understanding the concepts and refining our work.
We also appreciate the collective efforts, dedication, and cooperation that went
into researching, analyzing, and compiling this project. The teamwork and
commitment displayed throughout the process played a crucial role in ensuring the
quality and accuracy of our work.
Additionally, we acknowledge the various resources, reference materials, and
research studies that provided us with valuable information and helped us present
this topic in a clear and comprehensive manner.
Finally, we express our gratitude to everyone who supported us, directly or
indirectly, in completing this project successfully. Their encouragement and
assistance have been truly invaluable.
Thank you all!

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Introduction

• Fluid dynamics is vital in many modern fields.

• Fluid dynamics is the study of how fluids (liquids and gases) move.
• It's a branch of physics that helps us understand everything from how blood
flows through our veins to how airplanes fly.
• Ancient civilizations observed and applied fluid behavior (e.g., irrigation).
• Archimedes studied buoyancy and displacement.
• Da Vinci experimented and documented fluid flow.
• Newton's laws and viscosity concept were key.
• Euler, Bernoulli, and Navier developed flow equations.

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Viscosity
. Viscosity is the measure of a fluid's resistance to flow.
. It results from internal friction between layers of a moving fluid.
. It depends on temperature, pressure, molecular composition and structure of the liquid
. High-viscosity fluids (e.g., honey) flow slowly, while low-viscosity fluids (e.g., water) flow easily.

Newton’s Formula For Viscous Force in a liquid

F=-ηA dv
​ dx

Coefficient Of Viscosity
. It is denoted by η
. SI unit: N·s/m^2
. It depends on temperature

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Flow Lines
The path of individual particles in a moving fluid is called
a flowline

•Streamline Flow (Laminar

Flow)
• Smooth, orderly, and parallel flow of fluid.
• No mixing between layers.
• Low velocity and high viscosity fluids favor streamline
flow.
• Example: Water flowing slowly through a pipe.

•Turbulent Flow https://www.researchgate.net

• Irregular, chaotic, and swirling motion.

• Mixing of fluid layers occurs.
• High velocity and low viscosity fluids lead to
turbulence. 6
Critical Velocity
is the maximum velocity of a fluid up to which the flow
remains streamline (laminar)
η
Vc ​= Re
ρ.r

Reynolds Number
is a dimensionless quantity used to determine whether a
fluid flow is laminar or turbulent.

Initial Force
Re
Viscous Force
=

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Poiseuille's Formula
Poiseuille’s Formula describes the laminar flow rate
of an incompressible, viscous fluid through a cylindrical
pipe. It is given by: 4
𝜋 𝑃 𝑟
V =8 η l

• Applies only to laminar flow.

• Shows that flow rate is highly sensitive to pipe
radius (r^4 factor).
Applications :
• Used to study how blood flows through blood vessels.
• Used in designing syringes for smooth drug delivery.
•Helps in calculating the flow of crude oil, natural gas, and other
fluids in pipelines.
•Helps in controlling ink flow in inkjet printers for precise printing.

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Stokes' Law:
. Stokes' Law describes the force of viscosity on a small sphere moving

through a fluid.
It is given by the equation:
F=6πηrv

https://www.sciencefact.net 9
Equation of Continuity:
The Equation of Continuity states that for an incompressible
fluid, the mass flow rate remains constant:
A1​V1​=A2​V2​

where:
•A1​andA2​are the cross-sectional areas of the pipe at two
points,
•v1​and v2​are the velocities of the fluid at those points.
This means that if the cross-sectional area of a pipe
decreases, the velocity of the fluid must increase to
maintain the same flow rate.
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 Energy of Liquid in Motion
Kinetic Energy Potential Energy
It is the energy possessed by a liquid
It is the energy possessed by a liquid by virtue of its height or
by virtue of its motion.
position above the surface of earth .
If v be the velocity and m be the
The potential energy of a liquid of mass m at a
mass then, KE = 2
K.E per of the
P.E per unit mass (gravitational head),
liquid:
K.E per unit mass (kinetic head),
2 1 EPE = = 𝑔h
Ek = = 𝑚𝑣
2
2

Pressure Energy
The energy possessed by a liquid by virtue of its pressure is called pressure
energy.
Pressure energy of liquid in volume dV = PdV
The mass of the liquid having volume dV = ρ dv
Therefore, pressure energy per unit mass (pressure head) of the liquid,
EP =

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Bernoulli's Theorem:
It states that for the streamline flow of an ideal liquid (incompressible and
non viscous), the total energy per unit mass remains constant at every
cross section throughout the flow .
That is 2
E = + gh + =
constant

Byjus.com
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Applications of Bernoulli's Theorem
1) Atomizer
•High-Speed Airflow – Air moves rapidly through the horizontal tube (B → N).
•Low-Pressure Region – Bernoulli’s principle causes lower pressure at the
vertical tube junction (P₂ < P₁).
•Liquid Drawn Up – The pressure difference pulls liquid from the reservoir (R).
•Spray Formation – The liquid is atomized into fine droplets at the nozzle (N).

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2) Lift on an Aeroplane
•Faster Airflow on Top – Air moves faster over the curved upper
surface of the wing.
•Lower Pressure Above – According to Bernoulli’s principle,
faster air creates a low-pressure region.
•Slower Airflow Below – Air beneath the wing moves slower,
maintaining higher pressure.
•Pressure Difference Creates Lift – The higher pressure below
pushes the wing upward, generating lift.
•Lift Supports Flight – This upward force enables the airplane to
stay in the air.

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3) Flowmeter-venturimeter
4) Spinning ball
•Uses Bernoulli’s Principle – Measures fluid flow •Spin Creates Pressure Difference – The spinning ball moves air
based on pressure and velocity changes. at different speeds on either side, causing a pressure imbalance.
•Pressure Difference – A wider section and a narrow •Magnus Effect Alters Trajectory – The pressure difference
throat create a pressure drop. generates a force that changes the ball’s path, making it curve.
•Flow Rate Calculation – The change in velocity and •Direction & Speed of Spin Matter – The ball can rise, drop, or
pressure helps determine the fluid flow rate. curve depending on how fast and in which direction it spins.

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 Conclusion
In conclusion, fluid dynamics plays a crucial role in understanding the behavior of
fluids in motion, which has a wide range of applications in fields like engineering,
medicine, and environmental science. We have explored key concepts such as
viscosity, flow types, Reynolds number, Bernoulli's theorem, and the continuity
equation. These principles not only help explain everyday phenomena like weather
patterns and blood flow but also contribute to advancements in technology, from
aircraft design to industrial fluid handling.
Fluid dynamics continues to be a vital area of study, influencing innovations and
improving efficiency in numerous industries. As we further explore these concepts,
the potential for future research and applications remains vast, making it an
exciting field for continued learning and discovery.

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Thank You
- Any Queries??

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