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Reflections and Transformations

The document explains reflections and transformations of graphs, focusing on how reflections over the x-axis and y-axis affect the coordinates of graphs. It provides examples of how to determine the equations of reflected graphs and discusses horizontal and vertical shifts. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding the relationship between original and reflected graphs through graphical representation.

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6 views11 pages

Reflections and Transformations

The document explains reflections and transformations of graphs, focusing on how reflections over the x-axis and y-axis affect the coordinates of graphs. It provides examples of how to determine the equations of reflected graphs and discusses horizontal and vertical shifts. Additionally, it emphasizes the importance of understanding the relationship between original and reflected graphs through graphical representation.

Uploaded by

sbumanqoba006
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Reflections and Transformations

No category Today 01:28

What is a reflection?
- A reflection refers to flipping a graph over a certain line, which creates a
mirror image of the original graph.

Example:

From the above diagram, one can take the x-axis as a mirror because the
graphs can see one another through it(the mirror).
So, in this case whereby the mirror is the x-axis we say that the graph is
reflected over the x-axis.
Types of Reflections
1. Reflection over the x-axis
- The above diagram clearly shows what would happen if we reflect a graph
over the x-axis.
- The y-values are the only values that are going to change since we are
shifting the original graph vertically.
- Since the x-axis acts like a mirror, this implies that the y-values of the
reflection of the original graph will have same y-values but with different
signs.
- For example, the graph in red turns where y=1 but its reflection turns where
y=-1. Notice that the y-values of the two graphs differ in signs.

Example:
Given f(x) = (x-1)² +9
a) Determine the coordinates of the y-intercept.
f(0)=10
(0;10)
b) Determine the coordinates of the turning point.
(1;9)
c) Determine the equation of h if h is the reflection of f over the x-axis.
* Recall that we said only y-values change when we reflect a graph about the
x-axis
h(x) = -f(x)
h(x)=-[(x-1)²+9]
h(x)= -(x-1)²-9
d) Sketch the graphs of f and h on the same set of axes.
-From this sketch, it is easy to observe that the y-values of h and the y-values
of f have different signs.

2. Reflection over the y-axis


In this case, the y-values remain constant while the x-values change.
The x-values will differ by signs.

Example:
Given f(x)=(x+2)²-4
a) Calculate the x-intercepts of f.
f(x)=0
0=(x+2)²-4
(x+2)²=4
x=0 and x=-4
b) Determine the coordinates of the turning point.
(-2;-4)
c) Determine the equation of g if g is a reflection of f over the y-axis.
* Recall that we said only x-values change when we reflect f about the y-axis
h(x)=f(-x)
h(x)=(-x+2)²-4
d) Sketch the graphs of f and g on the same set of axes.
From the above sketch, it is easy to see that only x-values change by a sign
when we reflect a graph about the y-axis.
I won't touch on the other types of reflections in this set of notes!!!

TRANSFORMATIONS
What is a transformation?
A transformation refers to changing/modifying a function/graph to create a
new one. Reflecting a graph is part of transformation since we are changing
the graph to create a new one. It turns out though that we can make some
more changes to our graph. One way to change our graph even more is by
shifting it vertically/horizontally.

Horizontal shift
-This refers to shifting our graph by certain units to the left/right.
- We add n units to x when we shift our graph to the left, we subtract n units
when we shift it to the right.
Example:
Given f(x)=x²+9
Shift f 2 units to the right to get g
g(x)=(x-2)²+9

Vertical shift
- This refer to shifting our graph by certain units upwards/downwards.
- We add k units to the equation when we are shifting our graph upwards.
- We subtract k units from the equation when we are shifting our graph
downwards.
Example:
Given f(x)=x²+9
Shift f 4 units down to get g
g(x)=x²+9-4=x²+5

Examples:
6.1 f(0)=-(0+1)²+9=8
C(0;8)

6.2 q=8
D(-1;9)
y=a.2^x +8
9=a.2^(-1) +8
1=½a
a=2

6.3 y>8

6.4 Oops, we did not talk about this type of a reflection. Note that the distance
from the original graph to the mirror(line of reflection) should be equal to the
distance from its reflection to the mirror. What is the vertical distance
between D and the mirror(y=9)? The distance is 9-8 which is 1 unit. This
implies that the distance from the mirror to the turning point of the
reflection(D¹) will be 1 unit.
So 7-1 is 6 which implies that D¹(-1;6)
6.5 Note that k concaves up(a>0), but it still turns at y=9 like f. This tells us
that the first transformation that we made was to reflect our graph over the
line y=9. Another transformation that we made was to shift our graph by 1
unit to the left.

Let us make sense of this graphically

- I hope it is clear now that the transformation that f has undergone to form k
is reflecting f over y=9 and shifting it 1 unit to the left.

6.6 Do it yourselft
6.7 We are given a decreasing exponential function with f(x) -5 as an
exponent. The first step to finding a minimum value of this exponential
function is by finding the min/max value of f(x). Since f has a<0, it attains a
maximum value at its turning point.
What is the maximum value of f(x)?
f does not exist above y=9 which implies that its maximum value is y=9
What is the maximum value of f(x) -5?
y=9-5=4
Solution is y=(⅓)⁴=1/81

8.1 x=2 and y=1


8.2 x-intercept
0=2/(x-2)+1
-1(x-2)=2
-x+2=2
x=0
y-intercept
h(0)=2/(0-2)+1
y=0
8.3

Do not forget to fully label your graph!!!!!!!!

8.4 x€R, x≠2

8.5.1 h is shifted 3 units to the left


8.5.2 h is shifted 2 units down

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