Loads

Presented by: Marie Laurece Eva

 Introduction
Bridge structure are designed to carry traffic during their service lives.

1. Those acting on the superstructure

2. Those acting on the substructure
Standard Specification of Highway Bridges:
1. Principal Loads (P)
2. Subordinate Loads (S)
3. Special Loads corresponding to Principal Loads (PP)
4. Special Loads corresponding to subordinate Loads (PA)
According to the Bridge Location and
Bridge type, the above-mentioned
loads should be selected appropriately
during the structural design and
analysis, but not necessarily consider
all the loads.
 Deadload
1. Facilities and additives (or accessories) on the bridge, such as
guardrail, lamp standard etc.
2. Self-weight of the deck system, such as deck, pavement, and
pedestrian etc.
3. Self-weight of the floor system, such as stringer, transverse beam
etc., and
4. Self-weight of the main girder or main structure system, including
the floor beam etc.
 Liveload
Generally, refers to loads due to moving vehicles that are dynamic, or
the loads that change their positions with respect time.

For highway bridges, the live load includes the vehicle load and
sidewalk load.
 Vehicle Load
Most significant component of live load and varies depending on the
bridge location, type of vehicles expected, and the traffic conditions of
oversize vehicles.
 Sidewalk Load
Live load applied to the pedestrian walkways along the bridge.

Typically based on the expected number of pedestrian using the

walkway and their weight.
 Impact Load
Additional load applied to the bridge due to the dynamic effects of
moving vehicles.

Important for bridges carrying high-speed traffic or heavy vehicles.

 Environmental Loads
Those that arise from surrounding environment ad can significant
impact the structural behavior.

1. Temperature Load
2. Wind Load
3. Earthquake Load
 Conclusion
In bridge design, understanding and accounting for various loads is
essential for ensuring safety and stability throughout the structure's
service life. Loads are classified into primary and secondary types,
with principal loads including dead loads, live loads, and
environmental or special loads. Dead loads are constant forces from
the weight of the bridge's components, while live loads are dynamic
and change with traffic conditions. Environmental factors like wind,
temperature fluctuations, and seismic activity also affect the
structure. Each load type, whether static or dynamic, must be
carefully considered to account for variations in the bridge's lifespan,
especially given that traffic patterns and environmental conditions
may evolve. By addressing all potential loads, engineers can design
bridges that maintain their strength and performance under various
conditions, ensuring their long-term durability and functionality.
 Summary
Provides an overview of the various loads that must can be
considered in bridge design, including dead loads, liveloads, and
environmental loads. Dead loads refer to the constant weight of the
bridge structure and its permanent attachments, while liveloads are
dynamic forces from moving vehicles and pedestrians.

Environmental loads arise from factors such as temperature changes,

wind, and earthquakes, significantly impacting the bridge’s structural
behavior. Loads are classified into principal and subordinate
categories, with special loads addressing specific conditions or
events. Understanding these loads is essential for ensuring the safety
and stability of bridge structure throughout their service lives.
Thank you.
 LIVE LOAD
IN US
SPECIFICATION
Lea Lene Echavez
CATEGORIES OF VEHICULAR LIVE
LOAD
• DESIGN TRUCK LOAD
• DESIGN TANDEM LOAD
• DESIGN LANE LOAD
DESIGN TRUCK LOAD
• Front Axle Weight: 35,000 N.
• Double Rear Axles Weight: 145,000 N each.
• Axle Spacing: Varies from 4300 mm to 9000 mm for extreme force effects.
• Tire Contact Area: Rectangle (510 mm width, 250 mm length).

DESIGN TANDEM LOAD

• Axle Weight: 110,000 N each.
• Axle Spacing: 1200 mm apart.
• Wheel Transverse Spacing: 1800 mm

DESIGN LANE LOAD

• Uniformly Distributed Load: 9.3 N/mm (longitudinal direction).
• Load Width: 3000 mm (transverse direction).
LOADING CONDITIONS
Considered for extreme force effects:
1.Design tandem + design lane load.
2.One design truck with variable axle spacing + design lane load.
3.Negative bending moment regions:
⚬ 90% of two design trucks (15,000 mm axle spacing) +
⚬ 90% of design lane load.
 IMPACT
When live loads move rapidly across structures, they produce dynamic effects.
These effects lead to larger stresses than if the loads were applied gradually.

Caused by:
⚬ Road roughness.
⚬ Expansion joints.
⚬ Engine vibrations, etc.
To incorporate the impact factor (i) into bridge design for accurate stress calculations.
Factors Influencing Impact:
• Bridge span length.
• Structural type.
• Ratio of dead load to live load.

Design Standards:
• Example: Japanese Bridge Design
Specification determines impact factor
based on:
⚬ Bridge type.
⚬ Span length.
⚬ Structural configurations.
WIND
WIND LOADS IN BRIDGE DESIGN
Wind loads are forces exerted by wind flowing around a structure. In
bridge design, this is the wind pressure acting on the bridge components.

Key Influencing Factors:

• Peak wind speed. Importance:
• Terrain type. • Critical for large-span bridges like
• Bridge span and structure type. cable-stayed and suspension bridges.
• Ensures strength, stiffness, and
stability.
Thank you.
Types of Loads to be
Considered On Bridge
Construction Design

By: Michael Jay Francisco

TEMPERATURE
Determinate Structures: These
structures will expand or contract with
temperature changes but do not
develop internal stresses.

Indeterminate Structures: These have

constraints that prevent free
movement, causing internal stresses
comparable to live load stresses due to
temperature changes.
Types of Temperature Changes
Uniform Change: Occurs over the year due to
seasonal variations. This causes the entire
structure to expand or contract uniformly
along its length, leading to thermal forces if
constrained.

Gradient Change: Caused by solar radiation

and air temperature differences, leading to
non-uniform temperature changes along the
bridge’s height.
SEISMIC LOAD
It refers to the forces
exerted on a structure
during an earthquake,
primarily at contact points
with the ground or adjacent
structures.
Factors
●
Affecting Seismic
Seismic Hazard: The
Loading
likelihood of an earthquake
occurring.
● Geotechnical Parameters: Soil
and ground conditions at the
site.
● Natural Frequency of the
Structure: How the structure
vibrates naturally.
Seismic Design Philosophy
Performance-Based Design:
Focuses on how the bridge
performs during an earthquake.

Capacity Design: Ensures the

structure can withstand seismic
forces without collapsing.
SNOW AND ICE
In some places of the world, snow and ice
are significant for considerable period and
this should be considered in the bridge
design. This is especially for large span
bridges, such as cable-stayed bridges or
suspension bridges, on which the snow is
hard to be removed completely.
Summary
Temperature, seismic loads, and snow and ice significantly impact bridge
design. Temperature changes cause deformation, with determinate
structures expanding or contracting without stress, while indeterminate
structures may develop stress due to constraints. Seismic loading refers
to forces from earthquakes, and seismic hazard determines the intensity
of these forces, with structures in high-hazard areas designed to resist
stronger loads. Snow and ice affect large-span bridges, with snow weight
considered based on vehicle mobility—either as compressed snow or
heavy coverage. These factors must be carefully addressed to ensure
bridge safety and durability.
Conclusion
In conclusion, temperature variations, seismic loads,
and snow and ice are essential considerations in
bridge design. These environmental factors can
cause deformation, stress, and additional loads on
the structure. Properly addressing these challenges
ensures the safety, durability, and resilience of
bridges in varying conditions.
Thank you!
CONSTRUCTION LOADS &
LOAD COMBINATIONS FOR
BRIDGE DESIGN

JUSTIN JAY O. MONDEJAR

CONSTRUCTION LOADS

TEMPORARY FORCES DURING THE

CONSTRUCTION STAGE DUE TO EQUIPMENT
AND MATERIAL WEIGHT.
COMBINATIONS OF
LOADS
GROUPING MULTIPLE LOADS TO ANALYZE
BRIDGE SAFETY UNDER VARIOUS SCENARIOS.
LOAD TYPES FOR
COMBINATIONS
• PRINCIPAL LOADS: DEAD LOAD, LIVE LOAD, IMPACT
LOAD.
• SUBORDINATE LOADS: WIND, TEMPERATURE
VARIATIONS, SEISMIC FORCES.
• SPECIAL LOADS: SNOW, GROUND DISPLACEMENT,
BRAKING FORCES.
CONCLUSIONS
• CONSTRUCTION LOAD MANAGEMENT IS CRUCIAL TO PREVENT STRUCTURAL FAILURE.
• PROPER LOAD COMBINATIONS ENSURE BRIDGES MEET SAFETY AND PERFORMANCE
STANDARDS THROUGHOUT THEIR LIFESPAN.
THANK YOUUU