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Bridge Loading

The document discusses the various types of loads that must be considered in bridge design, including: - Dead load from bridge elements like the deck and railings. - Live load from moving vehicles, which are categorized based on expected traffic. - Impact load from sudden vehicle movements. - Wind load, longitudinal forces, and centrifugal forces from wind and vehicle movements. - Additional loads like buoyancy, water currents, thermal effects, seismic activity, deformations, and erection stresses. Each load type is explained in terms of how it affects the bridge design.

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mahavir damakale
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13 views26 pages

Bridge Loading

The document discusses the various types of loads that must be considered in bridge design, including: - Dead load from bridge elements like the deck and railings. - Live load from moving vehicles, which are categorized based on expected traffic. - Impact load from sudden vehicle movements. - Wind load, longitudinal forces, and centrifugal forces from wind and vehicle movements. - Additional loads like buoyancy, water currents, thermal effects, seismic activity, deformations, and erection stresses. Each load type is explained in terms of how it affects the bridge design.

Uploaded by

mahavir damakale
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Bridge Loading

R.M.KARAD
ASSITANT PROFESSOR
P.V.P.I.T, BUDHAGAON
Types of Loads in Bridge Design
• Dead load
• Live load
• Impact load
• Wind load
• Longitudinal forces
• Centrifugal forces
• Buoyancy effect
• Effect of water current
• Thermal effects
• Deformation and horizontal effects
• Erection stresses
• Seismic loads
Dead Load
• The dead load is nothing but a self-weight of the bridge
elements.
• The different elements of bridge are deck slab, wearing
coat, railings, parapet, stiffeners and other utilities.
• It is the first design load to be calculated in the design of
bridge
Live load
• The live load on the bridge, is moving load on the bridge
throughout its length.
• The moving loads are vehicles, Pedestrians etc. but it is
difficult to select one vehicle or a group of vehicles to design a
safe bridge.
• So, IRC recommended some imaginary vehicles as live loads
which will give safe results against the any type of vehicle
moving on the bridge.
• The vehicle loadings are categorized in to three types and
they are
• IRC class AA loading
• IRC class A loading
• IRC class B loading
IRC class AA loading

• IRC Class AA Loading


• This type of loading is considered for the design of new
bridge especially heavy loading bridges like bridges on
highways, in cities, industrial areas etc.
• In class AA loading generally two types of vehicles
considered, and they are
• Tracked type
• Wheeled type
Tracked
Wheeled
IRC class A loading
• his type of loading is used in the design of all
permanent bridges. It is considered as standard
live load of bridge. When we design a bridge
using class AA type loading, then it must be
checked for class A loading also.
IRC class B
• This type of loading is used to design temporary bridges
like Timber Bridge etc. It is considered as light loading.
Both IRC class A and Class B are shown in below figure.
IRC class B
Impact load
• The Impact load on bridge is due to sudden loads which
are caused when the vehicle is moving on the bridge.
• When the wheel is in movement, the live load will change
periodically from one wheel to another which results the
impact load on bridge.
• To consider impact loads on bridges, an impact factor is
used. Impact factor is a multiplying factor which
depends upon many factors such as weight of vehicle,
span of bridge, velocity of vehicle etc.
For IRC Class AA Loading and 70R Loading
If the length exceeds in any of the above limits, the
impact factor should be considered from the graph given
by IRC which is shown below.
For IRC class A and class B loadings
Impact factor If = A/(B+L) Where L = span in meters A and
B are constants
• Apart from the super structure impact factor is also
considered for substructures
• For bed blocks, If = 0.5
• For substructure up to the depth of 3 meters If = 0.5 to 0
• For substructure greater than 3 m depth If = 0
Wind load
• For short span – negligible wind load
• For medium span - wind load considered for
substructure design
• For long span - wind load considered in the
design of super structure.
Longitudinal Forces

• The longitudinal forces are caused by braking or


accelerating of vehicle on the bridge.
• When the vehicle stops suddenly or accelerates
suddenly it induces longitudinal forces on the
bridge structure especially on the substructure.
• IRC recommends 20% of live load should be
considered as longitudinal force on the bridges.
Centrifugal Forces
• On horizontal curves, the movement of vehicle
along curves will cause centrifugal force on to
the super structure.
• Centrifugal force can be calculated by
• C (kN/m) = (WV2)/(12.7R)
• Where , W = live load (kN)
• V = Design speed (kmph)
• R = Radius of curve (m)
Buoyancy Effect
• Buoyancy effect is considered for substructures
of large bridges submerged under deep water
bodies`
Forces by Water Current
• When the bridge is to be constructed across a river, some part
of the substructure is under submergence of water.
• The water current induces horizontal forces on submerged
portion.
• The forces caused by water currents are maximum at the top of
water level and zero at the bottom water level or at the bed
level.
• The pressure by water current is
• P = KW [V2/2g]
Where P = pressure (kN/m2)
K = constant (value depending upon shape of pier)
W = unit weight of water
V = water current velocity (m/s)
G = acceleration due to gravity (m/s2)
Thermal Stresses
• Due to temperature.
• When the temperature is very high or very low they
induce stresses in the bridge elements especially at
bearings and deck joints.
• These stresses are tensile in nature so, concrete cannot
withstand against this and cracks are formed.
• To resist this, additional steel reinforcement
perpendicular to main reinforcement should be
provided.
• Expansion joints are also provided.
Expansion Joint
Seismic Loads

• When the bridge is to be built in seismic zone or


earthquake zone, earthquake loads must be considered.
• They induce both vertical and horizontal forces during
earthquake.
• The amount of forces exerted is mainly depends on the
self-weight of the structure.
• If weight of structure is more, larger forces will be
exerted.
Seismic load
Deformation and Horizontal Effects
• Deformation stresses are occurred due to change is
material properties either internally or externally.
• The change may be creep, shrinkage of concrete etc.
similarly horizontal forces will develop due to
temperature changes, braking of vehicles, earthquakes
etc.
• Hence, these are also be considered as design loads in
bridge design.
Erection Stresses

• Erection stress are induced by the construction


equipment during the bridge construction.
• These can be resisted by providing suitable supports for
the members.

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