GROUP 1

LOADS
ON
 Table
of _02
_01
Conten
DEAD LOAD LIVE LOAD

_03
ts THERMAL,
_04
CENTRIFUGAL,
WIND LOAD AND TRACTION
LOAD

_05 _06
SEISMIC LOAD FLOOD LOAD
 LOADS ON
SUPERSTRUCTUR
E

Gravity Longitudinal Lateral

Loads Loads Loads

General Dead Load Live Loads

Dynamic
Allowance
Due to Live
Loads
Wind Loads

Loads on Vehicular
Loads
Pedestrian
Loads
Thermal
Loads
Seismic
Loads

Component Centrifugal
Truck Loads
Loads

Lane Loads

Extra Loads
Gravity Loads

Loads that act vertically downward.

Gravity Loads

Loads that act vertically downward.

Lateral Loads

Loads that are assumed to act horizontally.

 Loads on
Substructure

Gravity Loads Lateral Loads

Miscellaneous
Loads General
Loads on
Dead Load
Component
Live Load
 Dead
Load
Includes the deck slab, primary
members (beams or girders),
secondary members (including all
bracing, connection plates, etc.),
stiffeners, Diaphragms, floor
beam, cross frame, ….)
Superimp
osed
Dead
Load
Loads placed on the
superstructure after the deck has
cured and began to work with the
primary members in resisting
loads.
 Dead Load on Highway Bridge
Superstructure:

• Weight of all structural components and nonstructural

attachments (DC).

• Weight of wearing surfaces and utilities (DW)

Dead Load on Deck
Slab
• The deck slab has to support its own dead weight
plus the live load.
• Its weight depends upon its thickness and span
length in the slab bridge type.
• Typical slab girder in beam bridges depends on the
girder spacing.
Dead Load on
Girders
Supports its own dead weight and the
tributary área of the deck slab it
supports.
Live
Load
A load that moves along the
length of a span.
 TYPES OF LIVE
LOAD

Truck Load Lane Load Extra-Legal Load

A hypothetical design loading A hypothetical design Trucks that are designed
used to simulate a single loading used to simulate a beyond the legal load
truck on a bridge. It is the
train of trucks moving limit, or these are the
weight that the truck carries
across a bridge. trucks that are
while on the bridge.
overweight.
Truck Load

Classes of Truck Load Design and their Gross Vehicle

Weights:

❏ H10-44 (20,000 lb - 89 KN)

❏ H15-44 (30,000 lb - 133 KN)
❏ H20-44 (40,000 lb - 178 KN)
❏ HS15-44 (54,000 lb - 240 KN)
❏ HS20-44 (72,000 lb - 320 KN)
 Design of Lane
Lane Load Load
Extra-Legal Load
Conditions to be Considered as an Extra-
Legal Load

• The legal load of a given jurisdiction is significantly

greater than the AASHTO design loads.

•The roadway is expected to carry unusually high

percentages of truck traffic.

•Due to unusual circumstances, many trucks can

collect on certain areas of the bridge.

•Special industrial loadings are common due to the

location of the bridge.
Wind
Load Produced by the flow of
wind around the structure
Wind
pressures STATIC WIND
that causes PRESSURE
a bridge to
deform.

DYNAMIC WIND BUFFETING BETWEEN

MOVEMENT ADJACENT STRUCTURES

WIND EFFECTS ON
BRIDGES
 Cause long
span flexible Example:
bridges to suspension
oscillate in a DYNAMIC WIND bridge
number of DYNAMIC WIND MOVEMENT
Cable-stayed
different
MOVEMENT bridge
modes, at low
frequencies

BUFFETING BETWEEN STATIC WIND

ADJACENT STRUCTURES PRESSURE

WIND EFFECTS ON
BRIDGES
 The turbulent
cause by the eddy
BUFFETING BETWEEN
close proximity BUFFETING BETWEEN ADJACENT
formations
STRUCTURES
of the bridge ADJACENT STRUCTURES from the
structures. windward
bridge will
excite the
leeward
bridge.

STATIC WIND DYNAMIC WIND

PRESSURE MOVEMENT

WIND EFFECTS ON
BRIDGES
B
U • the randomly forced vibration
F of a structure due to velocity
fluctuations (i.e,. steady
F loading) in the oncoming wind
• characterized as a pure forced
vibration where the forcing
E function is totally independent
of the structure motion
T • associated with linelike
structure such as slender
I towers and decks and
suspended span bridges that
N exhibit aeroelastic effects.
G
Bernoulli’s Principle:

1 2
𝑞= 𝜌 𝑉
2
Bernoulli’s Principle:

1 2
𝑞= 𝜌 𝑉
2

) V – used in the determination of the design on a

structure.

velocity pressure (N/m^2)

basic wind speed (m/s)
velocity pressure exposure coefficient
2

Topocgraphic factor
𝑞=0.613 𝐾 𝑧 𝐾𝑧𝑡 𝐾𝑑𝑉

Wind directionality factor.

No. TERRAIN CATEGORY (m) (m)
0 Sea or coastal area exposed to the open sea 0.003 1
Lakes or flat and horizontal area with negligible vegetation without
I obstacles 0.01 1
Area with low vegetation such as grass and isolated obstacles (trees,
II buildings) with separations of at least 20 obstacle heights. 0.05 2
1 2
𝑞= isolated
Area with regular cover of vegetation or buildings or with 𝜌𝑉
2
III obstacles with separations of maximum 20 obstacle heights (such as 0.3 5
)
villages, suburban terrain, permanent forest)
Area in which at least 15% of the surface is covered with buildings
IV and their average height exceeds 15m. 1.0 10

𝐸𝑢𝑟𝑜𝑐𝑜𝑑𝑒1: 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑢𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑠 −𝐺𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛− 𝑃𝑎𝑟𝑡 1−4: 𝑤𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠

Thermal
Stress,
Centrifugal
Force, and
Traction
Load
 0
Modern architecture is a style of building
that emphasizes function and a
streamlined form over ornamentation.
3.Traction
Load

𝒅𝑳
𝒅𝑻
=𝜶 𝐿 Thermal
Stress
Since, is nearly constant
0 Centrifu
∆ 𝑳= 𝜶 𝐿 ∆ 𝑻
and very small, this formula
is used for practical 1. gal
Stress
0
purposes:

2.
 0
When a particle of mass m moves along a constrained curve path with
1.Thermal
a constant speed, there is a normal force exerted in the particle by the
constraint. It is caused by the centripetal (meaning “toward the center
Stress
of rotation”) acceleration and acts
perpendicular to the tangent to the path. For equilibrium, an equal
and opposite force called the centrifugal force, is transferred to the
path.
Centrifu
𝒎 𝒗
𝟐 gal
𝑭 =
𝒓 Stress
m = mass of particle
g = acceleration due to gravity
0
v = particle velocity
r = instantaneous radius of curvature of the path 2. Traction
Load
0
 0
Vehicle traction is the generated friction between a drive
2. gal
Centrifu
wheel and the road surface and is caused by the vehicle's Force
acceleration and the subsequent movement over the bridge
carriageway. These loads assume the nature of horizontal
loads applied to
the superstructure.
Traction
Load
0
Figure 3.1.23.1.2: Simplified diagram
of the variables related to a wheel
developing a net tractive force
3. Thermal
Stress
0
 Seismic
Load
Means the application of a
seismic oscillation to a structure.
This happens at contact surfaces
of a structure either with the
ground or with adjacent
structures. Where, only the
horizontal component of
earthquake ground motion is the
main cause of bridge damages.
Therefore, only horizontal
earthquake ground motion is
considered in the bridge design
and analysis. .
 AASHTO Seismic Design
Category
• Seismic Design Category is a classification assigned to a
•Seismic Design Category A: Category A represents areas with low
structure based on it's occupancy category, and the
seismicity and of the design earthquake ground motion. The
severity
minimal
category seismic hazard.
assignment Spectral
can range fromacceleration
A-F, and canvalues
be in
defined as the A
Category following
are relatively low compared to higher
categories.

•Seismic Design Category B: Category B represents regions with

moderate seismicity.
The spectral acceleration values in Category B are higher
than
in Category A but lower than in higher seismic design
categories.

•Seismic Design Category C: Category C represents areas with

significant seismic activity. The spectral acceleration
values in Category C are higher than those in
 AASHTO Seismic Design
Category

•Seismic Design Category D: Category D represents regions with high

seismicity and significant seismic hazard. Spectral acceleration values in
Category D are the highest among the non-extreme categories.

•Seismic Design Category E: Category E is reserved for areas near active

fault zones or regions with extremely high seismic hazard. Spectral
acceleration values in Category E are the highest and represent the most
demanding seismic conditions.
 are part of Environmental
Loads which act on bridges

Flood that are constructed over

streams. Bridges
Load constructed over river
crossings must be
designed for flood loads.
Components of Effects of Flood
Flood Load HydrodynamicLoad Impact Force Load

Hydrodynamic &
Impact Force
Components of Effects of Flood
Flood Load Hydrodynamic Load Impact Force Load

- are exerted by moving flood water against the bridge members

such as pier, abutments and superstructure in a submersible
condition.

-when flood water over tops the bridge. It composed of the following:

• Pressure force
• Drag force
• lift Force.
Components of Effects of Flood
Flood Load Hydrodynamic Load Impact Force Load

Force due to debris and logs hitting

against the bridge members such as
pier and abutments
Components of Effects of Flood
Flood Load Hydrodynamic Load Impact Force Load

High-velocity water flows, flooding, and overtopping can

erode and damage bridge approach slabs and abutments.
These flows also can cause scour around piers and
abutments, which can damage the bridge and even cause
structural soundness problems
PROBLE
M
SOLVIN
G
SAMPLE
PROBLEMS

DEAD LOAD
Steel beams are used to support the deck of a bridge with simple
span of 25m. The live load on each beam are as follows:

GIVEN:
Front Wheel = 35.6 kN
Rear Wheel = 142.4 kN
Wheel Base = 4.3 m

FIND:
a. Determine the maximum support reaction
b. Determine the maximum moment
c. Determine the maximum shear at midspan
SAMPLE
PROBLEMS
FLOOD LOAD
Suppose a small six-girder bridge is planned with dimensions
below

Dimension Value
Deck thickness (s) 2.5 m
Length (L) 280 m
Width (W) 11.2 m

Low chord elevation 106 mHeight of the free sur-face in 1000

year floodfrom the original stream elevation. 10 mThe bridge is
planned over a small stream with an enormous range of flow.
Suppose that the stream has a channel bottom elevation of 102
m at the crossing. The 1,000-year flood rises to elevation 110 m
and has an average velocity of 3.2 m/s. Determine the total drag
force.
FORMULAS USED:
h 𝑢 − h𝑏
h ∗=
𝑆

𝑣
F 𝑟 =
√ 𝑔 h𝑢

𝐹 𝐷
𝐶 𝐷 = , 𝑖𝑓 h ∗≥ 1
1 2
𝜌 𝑉 ( 𝐿𝑠)
2

𝐹 𝐷
𝐶 𝐷= , 𝑖𝑓 h ∗< 1
1 2
𝜌 𝑉 ( 𝐿 ( h𝑢 − h 𝑏 ) )
2
SAMPLE
PROBLEMS
SEISMIC LOAD
Design a highway overpass bridge with a moderate seismic
activity. The bridge is a simple supported span with the
following characteristics:

• Length of the bridge (span) = 40m

• Width of the bridge = 6m
• Type of soil at the bridge site: Loose soil
• Design earthquake Parameters:
• Seismic Design Category: B (Moderate Seismicity)
• Response spectrum parameters:
• Spectral acceleration(S_a): 0.4 g (“g” is the acceleration due
to gravity
 LOADS ON
BRIDGES

Gravity Longitudinal Lateral

Loads Loads Loads

Due to Live
Dead Load Live Loads Impact Wind
Loads

LOADS ON
BRIDGES
Vehicular Pedestrian Thermal Seismic
Loads Loads Loads Activity

Centrifugal
Truck Loads
Forces

Lane Loads

Extra Loads
 Thank
you!
MEMBERS:

ABUKE, ALDRIN D.
CAGUERHAB, LADY BERNADETTE D.
COBRANA, JONEL N.
DE GUIA, REYNALD R.
ESQUILLO, JETHRO R.
GRAJO, VAL JOHN T.
LAGUITAN, RONIEL V.
LUCABAN, BETTY MAE T.
MORADO, LUZ LYN I.
PECSON, ALLIAH MAE T.
SOSING, BRENT JESSAN S.
TENEDERO, MARK LENIN B.