INTRODUCTION

Through various investigations it is known that the origin of military logistics

dates back to the same history of conflicts and by extension to the history of
man, who in his purpose of maintaining and surviving, of increasing his well-
being and his power, saw that it was necessary to fight with nature, for his
survival, and with people to obtain, conquer or take possession of land, power
or riches. Since the beginning of humanity, the different social organizations
have been grouped into castes or classes, where warriors have occupied a
predominant place, and have had to defend the sovereignty of their nations,
tribes or peoples against internal and external aggressions and have attempted
to invade and conquer new territories, riches or peoples. With this aim, man has
required, in addition to his will and ability, a means of support for the "journey"
during the time that the conquest or invasion lasts and the provision of sufficient
weapons to guarantee the success of the project. Therefore, they have needed
logistical elements; that is, in military language, "combat support means."
Several questions then arise: Has war been a significant reason for the
development of humanity? Or have the technologies developed by science
been put at the service of war? These concerns merit a careful study that
involves determining the motives that prompted man to invent or innovate.
Considering the evolution of the different systems of mass production,
intermittent production, technological grouping and pure inventories; the
organization of armies is increasingly larger, and this requires production of
more weapons, more transport, more ammunition, more consumption; the pace
of operations has increased in quantity, speed of response and power. Logistics
stopped being “domestic” and became scientific.” The term Logistics has
several etymological meanings: it comes from the Greek logis (calculation),
from the Latin logistica, (a word that in Ancient Rome identified the
administrator or Intendant of the armies of the Empire), from the French loger,
(which means to inhabit or lodge). Another application has also been found:
Major General des Logis, to designate the person in charge of the location and
supply of troops on campaign. History describes great feats and resounding
defeats: Napoleon lost his imperialist desire to conquer Russia, despite having
sufficient resources to supply his troops, he did not have sufficient logistical
means to get them to the right place at the right time. Supplies remained stored
in Konigsberg and Napoleon did not occupy Russia. During World War II, the
opposite occurred when the Allies required the support of the United States to
defeat the advance of Hitler's troops. One of the most organized logistical
support operations was carried out there: support for Russia's entry into the
war. Thousands of tons of supplies, weapons and aircraft were sent to that
country to enable its participation in the conflict. The effects were recorded in
history. It could be said without fear of contradiction that some of the most
important principles of modern Business Administration originated in military
organizations. Over time, countless elements of military logistics have been
applied in the company. From it arise principles and doctrines that, adapted to
business structures, lead, in terms of profitability, to achieving an objective, to
providing an organization with the necessary means to conquer a market or to
providing large projects with human, technological or financial resources
suitable for their effective fulfillment. In this regard, it is worth highlighting the
contributions of Colonel Cyrus Torpe (of the United States Infantry Corps with
his work Pure Logistics), Rear Admiral Henry E. Eccles, (of the United States
Navy, who wrote the principles and conceptual bases of naval logistics), of Rear
Admiral Jesús Salgado Alba, (of the Spanish Navy, with his Treatise on
Logistics).
1. BACKGROUND

The history of military logistics goes back to the history of war itself, that is, to
the history of man, who in his desire to survive and be more, to increase his
well-being and power, felt the need to fight not only with nature, for his survival,
but with his fellow men to obtain a little more of something: land, power or
riches. Since the dawn of humanity, social organizations, starting with tribes,
have been classified or hierarchized into castes or classes, in which warriors
have always occupied a prominent place, whose mission has
https://www.monografias.com/trabajos7/gepla/gepla.shtmlhistorically been to
defend the settlement of their people against external aggressions and to
conquer new settlements, belongings or towns. Something like conquering new
markets.

Conquering warriors have had to leave their tribes and villages to undertake
journeyshttps://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/trabagenc/trabagenc.shtml,
whether short or long. And for the latter, more than for the former, they have
required, in addition to their will and ability, a means of subsistence for the
journey, as well as for the duration of the siege, and the
https://www.monografias.com/trabajos13/arbla/arbla.shtmlnecessary weapons
to besiege and conquer. From the beginning, they required logistics; in military
terms, the means of support for combat. As man developed, at different stages
of humanity, war developed.

There are theories that indicate that trade arose from war, as a substitute
product for it, because in this desire to obtain more things or to supply some
needs, the peaceful idea of barter was crystallized, with the purpose of avoiding
the many misfortunes that war has brought with it. This is how man developed
the commercial mechanisms that have allowed him to grow within peace, and
created the possibility of negotiation.

If we go back to the theory of the Mercantilists, in the analysis of the

https://www.monografias.com/trabajos11/metods/metods.shtml -
ANALITeconomic thought of war, we find that this economic theory is based on
the development of war as the ultimate goal to obtain power and wealth by a
State. This thought was decisive for the development of Europe, where
mercantilists exerted great influence on the political and social environments of
their time.

Bronze, iron, gunpowder, steel, steam, industrialization, the atomic age and
cybernetics have marked milestones not only in the history of humanity, but also
in war.

Has war been a predominant reason for the development of humanity? Or, on
the contrary, has science developed technologies that have been put at the
service of war? These questions deserve a fairly thorough study, since it
requires determining the motives that drove man to invent; in fact, it has been a
necessity. In any case, all inventions in the service of war are part of logistics,
either for their service or to be served, since it is this science and art that
provides the resources for war.

With the complexity of the technology of each era, warfare has required
increasingly complex logistical support. The era of industrialization brought with
it mass production and assembly line industry; the size of armies is ever
greater, and this requires the production of more weapons, more transport,
more ammunition, more consumption; the pace of operations increased in
mass, https://www.monografias.com/trabajos13/cinemat/cinemat2.shtml -
TEORICOspeed and
powerhttps://www.monografias.com/trabajos14/trmnpot/trmnpot.shtml.
«Logistics ceases to be domestic and becomes scientific»1

According to historians, the word Logistics comes from the Greek root Logis,
meaning "calculation", and the Latin Logistica, a term used in
https://www.monografias.com/trabajos/roma/roma.shtmlAncient
Romanhttps://www.monografias.com/trabajos10/habi/habi.shtml times to
identify the administrator or Intendant of the armies of the Empire. It is also
believed to come from the word loger, of French origin, whose meaning is "to
inhabit or lodge." There is also a reference to the "Major General des Logis", a
member of a General Staff, in charge of the accommodation or quartering of
troops in the different campaigns.

Baron Jomini, a Swiss general in Napoleon's service, said that "armies walk on
their stomachs", an essential principle of logistics, and not only of it: a principle
of the Commander who seeks the well-being of his troops to obtain from them
the best disposition for combat. Likewise, the popular saying goes: "Better a
well-fed soldier than two half-fed ones." It was not by chance that Napoleon
himself lost his campaign in Russia, where, despite having sufficient resources
to supply his troops, he did not have sufficient logistical means to deliver them.
Supplies remained stored in Konigsberg and Napoleon did not conquer Russia.

The opposite occurred during World War II, when the Allies required the support
of the United States to defeat the advance of Hitler's troops. Then one of the
most intense Logistic Support Operations was developed: support for Russia's
entry into the war. Tons of supplies, weapons and aircraft were sent to that
country to make its participation in the conflict possible. The effects are
recorded by history.

In short, military logistics is an integral part of war, it has been an integral part of
the history of mankind, and it has been developed by the Military Forces to
meet the needs of the Army, Navy or Air Force in campaigns and operations in
times of peace or war, within the limitations or challenges imposed by the
enemy, atmospheric conditions or the geography of the battlefield, overcoming
them, adapting technology, making resources more efficient and demanding the
maximum capacity of the drivers of logistics operations for the fulfillment of the
mission or objective of the interested force or
https://www.monografias.com/trabajos901/debate-multicultural-etnia-clase-
nacion/debate-multicultural-etnia-clase-nacion.shtmlnation.

As you might expect, some of the most important principles of modern Business
Administration originated in Military Organizations.

Over time, military logistics has had multiple applications in the company. Both
are part of a nation, they are interdependent, and as part of the macroeconomy,
Military Spending is part of the national economy. From it arise principles and
doctrines that, when converted to a business model, lead, in terms of
profitability, to achieving an objective, to providing an industry with the
necessary means to conquer a market or to providing large projects with the
appropriate human, technological or financial resources for their full fulfillment.
Among the wide range of writers on the science and art of military logistics is
Colonel Cyrus Thorpe of the United States Marine Corps, with his work Pure
Logistics. Another distinguished scholar is Rear Admiral Henry E. Eccles, of the
United States Navy, who wrote the principles and conceptual foundations of
naval logistics. In https://www.monografias.com/trabajos16/desarrollo-del-
lenguaje/desarrollo-del-lenguaje.shtmlthe Spanish language, Rear Admiral
Jesús Salgado Albahttps://www.monografias.com/trabajos29/alca-alba/alca-
alba.shtml, of the Spanish Navy, developed an invaluable Treatise on Logistics,
a doctrinal basis for the logistics of his country, of friendly nations and of the
study of it itself.

2. DEFINITION OF MILITARY LOGISTICS

The definition establishes a function: to provide the means. The means required
by the Military Forces, which are: personnel, that is, human resources; material,
such as physical means of combat and support; and services, all types of
activities that generate direct or indirect benefits to the conduct of the war.

The definition also imposes a condition: that such means adequately satisfy the
demands of war. This condition is as complex as war itself, and conditions can
be identified such as opportunity, due to a specific need, this cannot be met
before it is known and after it is required, because it could be disastrous; the
place where the need occurs and where it must be satisfied; it is the geographic
location where the demand is presented; the quantity, how much of something
is needed? This quantity must be the right dose for the requirement; quality is,
within the multitude of products and services, that which meets the appropriate
specifications for the required requirement.

Logistics is the science that aims to prepare, obtain, store, distribute and
manage the personnel, material and services resources required by military
forces for their operation in peacetime and for the execution of their operations
in wartime.

3. MAIN OBJECTIVES
Provide a flow of materials, supplies and services necessary for the proper
functioning of the organization, keeping investments in stock and reducing
losses to a minimum level.

- Maintain adequate quality standards

- Find and maintain competent suppliers.

- Purchase the necessary items and services at the lowest possible prices.

- Maintain the competitive position of the organization.

- Achieve productive and harmonious working relationships with other

departments in the organization.

- Achieve procurement objectives while ensuring that administrative costs are

low.

4. CLASSIFICATION:

Pure or theoretical logistics, whose main objective is to establish the theories

and principles that must be applied in operational development. Its abstract
nature makes it a science and interrelates it with other auxiliary sciences such
as administration, economics and organization, from which the principles that
will be given applicability are produced.

Applied or practical logistics is the field where the principles of science must be
applied, where art creates geniuses and where problems arising from
confrontation, inequality of forces and limitations of means are physically
solved.

Within this classification there are two levels or stages: high-level logistics,
responsible for solving macroeconomic problems within the State as a whole, at
the level of the High Command with global objectives, either in times of peace,
in preparation for war, or in times of war, in the Conduct of Operations:
campaign logistics; and operational logistics, whose objective is the supply of
physical means to the forces engaged in combat.

According to the function that logistics performs, it can be classified into

production logistics, which refers to obtaining the means for combat and is
closely linked to strategy; it is formed in Industrial Mobilization within the War
Economy, planning and generating the resources that a nation can have to face
a conflict in relation to its potential and threats; and consumption logistics, which
deals with the distribution of the means according to the needs; it is linked to
tactics, and its orientation is to determine the requirements of each type of
operation, to understand and solve the problems of the combat forces in the
theater of operations.

Outside the military field, the different areas of application of logistics are
identified within political economy, as part of the development of the State, in
which national production faces the development and growth of the country, in
the face of social problems, threats to its integrity, stability of the means of
production and control of its
https://www.monografias.com/Computacion/Programacion/government
programshttps://www.monografias.com/trabajos4/derpub/derpub.shtml by
https://www.monografias.com/trabajos14/dinamica-grupos/dinamica-
grupos.shtmlthe hegemonic group that is in power. In this case we would be
talking about high-level logistics.

At another level of society, there are the productive forces as such, facing
market competition, the limitations of natural and financial resources and the
legal framework that allows or does not allow them to develop their marketing,
sales or production tactics, conquering a local or foreign consumer, within the
physical spaces of the world geography, their customs, their needs and their
purchasing capacity, which is identified with operational logistics.

5. LOGISTICS CYCLE:

The "logistics cycle" is the process by which actions are carried out to carry out
logistics functions. This process must occur in an orderly manner, since it will
lead to proper management of resources. The determination of needs,
procurement and distribution are actions that can occur at any level of logistics,
which are logically linked to a similar action in the cycle at the higher or lower
levels of the overall logistics process.

5.1 Determining needs

The logistics process, like any process, has a starting point, which is
derived, in turn, from the demands of war, as mentioned in the definition. It is
therefore a necessity, the triggering factor of the logistics process, related to
a requirement of war.

Hence, a deep understanding of this need in its true dimension, in the

effects of its satisfaction or dissatisfaction, that is, its value as an effect on
operations and its exact definition, will be the first step to develop this
process. This part of the logistics cycle is defined as the determination of
needs.

It is vitally important to correctly determine the needs, since it determines

whether the need is satisfied or not. If the material, good or service required
by a particular war action is not clearly identified, the action cannot be
carried out due to a lack of the means to satisfy this requirement. This
means that any action at both the strategic and tactical levels could fail due
to not having the appropriate resources to meet the demands of war. This
determination of needs must be a joint action of the conductive and logistical
parts of the war; it is the responsibility of the military command, since it is the
one who conducts military actions.

Determining needs is primarily a planning process. Its basis is the

knowledge of a plan that will develop actions, and these, in turn, to be
carried out present needs: the means. By what means will a military
command develop a strategy or tactic? Well, it is in the planning process
that these are determined: what they are like, how many there are, when
they are to be used and what the effects of their use will be.

5.2 Obtaining

In this phase of the logistics cycle, the needs that have been identified as
valid are transformed into resources for operations. It is well established that
"nothing should be obtained if it has not previously been defined as
necessary by the command."

Obtaining unnecessary means, means that are not required, only leads to
spending available resources on goods or services that do not have a
specific purpose in the operations, or to satisfy the inefficiency or whim of
some inappropriate character within the system. An event that must be
avoided at all costs in favor of the efficient and rational use of resources,
whether they are scarce or not.

The resources available to military command are the sources for satisfying
the determined needs. These resources can be mainly human, financial,
material and legal, and can be directly or indirectly related to the respective
command. Generally, the volume of available resources sets the limit for
obtaining. An effective analysis of the resources available, directly or
indirectly, allows the command to establish the scope of its operations.

There are certain factors defined for obtaining the material, just as there are
others for obtaining the human resources. For the first ones, the following
are set:

a. Specifications: are the physical characteristics of the element of a

dimensional, qualitative, functional nature and condition of its service for the
satisfaction of a need.

b. Standardization: is the uniformity or discipline in the use of the same good

for the same service within the Armed Forces. It is the "regulation,
organization and unification of phenomena and objects" with a specific
purpose within the processes developed by the organization.

c. Cataloging: consists of the description, coding and compilation of all the

elements to which we have given specifications within a consultation
system, with the purpose of being able to easily identify them mainly for
acquisition, distribution and control purposes.

These first three factors are deeply linked and interdependent.

d. Acquisition: is the commercial process of obtaining goods and services,

which is directly related to the availability of financial resources. It is the
point of greatest contact between the Armed Forces and the civilian
economy. Its processes are generated by current regulations on state
contracting and the economy.

e. Cost inspection: as its name indicates, it is based on an analysis of the

cost-effectiveness- of acquisitions, taking into account prices, volumes,
flows, etc.
f. Priorities: These are a system that is implemented when necessary, with
the purpose of determining which materials will be obtained with priority over
others, both in time and in resource allocation. The need to set priorities
depends on the scarcity of resources, whether financial or time. These
priorities must be classified within the higher level, to whom their assignment
corresponds.

g. Conditioning: is the way in which materials or equipment must be

prepared for handling and conservation before being stored or used. The
material's immediate destinations, type of storage and transport must be
known in order to ensure that it is adequately packaged and protected.

h. Accumulation: is the storage or gathering of the elements or articles

obtained to later be distributed appropriately to the destination locations. Its
essential purposes are to regulate the flow of supplies, protect materials and
facilitate distribution.

5.3 The distribution

It is the third phase of the logistics cycle. It is that part of the definition in
which the need or demand for war is satisfied. It must arrive in a timely
manner so that the final consumer can satisfy their requirement.

This phase overlaps with the previous one in the accumulation or stockpiling
of materials, followed by a dynamic transport action and ending with
delivery. Having dealt with accumulation in the previous section, we will
have to make some considerations about transport.

"Transportation" is the nerve center of distribution. It is an eminently

dynamic process, since it involves physical movement. The success of the
distribution depends on its flexibility and adaptability to the medium where it
must be delivered. It is necessary to analyze and understand the different
means of mobilization available to locate what is required at the site of need,
which may be land, air or sea means. The conditions of the communication
routes, weather and accessibility, as well as the volume, weight, conditions
of storage of the load and other related factors, give this logistical problem
great importance, and it can be said that it is one of the logistics companies
 with the highest risks, and that, in business terms, it is an entire industry in
itself.

5.5 Delivery:

No less important and complex than all the previous ones is the definition of
logistics. This must be timely in time, manner and place. Delivery can be
either static or dynamic. Units may be replenished
https://www.monografias.com/trabajos12/alma/alma.shtmlin continental
warehouses and trucks and tanks may be refueled on land, just as they may
be refueling a ship at sea or an aircraft in flight. These types of dynamic
operations make military logistics the most complex of all enterprises.

6. MILITARY LOGISTICS PROCEDURES

6.1 Supply logistics

Supply logistics is the fundamental axis and first functional area of the
integral logistics process, since it is closely linked to bringing to the hands of
the people who need logistics, what is necessary to be able to develop other
processes and activities.
In military supplies, it is the action of bringing to the troops the necessary
elements and services already established in the requirements. This
procedure begins exactly when the production logistics ends, for which this
phase is where the means of transport become indispensable, whether land,
air, sea or river.

6.2 Production logistics

Production logistics is closely linked to the goods and services that are
developed or acquired to then supply the people who develop the other
processes in the functional areas of the rest of the organization.

For example, at the Logistics Agency of the Colombian Military Forces,

production logistics are developed in fields such as the purchase of elements
under adequate and studied technical specifications, to then assemble the
field rations, which then in the supply logistics will be taken to the soldiers
who need food in the combat field, it also buys the coffee beans that will then
be processed and packaged to supply the military units.

6.3 Reverse logistics

Unlike general logistics, military logistics handles other additional elements in

reverse logistics.
Reverse logistics is the return of goods or items in the supply chain, such as
the recovery of waste and scrap, the return of excessive inventories or the
return of products that can even be reused, seeking the most economically
efficient way of using them.
As we saw previously, reverse logistics is closely tied to social responsibility
with the environment, avoiding or eliminating elements that pollute the
environment, in turn allowing the company or organization to reuse materials,
spontaneously producing an effect of economy, in that hidden value in
production, whether in its costs or expenses.
As for reverse logistics in the military field, it does not differ much from the
general one, but it has some additional elements, such as the redistribution
of elements already used, these are maintained, adapted and placed back at
the service of the soldier, for example, rifles are recovered from personnel
who are leaving, they enter the maintenance process and are then delivered
again to another soldier and so on with another number of elements.
Unlike general logistics, military logistics handles a reverse logistics that is
much more complex and of even greater dimensions than that of supply
itself, since the same number of men and equipment, as opposed to those of
consumption, return again to the bases or military installations, even in some
cases returning seized material or captured personnel.

6.4 Mobility logistics

Mobility logistics is that which has to do with land, sea, air and river means
of transport, used from the moment of the acquisition of raw materials or
inputs, to their subsequent placement to the production people, and there
guarantees their mobility by other means or mechanisms of transport within
 this or other functional areas of the organization and in turn these products or
finished goods are placed on the market.

7. LOGISTICAL PRINCIPLES:

Logistical principles are the fundamental premises that must be considered in

the conception of planning and execution of support activities and in the logistic
levels of the Army.

7.1 Forecast

It is the action of having in advance the personnel, material and means to

meet the anticipated and future needs of the forces at all logistical levels.
Problems must be resolved in peacetime.

Measures that materialize the Forecast:

o Constant analysis of the development of current and future operations,

as well as close contact between the Logistics Officer and members of the
General Staff or General Staffs
o Timely and constant preparation of logistics resources and units.
o Possibilities of using local resources through the National Mobilization
Directorate by means of the CAP, through statistical study and their use for
military purposes.
o Permanent availability of reserves of personnel, material and logistical
means.
7.2 Economy

It is the efficient use of personnel, material and resources of Logistics

Services to reduce unnecessary efforts. Its application is achieved through
the logical use of units, elimination of unnecessary transfers and supply
discipline.

There will never be an abundance of resources to cover all needs, therefore,

it will be necessary to provide the means and materials, in the quantity and
quality required.

7.3 Chance
It is the support that is provided at the precise place and at the planned time
and date.

The expected end will not be achieved if it arrives at the wrong time or where
it is not expected.

7.4 Simplicity

It is the application of simple methods, standards and procedures for the

planning, execution and operation of Logistics Services, to obtain the desired
success in military operations.

7.5 Flexibility

It is the ability to adapt logistics structures and procedures to changing

situations, missions and operating concepts and is related to:

 The Organization: The organization will have to be consistent with the

logistics level, functions, tasks and characteristics of the supported unit, in
order to adapt to its operability.
 Employment: The logistical deployment adopted must be appropriate to
the situation and the support must accompany the evolution of operations
without major changes, maintaining the mobility of the units in variable and
unforeseen situations.
7.6 Order

All facilities must maintain a harmonious and functional layout.

The application of this principle will save time, economize efforts, act
expeditiously, tone morale and use logistical means efficiently, putting
everything in its place.

7.7 Security

This principle is most important in the vulnerability of communication lines,

supply routes, logistics facilities and means of transport.

The adoption of any security measure will always be insufficient and

additional measures will be needed to safeguard the flow of supplies and the
security of permanent or temporary facilities.
 7.8 Coordination

It is the conjugation of efforts in a harmonious manner, between different

people, with different activities, to achieve the same goal.

7.9 Priority

It is the fact of making the primary prevail over the secondary, when needs
exceed availability.

7.10 Continuity

It determines a chain of actions, ensuring a logical sequence for the phases

of a job, distinguishing successive, simultaneous and critical actions.

8. RELEVANT ASPECTS OF MILITARY LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT

In military logistics there are relevant aspects that are taken into consideration
when planning the obtaining, storage, and distribution of resources, means, and
services, with the purpose of guaranteeing their timely, adequate, and efficient
delivery to personnel. These are:

 Innovation
 Flexibility
 Mobility
 Technology

8.1 Innovation

Military logistics, like business logistics, must be loaded with a high dose of
innovation, because war, like markets, is developed under tactical and
strategic schemes, which are in permanent change and renewal, according
to how the theater of operations develops or how the market, supply and
demand behave, a number of variables and factors are presented that
permanently affect the development of maneuvers and behaviors, therefore
logistics must be coupled with this to guarantee its successful development.

8.2 Flexibility

Likewise, logistics in general must contain mechanisms that allow flexibility,

which give the logistics officer or logistics operator the fulfillment of supplies
or responsibilities, without any external factor and/or one not contemplated
during the planning or the procedures described for this purpose affecting
their commitment. They can be supplied through adequate and complete
contingency plans, anticipating any possible circumstance that may arise,
guaranteeing a range or margin of maneuver and in this way they can fulfill
their mission.

8.3 Mobility

When referring to mobility, it is the capacity that the logistics officer or

logistics operator must or has to deliver in a timely manner the means,
elements and services required in the military unit, company or organization,
for which the appropriate distribution channels and supplies are required for
their efficient delivery, said capacity is made up of adequate and necessary
transportation, trained or qualified men, as well as the indicated number and
the means and mechanisms in accordance with the systems used.

8.4 Technology

Technology is one of the fundamental pieces that the logistics officer or

logistics operator must have, since it will provide the timely and necessary
information, regarding their capabilities or latent needs during absolutely all
their logistics procedures, it is represented in the hardware and software
tools and applications and the technological means that they need in the
different stages of their process.

Logistics is a systemic part of war and combat, as well as of companies and

the market. It must assist combat units or the functional networks of the
organization through immediate, timely and effective support or delivery.

Logistics has been transformed into a silent protagonist that is immersed in

all the processes and procedures of the organization, which must start and
be included from planning to execution.
 LITERATURE

 Lic. Junior Andres Castillo. Military logistics and its applications in

business logistics. Administration and Finance Website:
https://www.monografias.com/trabajos106/logistica-militar-y-sus-
aplicaciones-logistica-empresarial/logistica-militar-y-sus-aplicaciones-
logistica-empresarial.shtml
 Edwin Sanchez. (2011). LOGISTICS MANAGEMENT IN THE MILITARY
FIELD. Globered Website:
http://businessmanagement.globered.com/categoria.asp?idcat=34
 (2011). Military logistics in 21st century conflicts. Scientific journal
“General José María Córdova” Website:
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Carlos_Castro80/publication/31
9416522_Logistica_militar_en_los_conflictos_del_siglo_XXI_El_espaci
o_y_los_retos_ofrecidos_por_la_guerra_asimetrica/links/
59b14e8b458515a5b489176b/Logistica-militar-en-los-conflictos-del-
siglo-XXI-El-espacio-y-los-retos-ofrecidos-por-la-guerra-asimetrica.pdf
 ZU, Sun. The Art of War. Troquel SA Mexico City. 1997.