Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality

Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality

Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Exponential and Logarithmic Functions

Chapter 3

Leonard Jay L. Panal

Mathematics Department
Mindanao State University Main Campus
Marawi City
nard.001jay@gmail.com

November 26, 2024

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Exponential Function
is a function involving exponential expression showing
relationship between the independent variable x and dependent
variable y or f (x).

Examples:
1 f (x) = 3x
2 f (x) = ( 12 )x
3 f (x) = 0.25x
4 f (x) = 4−x
5 f (x) = ( 12 )−x
6 y = 102x

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Exponential Expression
is an expression of the form a · bx−c + d, b > 0, b ̸= 1.

Exponential Equation
is an equation involving exponential expression that can be
solved for all x values satisfying the equation.

Examples:
1 121 = 11x
2 3x = 9x−2
3 32x = 81
4 43x+2 = 64

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Exponential Inequality
is an inequality involving exponential expression that can be
solve for all x values satisfying the inequalities.

Examples:
1
1 64 3 > 2x
2 (0.9)x > 0.81
3 2x+3 < 16
4 81x > 27x+1
5 42x−6 ≤ 8x+4

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Classify each as to whether it is an exponential function,

equation, inequality or does not belong to any of these terms.

1 x
1.) 32x−4 ≤ 16x+2 2.) 36x = 6 3.) 6 > ( 36 )
4.) x7 + 1 < 10x8 5.) y = x5 6.) 64 = 2x+2
7.) 100 > 102x 8.) f (x) = x3 9.) g(x) = 45x
10.) y = 5x−1

1 Exponential Inequality
2 Exponential Equation
3 Exponential Inequality
4 DNB
5 DNB
6 Exponential Equation
L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics
 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Solving Exponential Equation

Property of Exponential Functions
states that in f (x) = bx , if x1 ̸= x2 , then bx1 ̸= bx2 .
Conversely, if bx1 = bx2 , then x1 = x2

Examples:
1.) 4x+1 = 64
Solution:
⇒ 4x+1 = 43
⇒x+1=3
⇒x=3−1
⇒x=2

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

2.) 16−x = 64
1

Solution:
⇒ 16−x = 64−1
⇒ (42 )−x = (43 )−1
⇒ 4−2x = 4−3
⇒ −2x = −3
⇒ x = −3−2
⇒ x = 32
3.) 34x = 9x+1
Solution:
⇒ 34x = (32 )x+1
⇒ 34x = 32x+2
⇒ 4x = 2x + 2
⇒ 4x − 2x = 2
⇒ 2x = 2
⇒x=1 L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics
 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

4.) 3x+2 = 7
Solution:
⇒ log(33x+2 ) = log 7
⇒ (x + 2) log 3 = log 7
⇒ x + 2 = log 7
log 3
⇒ x = log 7
log 3 − 2
⇒ x ≈ −0.229
5.) 5x−1 = 3x
Solution:
⇒ log(5x−1 ) = log(3x )
⇒ (x − 1) log 5 = x log 3
⇒ x log 5 − log 5 = x log 3
⇒ x log 5 − x log 3 = log 5
⇒ x(log 5 − log 3) = log 5
⇒ x = log log 5
5−log 3
⇒ x ≈ 3.1506 L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics
 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Solving Exponential Inequality

Key to solving exponential inequality
if b > 1 and x1 > x2 , then bx1 > bx2 . Otherwise, if 0 < b < 1,
then bx1 < bx2 .
**if the base is greater than 1, then the direction of the
inequality is retained.
**if the base is less than 1, then the direction of the inequality
is reversed.
Example:
1.) 23x+1 ≥ 2x−1
Solution:
⇒ 3x + 1 ≥ x − 1
⇒ 3x − x ≥ −1 − 1
⇒ 2x ≥ −2
⇒ x ≥ −1 L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics
 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

2.) 5x > 125x+8

Solution:
⇒ 5x > (53 )x+8
⇒ 5x > 53x+24
⇒ x > 3x + 24
⇒ x − 3x > 24
⇒ −2x > 24
⇒ x < −12
1 x−5
3.) ( 71 )2x+9 ≤ ( 343 )
Solution:
⇒ ( 17 )2x+9 ≤ ( 71 )3(x−5)
⇒ 2x + 9 ≥ 3x − 15
⇒ 2x − 3x ≥ −15 − 9
⇒ −x ≥ −24
⇒ x ≤ 24
L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics
 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

4.) (0.5)x−1 > (0.25)−x−2

Solution:
⇒ (0.5)x−1 > (0.5)2(−x−2)
⇒ x − 1 < −2x − 4
⇒ x + 2x < −4 + 1
⇒ 3x < −3
⇒ x < −1

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Assessment

2
1 16x = 4x+3
2 273−x = 3
3 22x−1 = 2x+4
2
4 16x = 23x+1
5 2x+3 < 16
6 81x > 27x+1
7 42x−6 ≤ 8x+4
8 ( 31 )2x > ( 13 )x+1
1 x+5 1 2x+2
9 ( 100 ) ≥ ( 1000 )

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Properties of Exponential Functions

1 The domain is the set of real numbers.

Domain: {x ∈ R} or (−∞, ∞)
2 The range is the set of positive real numbers.
Range: {y ∈ R : y > 0} or (0,+∞)
3 It is a one-to-one function. (it satisfies the Horizontal
line test)
4 The y-intercept is the order pair (0, 1). There is no
x-intercept, it means that the graph of an exponential
function and the x-axis do not intersect.
5 The horizontal asymptote is the horizontal line y = 0
(or the x-axis).

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Examples:
1. f (x) = 2x
Solutions:
Domain: {x ∈ R} or (−∞, ∞)
Range: {y ∈ R : y > 0} or (0,+∞)
y-intercept:
We let x=0 and solve for y.
⇒ y = 20
⇒y=1
Horizontal asymptote: y=0
Table of Values:
x -2 -1 0 1 2
y 0.25 0.5 1 2 4

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Figure: f (x) = 2x

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

2. f (x) = 4−x ⇒ ( 14 )x
Solutions:
Domain: {x ∈ R} or (−∞, ∞)
Range: {y ∈ R : y > 0} or (0,+∞)
y-intercept:
We let x=0 and solve for y.
⇒ y = ( 14 )x
⇒y=1
Horizontal asymptote: y=0
Table of Values:
x − 32 -1 0 1 3
2
y 8 4 1 0.25 0.125

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Figure: f (x) = 4−x

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

A transformation of an exponential function with base b is a

function of the form

g(x) = a · bx−c + d,where a, c, and d are real numbers.

Reflecting Graphs:
To graph f (x) = b−x , reflect the graph of f (x) = bx in the
y-axis.
To graph f (x) = −bx , reflect the graph of f (x) = bx in the
x-axis.

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Sketch the graph of the following:

1 f (x) = 3−x
2 f (x) = −3x

Solutions:
1. f (x) = 3−x
Table of Values:
x -2 -1 0 1 2
f (x) = 3x 0.111 0.333 1 3 9
f (x) = 3−x 9 3 1 1
3
1
9

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Figure: f (x) = 3x and f (x) = 3−x

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Observations:
1 The domain of two functions is the set of all real numbers
in x, Domain = {x ∈ R}
2 The range of two functions is the set of all real numbers in
y greater than 0, Range = {y ∈ R : y > 0}
3 Two functions have the same y-intercept, the ordered pair
(0, 1), y-int.=(0, 1)
4 The horizontal asymptote is the horizontal line y = 0 (or
the x-axis).

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

2. f (x) = −3x
Table of Values:
x -2 -1 0 1 2
1 1
f (x) = 3x 9 3 1 3 9
f (x) = −3x − 19 − 31 -1 -3 -9

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Figure: f (x) = 3x and f (x) = −3x

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Observations:
1 The domain of two functions is the set of all real numbers
in x, Domain = {x ∈ R}
2 The range of the functions y = f (x) = −3x is the set of all
real numbers in y less than 0, Range = {y ∈ R : y < 0}
3 The y-intercept of the function y = f (x) = −3x is the
ordered pair (0, −1), y-int.=(0, 1)
4 The horizontal asymptote is the horizontal line y = 0 (or
the x-axis).

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Shifting Graphs:
Vertical Shifting:
Suppose c > 0,
To graph f (x) = bx + c, shift the graph of f (x) = bx
upward c units.
To graph f (x) = bx − c, shift the graph of f (x) = bx
downward c units.
Horizontal Shifting:
Suppose c > 0,
To graph f (x) = bx+c , shift the graph of f (x) = bx to the
right c units.
To graph f (x) = bx−c , shift the graph of f (x) = bx to the
left c units.
L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics
 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Examples:
1 f (x) = 3x + 2, the graph of f (x) = 3x shift upward by 2
units.
2 f (x) = 3x − 2, the graph of f (x) = 3x shift downward by 2
units.
3 f (x) = 3x−4 , the graph of f (x) = 3x shift to the right by 4
units.
4 f (x) = 3x+4 , the graph of f (x) = 3x shift to the left by 4
units.

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Sketch the graph of the following:

1 f (x) = 3x + 2
2 f (x) = 3x − 2
3 f (x) = 3x−4

Solutions:
1. f (x) = 3x + 2
Table of Values:
x -2 -1 0 1 2
1 1
f (x) = 3x 9 3 1 3 9
f (x) = 3x + 2 2 19 2 31 3 5 11

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Figure: f (x) = 3x + 2 and f (x) = 3x

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Observations:
1 The domain of two functions is the set of all real numbers
in x, Domain = {x ∈ R}
2 The range of f (x) = 3x + 2 is the set of all real numbers in
y greater than or equal to 2, Range = {y ∈ R : y ≥ 2}
3 y-intercept of f (x) = 3x : y-int=(0, 1)
y-intercept of f (x) = 3x + 2 : y-int=(0, 3)
4 The horizontal asymptote of f (x) = 3x + 2 : y = 2.

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

2. f (x) = 3x − 2
Table of Values:
x -1 0 1 2
1
f (x) = 3x 3 1 3 9
f (x) = 3x − 2 − 53 or 1 23 -1 1 7

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Figure: f (x) = 3x and f (x) = 3x − 2

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Observations:
1 The domain of two functions is the set of all real numbers
in x, Domain = {x ∈ R}
2 The range of f (x) = 3x − 2 is the set of all real numbers in
y greater than -2, Range = {y ∈ R : y ≥ −2}
3 y-intercept of f (x) = 3x : y-int=(0, 1)
y-intercept of f (x) = 3x − 2 : y-int=(0, −1)
4 The horizontal asymptote of f (x) = 3x − 2 : y = −2.

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

3. f (x) = 3x−4
Table of Values:
x -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6
1
f (x) = 3x 3 1 3 9 27
1 1
f (x) = 3x−4 81 3 1 3 9

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Observations:
1 The domain of two functions is the set of all real numbers
in x, Domain = {x ∈ R}
2 The range of f (x) = 3x−4 is the set of all real numbers in y
greater than 0., Range = {y ∈ R : y > 0}
3 y-intercept of f (x) = 3x : y-int=(0, 1).
1
y-intercept of f (x) = 3x−4 : y-int=(0, 81 )
4 The horizontal asymptote of f (x) = 3x−4 : y=0.

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Vertical Stretching and Shrinking:

Let a > 0,
To graph f (x) = a · bx ,
If a > 1, stretch the graph of f (x) = bx vertically by a
factor of ”a”.
If 0 < a < 1, shrink the graph of f (x) = bx vertically by a
factor of ”a”.

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Example:
1. f (x) = 2 · 3x
Table of Values:
x -2 -1 0 1 2
1 1
f (x) = 3x 9 3 1 3 9
2 2
f (x) = 2 · 3x 9 3 2 6 18

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Observations:
1 The domain of two functions is the set of all real numbers
in x, Domain = {x ∈ R}
2 The range of f (x) = 2 · 3x , is the set of all real numbers in
y greater than 0, Range = {y ∈ R : y > 0}
3 y-intercept of f (x) = 3x : y-int=(0, 1).
y-intercept of f (x) = 2 · 3x : y-int=(0, 2)
4 The horizontal asymptote of f (x) = 2 · 3x : y=0.

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Horizontal Stretching and Shrinking:

Let a > 0,
To graph f (x) = bax ,
If a > 1, shrink the graph of f (x) = bx horizontally by a
factor of ”a”.
If 0 < a < 1, stretch the graph of f (x) = bx horizontally by
a factor of ”a”.

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Example:
1. f (x) = 30.5x
Table of Values:
x -2 -1 0 1 2 3
1 1
f (x) = 3x 9 3 1 √3 9 √
1
f (x) = 30.5x 3 1 3 3 3 3

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Observations:
1 The domain of two functions is the set of all real numbers
in x, Domain = {x ∈ R}
2 The range of two functions is the set of real numbers in y
greater than 0, Range = {y ∈ R : y > 0}
3 Two functions have the same y-intercept, the ordered pair
(0,1), y-int.=(0,1)
4 The horizontal asymptote is the horizontal line y=0 (or the
x-axis).

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Logarithmic Function
Every exponential function f (x) = bx with b > 0 and b ̸= 1, is
a one-to-one function by the Horizontal Line Test and therefore
has an inverse function. The inverse function f −1 is called the
logarithmic function with base b and is denoted by logb .

Definition
Let b be a positive number with b ̸= 1. The logarithmic
function with base b, denoted by logb , is defined by logb x = y if
and only if by = x.

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

So, logb x is the exponent to which the base b must be raised to

give x.
Logarithmic Form Exponential Form
logb x = y by = x
The logarithmic and exponential forms are equivalent
equations: If one is true, then so is the other. So we can switch
from one form to the other as in the following illustrations.
Logarithmic and Exponential Form
Logarithmic Form Exponential Form
log10 100, 000 = 5 105 = 100, 000
log2 8 = 3 23 = 8
log2 ( 18 ) = −3 2−3 = 81
log5 25 = 2 52 = 25

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Evaluating Logarithms
1 log10 1, 000 = 3 because 103 = 1, 000
2 log2 32 = 5 because 25 = 32
3 log3 81 = 4 because 34 = 81
√
4 log16 4 = 12 because 16 = 4
5 log 1 32 = −5 because ( 21 )−5 = 32
2
Properties of Logarithms:
1. logb 1 = 0
Examples:
log5 1 = 0 ; 50 = 1
log 1 1 = 0 ; ( 21 )0 = 1
2

log0.25 1 = 0 ; 0.250 = 1

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

2. logb b = 1
Examples:
log5 5 = 1 ; 51 = 5
log0.5 0.5 = 1 ; 0.51 = 0.5
3
log 3 4 =1
4
bx
3. logb = x
Examples:
log5 52 = 2 ; 52 = 52
log3 34 = 4 ; 34 = 34
log9 94 = 4

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics

 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

4. blogb x = x
Examples:
3log3 9 = 9 ; log3 9 = 2 ; 3log3 9 = 32 = 9
1 √
4log4 2 = 2 ; log4 2 = 12 ; 4log4 2 = 4 2 = 4 = 2

Common logarithm
The logarithm with base 10 is called the common logarithm
and is denoted by omitting the base:

log x = log10 x

Examples: log 10 = 1 ; log 100 = 2

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
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Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Natural logarithm
The logarithm with base e is called the natural logarithm and
is denoted by ln.

ln x = loge x

The natural logarithm function y = ln x is the inverse function

of the natural function y = ex . By the definition of inverse
function, we have

ln x = y if and only if ey = x

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
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Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Properties of Natural Logarithm:

1 ln 1 = 0 ; e0 = 1
We must raise e to the power of 0 to get 1.
2 ln e = 1 ; e1 = e
We must raise e to the power of 1 to get e.
3 ln ex = x
We must raise e to the power x to get ex .
Examples:
1. ln e2 = 2 ; e2 = 2
2. ln e12 = e−2 = −2
3. ln e8 = 8
**ln x = 2 is equivalent to e2 = x

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
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Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

1 eln x = x
ln x is the power to which e must be raised to get x.
Examples:
1. eln 2 = 2
2. eln 5 = 5

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Laws of Logarithms
Since logarithms are exponents, the Laws of Exponents give rise
to the Laws of Logarithms.
Let b be a positive number, with b ̸= 1, Let A, B, and C be any
real numbers with A > 0 and B > 0.
logb (AB) = logb A + logb B
Examples:
1. log4 2 + log4 32
⇒ log4 (2 · 32)
⇒ log4 64 = 3

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
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Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

A
logb B = logb A − logb B
Examples:
1. log2 80 − log2 5
⇒ log2 ( 80
5 )
⇒ log2 16 = 4
logb (Ac ) = C logb A
Examples:
1. log2 43 = 3 log2 4
2. log 1 45 = 5 log 1 4
2 2

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
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Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Expanding Logarithmic Expressions

The Laws of Logarithms allow us to write the logarithm of a
product or a quotient as the sum or difference of logarithms.
This process, called expanding a logarithmic expression, is
illustrated in the next examples.
log2 (6x) = log2 6 + log2 x
log3 45 = log3 (9 · 5)
⇒ log3 9 + log3 5
⇒ log3 32 + log3 5
⇒ 2 log3 3 + log3 5
⇒ 2(1) + log3 5
⇒ 2 + log3 5

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
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Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Change of base formula

loga x
logb x = loga b

Examples:
1. use the Change of base formula with b = 8 and a = 10
log8 5 = log 10 5
log 8 ≈ 0.77398
10

2. use the Change of base formula with b = 9 and a = e

log9 20 = lnln20
9 ≈ 1.36342

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Logarithmic Equation
A logarithmic equation is one in which a logarithm of the
variable occurs. For example,

log2 (x + 2) = 5

Guidelines in solving logarithmic equation:

1 Isolate the logarithmic term on one side of the equation;
you might first need to combine the logarithmic terms.
2 Write the equation in exponential form (or raise the base
to each side of the equation).
3 Solve for the variable.

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Properties of Logarithmic equations:

If b > 1, then the logarithmic function y = logb x is
increasing for all x.
If 0 < b < 1, then the logarithmic function y = logb x is
decreasing for all x.
This means that logb x = logb y if and only if x = y.
Examples: Find the value of x in the following equations
ln x = 8
log2 (x + 2) = 5
log2 (25 − x) = 3
4 + 3 log(2x) = 16
log(x + 2) + log(x − 1) = 1

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
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Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Solutions:
1. ln x = 8
⇒ x = e8
⇒ x ≈ 2981

2. log2 (x + 2) = 5
⇒ x + 2 = 25
⇒ x + 2 = 32
⇒ x = 32 − 2
⇒ x = 30

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
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3. log2 (25 − x) = 3
⇒ 25 − x = 23
⇒ 25 − x = 8
⇒ 25 − 8 = x
⇒ x = 17

4. 4 + 3 log(2x) = 16
⇒ 3 log(2x) = 16 − 4
⇒ 3 log(2x) = 12
⇒ 3 log(2x)
3 = 12
3
⇒ log(2x) = 4
⇒ 2x = 104
⇒ 2x = 10, 000
⇒ x = 5, 000
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Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

5. log(x + 2) + log(x − 1) = 1
⇒ log[(x + 2)(x − 1)] = 1
⇒ (x + 2)(x − 1) = 101
⇒ x2 + x − 2 = 10
⇒ x2 + x − 2 − 10 = 0
⇒ x2 + x − 12 = 0
⇒ (x + 4)(x − 3) = 0
⇒ (x + 4) = 0; (x − 3) = 0
⇒ x = −4; x = 3
x = −4 is not a solution because logarithms of negative
numbers are undefined.
∴ S.S. = {3}

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
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Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Solving Logarithmic Inequality

Properties of Logarithmic Inequality:
1 If 0 < b < 1 and logb x1 > logb x2 , then x1 < x2 (reversed
the inequality symbol).
2 If b > 1 and logb x1 < logb x2 , then x1 < x2

Examples:
1. log3 x ≤ 5
⇒ x ≤ 35
⇒ x ≤ 243
Interval: 0 < x ≤ 243

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

2. log4 x ≥ 6
⇒ x ≥ 46
⇒ x ≥ 4096
Interval: x ≥ 4096
3. log6 (x + 8) ≤ 2
⇒ x + 8 ≤ 62
⇒ x + 8 ≤ 36
⇒ x ≤ 36 − 8
⇒ x ≤ 28
Since we are dealing with x > 0
⇒x+8>0
⇒ x > −8
Interval: −8 < x ≤ 28

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

4. log2 (2x + 1) < 3

⇒ 2x + 1 < 23
⇒ 2x + 1 < 8
⇒ 2x < 8 − 1
⇒ 2x < 7
⇒ x < 72
Since we are dealing with x > 0
⇒ 2x + 1 > 0
⇒ 2x > −1
⇒ x > − 12
Interval: − 21 < x < 72

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
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Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

5. log4 9 > 2 log4 x

⇒ log4 9 > log4 x2
⇒√ 9 > x2√
⇒ 9 > x2
⇒ ±3 > x
Interval: 0 < x < 3
6. log3 x + log3 6 ≥ 2
⇒ log3 (x)(6) ≥ 2
⇒ log3 6x ≥ 2
⇒ 6x ≥ 32
⇒ x ≥ 69
⇒ x ≥ 32

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
Solving Exponential Equation and Inequality
Board Work
Graphing Exponential Function
Graphing Transformations of Exponential Functions
Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

7. log 1 x > log 1 ( 15 )−3

5 5
⇒ x < 53
⇒ x < 125
Interval: 0 < x < 125

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 Exponential Functions, Equation, and Inequality
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Logarithmic Functions, Equations and Inequalities

Assessment:
1 ln x = 10
2 log(3x + 5) = 2
3 log2 3 + log2 x = log2 5 + log2 (x − 2)
4 log 1 (2x − 4) < log 1 (x − 5)
2 2
5 log3 x − 3 log3 2 ≤ 1
6 log3 (2x − 1) > log3 (x + 2)

L. Panal MATH 001 - General Mathematics