CONTEMPORARY WORLD

Prof|nth Semester | Course Year and Level

GLOBALIZATION ● Deregulation of financial markets.

GLOBALIZATION ○ Relaxing rules on financial
- The expansion and intensification of social
transactions, making it simpler for
relations and consciousness across world-time
and across world-space. companies to invest in other countries
- Generating a 'global village' to represent an ○ Example: Chinese Company opens
inclusive and cosmopolitan global society. factory in Philippines with fewer
- It is not to discredit one's identity but to restrictions.
integrate national identity with global cultures ● Increased significance of TNCs
and concepts to thrive from different global (transnational corporations)
issues and challenges. ○ Large companies that operates in
- Globalization is a term used to describe how many countries, like Coca-cola, help
trade and technology have made the world spread products and ideas globally,
into a more connected and interdependent making them influential in various
place. Globalization also captures in its scope markets around the world
the economic and social changes that have ○ Example: Coca-cola influence other
come about as a result. countries such as Philippines they
- The concept of globalization is how trade come up with RC
and technology have made the world a more
ADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION
connected and interdependent place. 1. Cheaper Goods For Consumers and Better
- IMPROVEMENT Product Quality
- INNOVATION ○ Increased competitiveness may also
CAUSES OF GLOBALIZATION lead to decline in the price of goods,
● Trade liberalization improvements in quality of goods and
○ Countries reduce trade barriers, choice of goods.
making it easier to buy and sell goods ○ Global competition leads to lower
internationally. prices and higher quality, like how
● Improvements in technology electronics from different countries
○ Advances in technology, like the are often more affordable and better
internet and smartphones made.
○ help people and businesses contact 2. Increase In Skilled Workers
globally ○ Increased international labor mobility
○ Example: When companies use online has led to an increase in skilled
platforms to sell their products. workers.

● Reduced cost/improvement of ○ Globalization encourages people to

communications and transportation learn new skills to compete, such as
when workers in developing countries
○ Better and cheaper ways to
gain training from international
communicate and travel
companies.
○ allow people to interact and move
3. Improvement In Education
across borders easily
○ The spread of the internet has helped
○ Example: Businesses can conduct
to improve education.
meetings via online platforms such as
○ Access to global educational
zoom, g-meet instead of traveling.
resources, like online courses from top
universities, allows more people to
learn and improve their knowledge.

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4. Cultural Diversity COVID-19 pandemic spread worldwide
○ Increased movement of labor leads to due to increased movement of people.
an increase in the spread of different 4. Increased Relative Poverty and Inequality
cultural ideas. ○ We have everything by globalization,
○ Globalization shares different we have nothing by globalization.
cultures, such as food, music, and ○ While some benefit from globalization,
traditions, enriching societies with others may fall behind, such as when
new ideas and experiences. wealthy countries grow richer while
5. Poverty Reduction poorer countries struggle.
○ The GDP of the developing countries ○ Privilege people have easy access to
has increased twice as much as globalization.
before. 5. Increased Vulnerability And Instability
○ Global trade can create jobs and boost ○ The international Coffee chains are
economies, like how countries that causing a serious threat to local
export goods often see improved coffee shops.
living standards for their people. ○ Economies can become more unstable
6. Transportation due to global shocks, like when a
○ Globalization has led to tremendous financial crisis in one country affects
increase in transport services across markets around the world.
the globe. 6. Disparity
○ Advances in global transport make it ○ The Economic system that has
easier and faster to move goods and generated tremendous wealth
people, like how shipping containers disparity that really seems unfair.
allow for quick delivery of products ○ Globalization can widen the gap
worldwide. between rich and poor regions, like
how urban areas often thrive while
DISADVANTAGES OF GLOBALIZATION rural areas may be left behind
1. Increased Commodity Price
economically.
○ Prices then and now have increased
tremendously. GLOBAL CITIZENSHIP
○ Global demand can drive up prices of ● Global citizenship underlines equality and
basic goods, like when the price of oil shared responsibility for each other, as well
rises due to high international as responsibility for the well-being of future
demand. generations.
2. Exploitation Of Cheap Labor ○ We all have a duty to treat each other
○ Workers working day and night to fairly and care for the planet so future
produce goods for very little money. generations can thrive.
○ Companies may take advantage of low ● Global citizenship entails the abandonment of
wages in poorer countries, such as the parochial way of thinking, introducing a
when factories pay workers very little reciprocity in the form of awareness of mutual
to produce goods. dependency and allowing individual citizens
to take center stage.
○ Global citizenship encourages us to
think beyond our own communities
3. Cause Of Diseases
and recognize how we rely on one
○ It is the cause of very serious health
another, giving everyone a voice.
problems all over the globe.
● As far back as the year 450, Socrates already
○ Global travel and trade can spread
proclaimed his land of origin to be 'the world.
diseases quickly, like how the

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 A century later, Diogenes declared himself a insights into how the development of poor
citizen of the world' countries is slowed down by the privileged
○ Philosophers like Socrates and position occupied by rich countries (in global
Diogenes believed that true trade markets, for example), or of the
belonging goes beyond borders, understanding that the wealth of the rich is
seeing themselves as part of the enabled by disadvantaging others. The fact
entire world. that rich countries and rich people also
● The term citizenship not only refers to the contribute to poverty enduring elsewhere
legal relationship between citizen and state, means that by changing their policy they can
which comprises rights and obligations, but remove obstacles standing in the way of the
also to (expectations regarding) various forms development of the underprivileged. This
of social participations. mutual dependency ensues from the
○ Citizenship involves not just legal understanding that matters such as
rights and duties but also how people sustainability, a stable climate. security and
engage in their communities and proper and fair management of scarce
society. resources (water, raw materials, agricultural
● Formal dimension of citizenship - The legal land) can only be governed well on a global
relationship between citizen and state scale.
○ This aspect covers the official rights ○ Rich countries often have advantages
and responsibilities a person has as a that slow down the progress of poor
member of a country. countries. When wealthy nations
● Moral dimension of citizenship - The change their policies, they can help
participation dimension of citizenship remove barriers that keep poorer
○ This aspect focuses on how citizens countries from developing. It’s
contribute to their communities and important to work together globally
society through active involvement on issues like climate change and
and ethical behavior. resource management to create a
○ Moral dimension is not a new one. fairer world for everyone.
References to the moral aspects of ● Koenders claimed that solutions to issues in
citizenship date as far back as the the area of poverty, the environment, lack of
ancient Greeks and Romans. access to health care. education, water, and
● In ancient Greece, Aristotle considered active security were increasingly to be found on a
participation in the political debate essential, global level. International cooperation was
i.e. apart from fulfilling rights and obligations, considered indispensable in solving these
active political participation is also part of issues (DGIS, 2009).
citizenship. ○ Koenders said that solving problems
● In Roman times, Cicero deemed citizenship a like poverty, environmental issues,
virtue ('virtus'), as did Robespierre during the and lack of access to healthcare and
French revolution (Dunn, 2005). education needs global teamwork. He
believed that countries must work
● The 'Declaration des droits de l'homme et du
together to find solutions for these
citoyen' from 1789 even distinguished
challenges.
between a citizen who actively engages with
society ('le citoyen') and the man ('l'homme') ● Globalization is responsible for connecting
who assumes a passive attitude in society countries and people, making trade and
(Schinkel, 2008). communication easier. It can help share
ideas and resources, but it also means that
RESPONSIBILITY OF A GLOBALIZATION problems in one place can affect others.
● The realization of the need to also effect Therefore, it’s important for countries to
change 'over here' is the result of newfound

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 work together to ensure benefits are shared ○ This means countries cooperate by
fairly. forming new groups and making
agreements. It helps establish more
GLOBALISM
rules to address global problems
● can be defined as programmatic
effectively
globalization, the vision of a borderless
4. The unprecedented multidirectional
world.
movement of peoples around the world
● Globalism implies the growth of a world
involving new patterns of transnational
market, increasingly penetrating and
migration, identities and communities.
dominating the "national" economies, which in
○ More people are moving between
the process are bound to lose some of their
countries for work or safety. This
"nationness". This means dominance of the
creates new communities and
world market over structures of local
identities as people from different
production, as well as the increasing
backgrounds live together.
prevalence of Western-type consumerism.
5. New social hierarchies, forms of inequality,
● Globalism is the belief that countries should
and relations of domination around the
cooperate to solve global issues and
world and in the global system as a whole.
promote connections between nations. It
○ Globalization can lead to new forms of
focuses on sharing resources and tackling
inequality, where some people or
challenges like climate change and poverty
countries have more power and
together.
resources than others. This can create
GLOBALIZATION PHENOMENA unfair situations both locally and
1. The emergence of a globalized economy globally
involving new systems of production,
finance and consumption and worldwide GLOBALIZATION THEORIES
economic integration.
HOMOGENEITY AND HETEROGENEITY
○ This means countries are more
● HOMOGENEITY
connected through trade, finance, and ● Homogeneity is the sameness,
production. Businesses can operate similarities of culture that have been
and sell their products worldwide combined in order to economic
2. New transnational or global cultural factors and political orientations of
patterns, practices and flows, and the idea societies to expand to create common
of 'global culture(s). practices and similar forms of
○ This refers to the way cultures from government.
different countries mix and influence ○ Homogeneity means that
each other. People share music, food, different cultures become
and traditions across borders, creating similar over time. This
a "global culture." happens because of shared
3. Global political processes, the rise of new economic interests and
transnational institutions, and political ideas, leading to
concomitantly, the spread of global common practices and
governance and authority structures of similar governments.
diverse sorts.
● Homogeneous have an uniform or the
○ This involves countries working
same agenda or similar ideasin
together through new organizations society. Other culture from big
and agreements. It means that there countries adopt or influence from
are more rules and systems to different country. In political systems
manage global issues. and government systems having the
same culture or having the same

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 systems. For example the Democratic different cultures
government it also the same to other come together. You
country or it influence from the big can see this in the
countries. variety of food,
○ Homogeneous societies have festivals, and
similar ideas and goals. languages, like how
Smaller countries often people celebrate both
adopt or are influenced by traditional Filipino
the cultures and political fiestas and modern
systems of larger countries, events like the
like how many nations use Chinese New Year.
democratic governments
inspired by bigger ones. METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
( SOLID, LIQUID, AND FLOWS)
● Homogeneity in economic also affects
SOLID
our culture like the Appliances, Food, ● It refers to the barriers that may prevent free
gadgets and etc. These are also movement and it can be natural or man made.
influences like buying their products ● Tumutukoy ito sa mga matitibay na estruktura
from other countries. We also use at institusyon na bumubuo sa global na
sistema, tulad ng mga trade agreements at
English Language because it is the
international organizations.
global language in order to show our ● BARRIERS
culture in the world. ○ Delivery ng product then may traffic
○ Homogeneity in economics so nadedelay yung movement ng
impacts our culture by product becasue of the barrier
LIQUID
making us use similar
● Refers to increasing ease of movement of
products, like appliances and
people, things, information, and places in the
gadgets from other countries. global age.
We also speak English as a ● mabilis na pag-agos ng impormasyon, ideya,
global language, which helps at kultura, na madaling nagbabago at
share our culture with the umaangkop sa bagong konteksto.
● How good and services rotate and moving into
world.
the economy and to market
● HETEROGENEITY ○ Technology or Social Media — faster
● Heterogeneity is the combination of flow of information and culture
the various cultural practices, the globally
other new economies and political ○ Transportation — faster deliver
groups from different societies in the FLOWS
● Refers to the free movement of people,
world. It has cultural hybridization; it
things, ideas, and culture across the globe
combines identity to different identity. due to the advances in technology, economic
○ Heterogeneity means that and political integration, and establishment of
different cultures, global policies that lessens and eliminates the
economies, and political existing borders
● Tumutukoy sa mga daloy ng kapital, produkto,
groups mix together in our
at tao, na nagpapakita ng interconnectedness
world. This mixing creates at interdependence ng mga bansa.
new identities, where people ● Movement ITSELF
share and combine aspects ● 2 TYPES OF FLOW
from various backgrounds. ○ FAST FLOW
■ An example of ■ Good impact into economy
○ SLOW FLOW
heterogeneity in the
■ Bad impact into economy
Philippines is the city
of Manila, where many

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 OTHER METAPHORS OF GLOBALIZATION
( MIRROR, MAGICIANS, AND MUTANTS ) ● PROVIDE WHAT THEY
MIRRORS MIRROR NEED AND THEY
● Isang paraan ng pagtingin sa kung paano PROVIDE WHAT WE
nagrereflect ang mga lokal na kultura at isyu NEED
sa global na konteksto, na nagbibigay-diin sa
mga pagkakapareho at pagkakaiba. MAGICIANS ● ATTEMPT TO PROVIDE
○ It’s like trading to other countries — we WHAT THEY DEMAND
provide what they don’t have and they
will provide what we don’t have. MUTANTS ● MULTIPLY PRODUCT
○ EXAMPLE ● SPREAD GLOBALLY
■ Pampanga have 10sacks of
rice and Cebu have 10sacks or
corn DYNAMICS OF LOCAL AND GLOBAL CULTURE
MAGICIANS ● One of the characteristics of culture is being
● ability to create connections and dynamic. Globalization changed the pattern of
transformations across different cultures and cultural diffusion and sharing that caused
societies. They show how ideas and products
glocalization and hybridization. These
can magically appear everywhere, blending
processes make culture become more global
and influencing each other in the global
landscape with local flavors.
○ We provide what other country ● Today local and global cultural production are
demand even if we don’t have what in decline. That's the new dynamic.
they have — we still provide
● Globally due to rising fragmentation and
○ We tempt to provide what we don’t
have locally as a result of the search of what
○ EXAMPLE originally was supposed to be there.
■ Cebu needs 10sacks but we Neglecting that culture is not static but
just have 5sacks — kahit dynamic as it is the product of reflection
kulang sacks. We still necessities and discoveries.
MANAGE/TEMPT to provide
● DYNAMIC — Something that is always
what they need.
MUTANTS changing or active. It’s not fixed; it moves and
● Mutants in globalization symbolize new evolves overtime.
cultures or identities formed by blending
diverse influences. They highlight how global
interactions can create unique and How culture evolves through globalization,
unexpected changes in societies. leading to glocalization and hybridization,
● MULTIPLY products blending global and local elements. This dynamic
○ EXAMPLE nature shows that culture isn't fixed; it changes
■ You have 50sacks — you based on our experiences and needs, even as
provide 10sacks to pampanga local and global productions face challenges.
5 sacks to bulacan…

● MAN-MADE
GLOBALIZATION When a global brands
o Traffic
changes to fit local culture.
o TOLL GATE
SOLID ● NATURAL RESOURCES
o Storm HYBRIDIZATION When different culture mix
o Flood together

LIQUID ● INFORMATION EXAMPLE:

● TRANSPORTATION ● Mcdonal’s makes a special burger in India to
match Indian Taste
FLOWS ● FAST FLOW ● K-pop, combines Korean music with Western
● SLOW FLOW style, creating something new that still feels
korean.

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 to reflect each other. Occurs when
3 PERSPECTIVES OF GLOBAL CULTURAL FLOWS
different cultures become more alike in
(DIFFERENTIALISM, HYBRIDIZATION, &
terms of technology, sports, language
CONVERGENCE)
and even in politics (Christopher, 2005).
CULTURAL DIFFERENTIALISM
● emphasizes that the differences among
POPULAR CRITICISM ABOUT CULTURAL
cultures are superficially affected by
CONVERGENCE
globalization.
DETERRITORIALIZATION
● It is deemed to contain the potential for
● Means that it is much more difficult to tie
catastrophic collision.
culture to a specific geographic point of
● According to Samuel Hantington's theory
origin
on the clash of the civilizations proposed
● In the convergence of culture around the
in 1996, political-economic differences
globe these concepts describe different
were overshadowed by new fault lines
processes like Glocalization or the
which are primarily culture in nature,
interpenetration of the global and local
increasing civilizations would lead to
resulting unique outcomes in different
intense clashes especially in economic
geographic areas.
conflict between Western and Sinic
Civilization. This theory has been
5 DIMENSION OF GLOBAL CULTURAL FLOWS
critiqued for a number of reasons
5 DIMENSIONS
especially on its portrayal of Muslims as
being prone to violence. ● TECHNOSCAPES
○ The transmission of cultures
CULTURAL HYBRIDIZATION through the flow of technology.
● argues that local and global cultural New types of cultural interactions
elements meet that create a hybrid one and exchanges are brought
that is entirely different from either of about by technology, particularly
the elements the internet.
● Approach emphasizes the integration of ● MEDIASCAPES
local and global culture. ○ The electronic capabilities of
● It is a development of a new culture by production and dissemination of
merging of two different cultures information through media.
through a period of contact and ● ETHNOSCAPES
interaction. ○ The shifting landscape of people
● The process by which a cultural element across culture and borders such
blends into another culture by modifying as tourists, immigrants, refugees
the element to fit cultural norms exiles guest workers
● FINANCESCAPES
CULTURAL CONVERGENCE ○ The global movement of money,
● stresses the homogeneity of cultures due including currency, trade and
to globalization leading to radical commodity. Countries nowadays
alteration of cultures. are allowed to freely exchange
● An approach stresses homogeneity good.
introduced by globalization ● IDEOSCAPES
● Theory that two cultures will be more ○ The global flow of ideologies
and more like each other as their Mediascapes and ideoscapes
interactions increase have a close relationship as they
● Basically, the more that culture interact,
usually work upon the reliance of
the more that their values, ideologies,
the other scape Ideas can be
behaviours, arts, and customs will start

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 disseminated via media IMPACT OF CULTURAL GLOBALIZATION
platforms.
CULTURE AND RELIGION
GLOBALIZATION OF RELIGION Culture and religion are inextricably interwoven.
RELIGION Indeed, on the surface one could argue that
● Collection of cultural systems, belief they are the same
systems, and world views that
establishes symbols that relate humanity RELIGION AND POLITICS
to spirituality and to moral values Politicians are mostly concerned with the issues
● Set standard that they or their constituents want to promote
in some cases these issues may not provide a
SOME RELIGIONS benefit for the majority of the public.
1. CHRISTIANITY Globalization has the same effect.
○ Catholicism/Protestants/Christian Globalization may benefit sorne but not others
2. BUDDHISM
○ Buddhism is a religious and RELIGION AND ECONOMY
philosophical tradition that Religion and the economy are more closely tied
focuses on how to live in order to than one would expect. As the economy has
achieve enlightenment. The grown in the major countries of the world, the
purpose is to break free of the main religions of each of those countries have
endless cycles of reincomation grown financially because its members have
and avoid suffering accumulated more wealth and are able to
3. ISLAM contribute more dollars to finance the basic
○ Islam is an Arabic word which financial needs of the religion as well as its
means "surrender, submission growth and development
commitment and peace" Thus,
Istam can be defined as a path to RELIGION AND TECHNOLOGY
attain complete peace through Technology, within the scope of religious
voluntary submission to the globalization, plays a major role in how and to
divine will whom the religion and its doctrine extends.
4. HINDUISM Human civilization has never been without
○ The oldest saligion in the world technology, and has relied upon the potential of
onginating in Central Au and the technological advances in order to advance its
indus Yally still practiced in the own social branches
present day The terre Hinduism is
what known as an expnym la GLOBALIZATION OF REGIONALIZATION
name given by others to a to a GLOBALIZATION
people place or concept and 1. Openness to international
derives from the Persian term economy
Sindus designating those who 2. Borderless world
wed across the Indus River interconnectedness
5. JUDAISM 3. Integration
○ One of the world's oldest 4. Innovation
religions, dating back nearly ● growth of foreign direct investment
40000 years and is considered to ● the growing competition->increase in
be the original Abrahamic faith efficiency, productivity and
which include slam and competitiveness enhance the production
Christianity of goods and services technological
innovation
● developing countries become wealthier

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 ● widespread availability of global goods, ● institutions and good governance: the
services. and ideas positively impacts the reduction of social exclusion and the
lifestyles of citizens ● development of an inclusive civil society
● more opportunities for international contribution to peace and security in the
travel and tourism region
● more opportunities to work abroad due ● the building of environment programmes
to liberal immigrant laws and foreign at the regional level
worker programs ● the strengthening of the region's
● internet, communication satellites, and interaction with other regions of the
wireless telephones, are also among the world
lifestyle benefit -availability of foreign
goods

REGIONALIZATION
● Regional integration (regionalization)- is
a process in which neighboring states
enter into an agreement in order to
upgrade cooperation through common
institutions and rules
○ focus for achieving broader
socio-political and security
objectives, as defined by national
governments
○ regional integration have often
focused on removing barriers to
free trade in the region, increasing
the free movement of people,
labour, goods, and capital across
national borders, reducing the
possibility of regional armed
conflict and adopting cohesive
regional stances on policy issues,
such as the environment, climate
change and migration
● Regional integration has been organized
either via supranational institutional
structures or through intergovernmental
decision-making, or a combination of
both
● the strengthening of trade integration in
the region
● the creation of an appropriate enabling
environment for private sector
development
● the development of infrastructure
programmes in support of economic
growth
● and regional integration the
development of strong public sector

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OUTLINE

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TITLE
SUBTOPIC
SUB SUB TOPIC

TERM
● FUNCTION:
● Description
○ example

side notes

*Enumeration*

Term ● definition
o examples

Term ● definition

Term ● definition

REFERENCES:

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