Topics

1. Map skills
2. Rivers
3. Tourism
4. Ecosystems - Cold Environments

The following slides will support you in revising each topic

You can also use your class books and the slides we have used
throughout the year that are in the Google Classroom
 The 5 minute Revision Plan
The bits I understand are… The bits I don’t understand
are…

☺ ☹
What resources will I need to help me What could I do to make sure I
What will I do to understand?
understand?
consolidate my
understanding?

What will I do to ensure I remember this topic

in the future?
 Map Skills

Areas to focus on:

- Symbols
- Direction
- Scale/Distance
- Height/Relief
- 4 Figure Grid References
- 6 Figure Grid References
 Direction

The 8 point compass

 Different Types of Symbols
Line Letters

Sch
Pictures Shape Coloured Areas
 Four-figure grid references
In order to locate a particular square, find the bottom left-hand corner and
write down the numbers of the lines which pass through the corner
39 The EASTING (vertical) line is
number 24
38 The NORTHING (horizontal) line is
number 37
37
So, the four-figure grid reference is:
36
24 37
35 “along the corridor and up the
21 22 23 24 25 26
stairs” may help you
remember!!
REMEMBER: Eastings number first
Northings number second
 Six-figure grid references
Six-figure grid references are used to locate objects
or places within a grid square and so are much more
accurate than four-figure grid references.
29 In this example, the
tree symbol is located
at 344286.
Let’s see how that
28 works in a bit more
34 35 detail….
 The first task is to give the four-figure grid
Six-figure grid reference of the square. This is:
references 34 4 28 5
29 Now imagine the bottom and side of the
square divided into tenths.
The tree is located 4 tenths of the way
along the bottom of the square.
So we add a 4 to our grid reference.
5
The tree is located 5 tenths of the way up
the side of the square.
So we
The gridadd a 5 to our
reference grid reference.
is written as 344285

28 Extra note: if the symbol was exactly on a

4 grid line it is 0 tenths along so you add a
34 35 zero to your answer.
This means each cm on the map is equal to
250km in real life
This means each cm on the map is equal to
1km in real life
This means each cm on the map is equal to
25,000,000 cm (250km) in real life

All maps should

have a scale. Here
are some examples
of what they might
look like.
So how do we show
height?
Height is also referred to
as relief. Relief means the
shape of the land. The
land could be flat, hilly or
even mountainous.
Height is shown on maps in 3 main ways:
- Layer shading
- Spot heights
- Contour lines
Layer
shading
 Spot heights
You may see a black dot on a
100
map with a number next to
it. This is called a spot
height. It tells us the height
of the land at that given
point.
 Contour lines
Contour lines are lines drawn on a map connecting points of equal height
(elevation). They show the topography (changes in height) of an area.

10 0
When contours
10 20 30 40
50
are close together,
the land is steep.

20 The further apart the

contours, the gentler
the slope.
10

If you walk along a contour line you neither gain or lose height.
 Weblinks

https://www.toothillschool.co.uk/data/files/tiertests/jan/geog_y7_mapskills.pdf

https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/guides/z6j6fg8/revision/1

https://www.ordnancesurvey.co.uk/mapzone/

https://www.abcya.com/games/latitude_and_longitude_practice
 Rivers

Areas to focus on:

- Landforms along a river (Waterfalls, Meanders, Ox-Bow Lakes and Deltas)

- Where the landforms are located along the river
- How they are formed
- Characteristics of the river from source to mouth (Width, Depth, Relief)
 River Landforms
https://www.youtube.com/watch?app=desktop&v=vsXKv1yfNFk
Upper course

What are the

characteristics of the
river and land?

What landforms will you

find?
Middle course

What are the

characteristics of the
river and land?

What landforms will you

find?
Lower course

What are the

characteristics of the
river and land?

What landforms will you

find?
Meanders

https://www.youtube.com/watch?ap
p=desktop&v=8a3r-cG8Wic
Ox-bow lakes
 Tourism

Areas to focus on:

-Human and Physical Attractions

-Advantages and Disadvantages
-The Butler Model
Tourism

Traveling to and staying in

places that are outside a
person’s usual environment for
not more than one consecutive
year for leisure, business and
other purposes

Tourism can be domestic

(inside the country) or
international (outside the
country)
 Attractions

PHYSICAL HUMAN

Beaches Museums

Mountains Theme parks

Rivers Malls

General scenery Art centres

Volcanoes Man-made landmarks

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES
1) Jobs are generated by tourism in many areas - 1) TNCs from wealthy countries are often
in the initial construction of the resorts, in travel, in involved - this can result in a lot of profits
food provision and in other service related leaving the country.
industries. 2) Jobs can be seasonal - especially in beach
2) Local people benefit directly from employment and skiing based resorts. People can therefore
3) Roads, rail, facilities, electricity services etc. all find themselves out of work in the close season.
need improving to accommodate the tourists - 3) Tourists consume huge amounts of
local people also benefit from these infrastructure resources including food and water - this type of
developments. tourism is particularly unsustainable.
4) Transport facilities are developed 4) Tourists introduce new values and cultures -
5) The local tax base increases so the local this causes cultural pollution and conflict.
government/council can invest in schools, 5) Land is lost from farming to tourist
healthcare and social services. developments.
6) Tourists introduce new values and cultures and 6) Tourists can destroy/degrade areas of natural
learn about new cultures- this causes cultural beauty.
understanding.
This shows how a
tourist destination
develops over time.
 1. Traditional society (exploration)
In the initial exploration stage there are very few visitors
who are often attracted by the ‘unspoilt’ location.
There is usually something in the area that will appeal,
such as beautiful landscapes or historical/cultural
features.

As we explore more and more places these untouched

areas are becoming much rarer.

Once word starts to get out then the area will reach the
involvement stage where local people will start to
provide basic services such as accommodation, food
and transport.
This may attract more adventurous tourists and slowly
numbers will start to increase.
 2. Take-off and Development
At this stage the destination will grow in popularity and
the number of tourists visiting will increase
dramatically. Larger companies will start to notice and
invest in the area (such as hotel, food and retail chains)
and package holidays will emerge.

Local people may get jobs in the new businesses and

this can be invested into the local economy. The
infrastructure of the tourist area will be developed to
improve the services and access and in some cases
develop new tourist attractions. Tourist resorts may
also start to be built.

The marketing of the area will increase and it will be

promoted in various ways, including social media to
generate interest.
 3. Peak growth (consolidation)

At this stage tourism has become an essential part of

the economy and in some cases the destination may
rely on tourism as their dominant source of income.

Employment is secure within the tourist industry for

local people although more social issues are starting to
come to the forefront due to the number of visitors.
These can start to cause tensions between the locals
and tourists.

The numbers of tourists steadily rise until they reach

peak numbers.
 4. Stagnation
During this stage the destination is past its peak and
numbers of tourists start to drop. The area is no
longer as popular so less effort is put into keeping
attractions and facilities up-to-date and in good
condition.

As the area becomes more outdated and neglected

more businesses will start to fail and lots of areas
will be left empty.

This can start a cycle of decline as if no new

investment is brought in tourist numbers will keep
declining. This leads to the final stage.
 5. Decline or Rejuvenation

Once a destination has reached this stage it can

continue to decline or decide to try to rejuvenate the
area.

If a destination declines it may start to use the tourist

infrastructure for other industry and the area may
become rundown as it loses its revenue from visitors.

Some destinations will decide to try and bring back

tourists. This is often done by rebranding the area and
finding different ways to attract new visitors. If they
are unsuccessful then they will return to declining.
 Ecosystems - Cold Environments

Areas to focus on:

How are humans affecting cold environments?
-SEARCH
Food Chains and Food Webs
IT UP
- Climate and Climate Graphs
-Meanders
Adaptations to Cold Environments
Formation...
- Threats to Cold Environments
- Characteristics of Antarctica
SEARCH IT UP
 Ecosystems

Secondary
Consumers

Primary
Consumers

Producers
 Ecosystems
1. Food chains - A series of organisms that depend on each other for
a source of food
2. Food web - A system of interconnected food chains
3. Primary producer - An organism that converts solar energy into
mass
4. Primary consumer - An organism that gains energy by eating a
primary producer
5. Secondary consumer - An organism that gains energy by eating a
primary consumer
 Cold Environments- Plants
and Animals

➢ What is climate like in the tundra?

○ Cold
○ Warmer in the summer
○ Strong winds
○ Short days in winter (24 hours of darkness)
○ Long days in summer (24 hours of daylight)
 Cold Environments- Plants and Animals
➢ What is vegetation like in the tundra?
○ Short vegetation
○ Small shrubs,
○ Grasses
○ Mosses
○ Lichens
 Cold Environments- Plants and Animals
Why does a polar bear have the following adaptations?
● White appearance - camouflage from prey
● Thick layer of fur and fat - to keep warm
● Large feet - to spread their weight on the ice and increase grip
● Greasy coat - to shed water after swimming
 How are cold environments threatened?
Invasive species Oil spills Global warming/climate change
Human activity - Pollutants
 What is Antarctica Like?
1. Antarctica is the coldest place on earth with a lowest
recorded temperature of -89°C
1. Antarctica is the driest continent on earth and is the
largest desert in the world. It is a cold desert rather
than a hot desert
2. Antarctica’s ice sheet holds 70% of all the freshwater
on earth