DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING

(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Belagavi - 590018)

Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ grade
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout
Bengaluru-560078

NSS Activity Report on

ORGANIC FARMING

Submitted in partial fulfillment for the award of degree of

Bachelor of Engineering
in
Electrical and Electronics Engineering
Submitted by

R SIREESHA B RAJ (1DS21EE022)

Under the Guidance of

Dr. M. Balamurugan
Assistant Professor & NSS Coordinator
Dept. of E&E Engg.
DSCE, Bengaluru

VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

JNANASANGAMA, BELAGAVI-590018
2024-25
 DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
(An Autonomous Institute affiliated to VTU, Belagavi – 590018, Approved by AICTE & ISO 9001:2015 Certified)
Accredited by National Assessment & Accreditation Council (NAAC) with ‘A’ grade
Shavige Malleshwara Hills, Kumaraswamy Layout
Bengaluru-560078
2024-2025

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
Certified that the NSS activity report entitled “ORGANIC FARMING” carried out by BASAVARAJ bearing

USN: 1DS21EE022 a bonafide student of DAYANANDA SAGAR COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, an

autonomous institution affiliated to VTU, Belagavi in partial fulfillment for the award of Degree of Bachelor

of Engineering in Electrical and Electronics Engineering during the year 2024-2025. It is certified that all

corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have been incorporated in the report deposited in

the departmental library. The project report has been approved as it satisfies the academic requirements in

respect of work prescribed for the said Degree.

Signature of the Coordinator Signature of the HOD Signature of the Principal

Dr. M. Balamurugan Dr. M. Premkumar Dr. B G Prasad
Assistant Professor Professor & HOD Principal
Dept. of E&E Engg. Dept. of E&E Engg. DSCE, Bengaluru
DSCE, Bengaluru DSCE, Bengaluru

Name of the Examiners Signature with date

1. ........................................... ..........................................

2. ........................................... ..........................................
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

SL No. CONTENTS

1 ORGANIC FARMING

2 DECOMPOSTING BED

3 VERMICOMPOST

4 BIO NPK (CULTURE)

5 HONEY BEE REARING

6 ORGANIC SLURRY FERTILIZER

GRAFTING
 LIST OF FIGURES

FIG 1 KANAKAPURA FARM

FIG 1.1 MAHENDRA KUMAR, MBA

FIG 2 MIXING THE BED

FIG 2.1 BED LAYER EXPLANATION

FIG 3 COMPOST CHIPS
FIG 3.1 MIXING COMPOST BED
FIG 4 BIO NPK MIXTURE
FIG 5 HONEY COMB
FIG 5.1 HANDLING HONEY COMB
FIG 6 GUAVA GRAFTING
FIG 6.1 GRAFTING CLOSEUP
 ORGANIC FARMING

Fig1.KANAKAPURA FARM Fig 1.1 Mahendra Kumar, MBA

Organic farming is a type of agricultural system that emphasizes the use of natural inputs and practices to produce
crops and livestock. It focuses on preserving and improving soil health, minimizing environmental impact, and
promoting biodiversity.Organic farmers avoid using synthetic fertilizers, pesticides, and genetically modified
organisms (GMOs) in their operations. Instead, they rely on practices such as crop rotation, composting, and
cover cropping to maintain soil fertility and prevent pests and diseases.

Organic livestock farmers follow strict animal welfare standards, such as providing access to pasture and avoiding
the use of antibiotics and growth hormones. They also prioritize the use of local feed sources and reduce
transportation emissions.

Organic farming promotes a more sustainable food system by reducing chemical contamination in the
environment and reducing greenhouse gas emissions. However, it typically produces lower yields than
conventional farming, which can result in higher prices for consumers.

Despite this, the demand for organic food has been steadily increasing, as consumers become more aware of the
environmental and health benefits of this type of agriculture.
 DECOMPOSTING BED

Fig 2 Mixing the bed

A decomposing bed is a structured layer designed to

facilitate the natural breakdown of biodegradable
agricultural waste, eventually converting it into nutrient-
rich compost or partial fertilizer. Here are more details:
Components of a Decomposing Bed:
1. Organic Matter: Includes crop residues, leaves,
husks, stems, and other biodegradable farm waste.
2. Microbial and Insect Activity: Worms (like
earthworms), fungi, and bacteria accelerate
decomposition.
3. Moisture Control: Proper moisture levels help Fig 2.1 Bed layer explanation
microorganisms break down waste effectively.
4. Aeration: Oxygen is necessary for aerobic decomposition, preventing foul odors and methane buildup.
5. Layering System:
o Base Layer: Coarse organic material (straw, wood chips) for drainage.
o Middle Layer: Green waste (crop leftovers, food scraps) rich in nitrogen.
o Top Layer: Soil or dried leaves to regulate temperature and microbial activity.
Decomposition Process:
1. Initial Breakdown: Microorganisms and fungi start breaking down complex organic matter.
2. Worm Activity (If Used for Vermicomposting): Worms consume organic waste, enriching it with enzymes and
nutrients.
3. Heat Generation: The microbial activity generates heat, which speeds up decomposition.
4. Humus Formation: After 2–3 months, the material turns into a partially decomposed organic fertilizer.
 VERMICOMPOST PIT

Fig 3 Compost chips Fig 3.1 Mixing the compost beds

Vermicompost

Vermicomposting is an efficient, eco-friendly method of converting organic waste into highly nutrient-rich
compost with the help of earthworms. This process results in vermicast (worm castings), which is an
excellent organic fertilizer that enhances soil quality and plant growth.

1. What is Vermicompost?
Vermicompost is the nutrient-dense, organic fertilizer produced when worms break down organic waste into
smaller particles. It is rich in essential nutrients like nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K), along
with beneficial microbes that improve soil fertility.

Key Components of Vermicompost:

✔ Organic Waste: Food scraps, crop residues, dry leaves, and manure.
✔ Earthworms: Specific species like Eisenia fetida (Red Wigglers) or Lumbricus rubellus are commonly
used.
✔ Moisture & Oxygen: Worms thrive in a damp and aerated environment.
✔ Composting Bin: A designated container or composting pit for controlled decomposition.
2. How Does Vermicomposting Work?
Step 1: Setting Up a Vermicompost Bin

• Use a wooden, plastic, or cement container with small holes for aeration.
• Keep the bin in a shaded and moist environment (ideal temperature: 15–30°C).
• Add bedding material like coconut coir, shredded paper, or dry leaves for a proper worm habitat.

Step 2: Adding Organic Waste

• Use biodegradable materials like vegetable peels, fruit scraps, coffee grounds, farm residues, and
manure.
• Avoid adding citrus fruits, spicy food, dairy, meat, or oily food as they harm worms.

Step 3: Worm Activity & Decomposition

• Worms consume the waste and digest it, breaking it down into vermicast (worm manure).
• Microorganisms and fungi further decompose the waste, improving its nutrient content.
• In 2-3 months, a fine, dark, earthy-smelling compost is formed.

Step 4: Harvesting Vermicompost

• Stop adding new waste for 2 weeks to allow complete decomposition.

• Collect the top layer of rich vermicompost and separate it from the worms.
• The worms can be reused for the next batch.

3. Nutritional Value of Vermicompost

Nutrient Percentage (%)
Nitrogen (N) 1.5 - 2.5
Phosphorus (P) 1.0 - 1.5
Potassium (K) 1.0 - 2.0
Calcium (Ca) 0.5 - 1.0
Magnesium (Mg) 0.2 - 0.5
Organic Carbon 10 - 20

◆ Improves soil aeration & moisture retention

◆ Enhances microbial activity for better plant growth
◆ Increases resistance to plant diseases
4. Benefits of Vermicompost Over Traditional Composting
Factor Vermicomposting Traditional Composting
Decomposition Speed Faster (2-3 months) Slower (4-6 months)
Nutrient Content Higher (rich in NPK, microbes) Moderate
Odor Low or no odor Can produce foul smell
Soil Structure Improvement Significant Moderate
Usability Home, commercial, and large-scale Mostly large-scale

5. Applications of Vermicompost
➢ Agriculture: Enhances crop yield and reduces chemical fertilizer dependence.
➢ Gardening: Improves plant growth, especially in organic farming.
➢ Soil Restoration: Increases soil fertility and prevents soil erosion.
➢ Waste Management: Reduces landfill waste and promotes sustainability.
 BIO NPK(CULTURE)

Fig 4 Bio NPK mixture

Bio-NPK: Advanced Nutrient Solution for Healthy Plant Growth

Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P), and Potassium (K) are essential for plant development. A deficiency in any can
hinder growth and reduce yield. BioFactor’s BIO-NPK, enhanced with nano technology, supplies both primary
and secondary nutrients for optimal plant health.

Optimal Storage Conditions

Store at a stable temperature—neither too cold nor too hot—to ensure proper fermentation.

Key Benefits

⬛ Boosts Growth & Yield – Nitrogen promotes overall plant development.

⬛ Stronger Roots & Stems – Phosphorus enhances root growth and stress resistance.
⬛ Improves Immunity & Productivity – Potassium increases plant resilience and yield.

⬛ Preserves Soil Health – Supports nutrient cycling and long-term fertility.

⬛ Enhances Flowering & Fruiting – Stimulates better seed and flower formation.

⬛ Improves Drought Resistance – Enhances water retention in plants.

Why Choose Green & Pure Bio-NPK?

• Effective Phosphorus Absorption – Best at soil pH 5.5 to 7 for optimal uptake.

• Superior to Urea – Works twice as effectively, offering a sustainable nutrient supply.

BIO-NPK is the eco-friendly alternative to chemical fertilizers—enhancing growth, resistance, and yield
while maintaining soil health.
 HONEY BEE REARING

Fig 5 Honey comb

Fig 5.1 Handling the honey comb

Honey Bee Rearing: A Step-by-Step Guide

Honey bee rearing is the process of raising bees for honey production, pollination, and breeding. It requires
careful management to ensure a healthy and productive colony.

Key Steps in Honey Bee Rearing

Start with a Healthy Queen

• The queen bee is the heart of the colony, responsible for laying eggs and ensuring hive stability. A
strong queen leads to a thriving colony.

Build a Strong Colony

• Provide bees with a suitable hive, ample food, and a favorable environment to promote colony
growth and productivity.

Egg Collection & Transfer

• Once the colony is stable, collect fertilized eggs from the queen and transfer them to artificial cells for
controlled incubation.
Larvae Care & Feeding

• Newly hatched larvae are fed a nutrient-rich mixture of pollen and honey. The beekeeper ensures
they are healthy and developing properly.

5⃣ Honey Harvesting

• When bees have produced sufficient honey, the honeycomb is capped and carefully harvested, ready
for consumption or sale.

Why Raise Honey Bees?

⬛ Sustainable Honey Production

⬛ Essential for Crop Pollination
⬛ Supports Biodiversity & Ecosystem Health

By following these steps, beekeepers can maintain a thriving colony while contributing to pollination and
honey production.
 GRAFTING

Grafting: A Smart Plant Propagation

Technique

Grafting joins two plants to grow as one, improving

yield, disease resistance, and adaptability.

Key Parts:
◆ Scion – Upper part with desired traits
◆ Rootstock – Provides strong roots
◆ Union – The joining point

Fig 6 Guava grafting Common Types:

⬛ Whip & Tongue – For young stems
⬛ Cleft Grafting – For larger plants
⬛ Budding – Uses a single bud
⬛ Bridge Grafting – Repairs damaged trees

Benefits:
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Grafting ensures stronger, high-yield plants with

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Fig 6.1 Grafting closeup